Debt, Salaries, & Careers in Psychology: What You Need to Know

Transcription

1 Debt, Salaries, & Careers in Psychology: What You Need to Know Tanya A. Mulvey, MAPP APA Center for Workforce Studies Rocky Mountain Psychological Association Annual Convention April 2011, Salt Lake City American Psychological Association 2011 APA Center for Workforce Studies

2 Mission Statement The APA Center for Workforce Studies collects, analyzes, and disseminates information relevant to psychology's workforce and education system. American Psychological Association

3 For Further Information American Psychological Association

4 Definitions (HSP) Health Service Provider: Psychology degree in subfield focused on providing health/mental health services, usually a clinical, counseling, or school subfield Research/Other: Psychology degree in a subfield traditionally seen as research/academic focus area (e.g. cognitive, I/O, educational, personality, or social psychology). Recent Doctorate: Individuals who are 2 years out or less from the time they received their degree. American Psychological Association

5 Routine Surveys from CWS Doctorate Employment Survey Capture data on new doctorate workforce and their educational path through the doctorate (including postdoctoral training), debt, starting salaries, and perceptions of education/training. Salaries in Psychology distributed bi-ennially to all APA members to collect current salary information at the masters or doctoral level in psychology across all positions and settings. Faculty Salaries in Graduate Departments of Psychology sent to chairs of U.S. and Canadian departments that award a graduate degree in psychology. Graduate Study in Psychology distributed to chairs of departments that award graduate degrees in psychology or related fields to collect data on student enrollment and support, departmental budget, faculty, enrollment and attrition rates. APA Employment Update employment and demographic information which is useful for describing the membership more thoroughly. American Psychological Association

6 Data Available from Other Sources U.S. Department of Education Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS) National Opinion Research Center (NORC) Survey of Earned Doctorates (SED) National Science Foundation (NSF) Scientists and Engineers Statistical Data System (SESTAT) Survey of Doctorate Recipients (SDR) Graduate Students and Postdoctorates in Science and Engineering National Survey of Recent College Graduates Science and Engineering Doctorate Awards Association of Psychology Postdoctoral and Internship Centers (APPIC) Commission on Professionals in Science and Technology (CPST) American Psychological Association

7 Overview Education Debt & Financial Support Employment Salaries Career Preparation American Psychological Association

8 Education Degrees Subfields Demographics American Psychological Association

9 Number of Psychology Degrees Conferred by Level of Degree: 2008 Doctorate 5,296 MA/MS 21,431 BA/BS 92, Thousands Source: US Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics. Integrated Postsecondary Data System (IPEDS), Completion Survey. Compiled by the APA Center for Workforce Studies. January Note. Doctorate degree includes PsyDs.

10 Number of PhDs and PsyDs Awarded in Psychology 4,000 3,500 3,000 2,500 2,000 1,500 1, PhD PsyD Source: Data are from APA s Graduate Study in Psychology. Compiled by the APA Center for Workforce Studies, April, 2009 Note. Data on PsyDs represent an undercount as several departments did not report number of PsyDs awarded.

11 Time to Degree for Doctorates by Subfield Type: 2009 Percent HSP Research/Other Related 3-4 Years 4-5 Years >5-6 Years >6-7 Years Source: APA Graduate Study in Psychology Survey. Compiled by APA Center for Workforce Studies, April American Psychological Association Note. Median years to degree by subfield type: HSP=5, R/O=5, Related=5. By degree type: PhD=6, PsyD=5.

12 Top Fields for Psychology Master s Degrees: Percent Grad Study Source: 2010 Graduate Study in Psychology: Compiled by APA Center for Workforce Studies. April American Psychological Association 12

13 Psychology Master s Degrees by Fine Field and Sex: 2007 School Community Educational Counseling Clinical Women Men General I/O Other Percent Source: Source: US Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics. Integrated Postsecondary Data System (IPEDS), Completion Survey. Compiled by the APA Center for Workforce American Studies. Psychological Association 13 January 2010.

14 Psychology PhDs Awarded by Subfield: 2009 Clinical Counseling Social General Industrial-Organizational Developmental & Child Cognitive & Psycholinguistics Human Dev & Family Studies Other Percent Source: NSF/NIH/USED/USDA/NEH/NASA, 2009 Survey of Earned Doctorates. Compiled by APA Center for American Psychological Association 14 Workforce Studies, January 2011.

15 Psychology PhDs Awarded by Subfield and Sex: 2009 Developmental & Child Human Development & Family Studies Clinical Counseling General Social Industrial-Organizational Cognitive & Psycholinguistics Other Women Men Percent Source: NSF/NIH/USED/USDA/NEH/NASA, 2009 Survey of Earned Doctorates. Compiled by APA Center for American Psychological Association 15 Workforce Studies, January 2011.

16 Race Ethnicity of Psychology Degree Recipients and Workforce Workforce ECP Doctoral Masters Bachelors Associates 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Other American Indian/Alaska Native Asian/Pacific Islander Hispanic Black White US Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics. Integrated Postsecondary Data System (IPEDS), Completion Survey. Compiled by the APA Center for Workforce Studies. June American Psychological Association 16 * Workforce and ECP data from the 2009 APA Directory. Compiled by the APA Center for Workforce Studies. June 2010.

17 Debt and Financial Support Tuition Costs Levels of Debt Sources of Financial Support Debt Repayment American Psychological Association

18 Resident Tuition Cost in U.S. Doctoral Departments by Type of Department: Psychology Educ. Psych Counseling Psych Professional School School Psych Human Devel. Education Other $0 $5,000 $10,000 $15,000 $20,000 $25,000 $30,000 Dollars Source: 2010 Graduate Study in Psychology. Compiled by the APA Center for Workforce Studies, April American Psychological Association Note. Includes PhD and PsyD programs and both public and private institution types.

19 Debt Related to Graduate Education by Subfield for Recent Doctorates in Psychology: 2009 Health Service Provider Subfields Research/Other Subfields No Debt 21.9% Debt 48.4% No Debt 51.6% Debt 78.1% Median $80,000 Mean $88,610 SD $57,749 Median $32,000 Mean $49,440 SD $44,871 Source: 2009 Doctorate Employment Survey. Compiled by the APA Center for Workforce Studies, April Note. Includes PsyDs. American Psychological Association 19

20 Level of Debt by Type of Degree for Recent Doctorates: Percent Amount of Debt <10K 10-20K 20-40K 40-60K 60-80K K K K K >160K PhD (N=577) PsyD (N=272) American Psychological Association 20 Source: 2009 Doctorate Employment Survey. Compiled by APA Center for Workforce Studies, April 2011.

21 Primary Sources of Financial Support by Broad Subfield for Recent Doctorates in Psychology: 2007 Health Service Provider Fields Research/Other Fields Not Specified 1.6% Other 6.1% Own Earnings/Family Support 24.4% Not Specified 0.8% Other 7.0% Own Earnings/Family Support 10.0% Grants 2.6% Grants 8.7% Loans 13.0% Loans 37.2% Univ. RA/TA 28.1% Univ. RA/TA 60.5% Source: 2007 Doctorate Employment Survey. Compiled by the APA Center for Workforce Studies, June American Psychological Association Note. Includes PsyDs.

22 Availability of Assistance to First-Year Doctoral-level Psychology Students by Degree Type and Type of Assistance: PhD PsyD EdD Percent Teaching Research Fellowship/Schol. Traineeship Type of Assistance Source: 2010 Graduate Study in Psychology. Compiled by APA Center for Workforce Studies, March American Psychological Association

23 Percent Full-time Students Receiving Financial Assistance in U.S. Doctoral Departments of Psychology by Type of Department: Traditional Academic Department Type Professional School Source: 2010 Graduate Study in Psychology. Compiled by APA Center for Workforce Studies, March American Psychological Association

24 Loan Repayment/Forgiveness Programs National Health Service Corps U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs National Center on Minority Health and Health Disparities National Institutes of Health Federal Student Loan Forgiveness Program Army Reserve Medical Corps American Psychological Association

25 Employment Workforce Perceptions Employment Status Work Settings and Activities American Psychological Association

26 Recent Doctorates Perceptions of the Psychology Job Market: Percent Bleak Poor Fair Good Excellent Not Specified Rating Source: APA Doctorate Employment Survey, selected years. American Psychological Association, Center American for Workforce Psychological Studies, Association June Note data are preliminary and from online survey participants only. Data reflect all survey participants and are not limited to those in HSP subfields.

27 Perceived Underemployment of Recent Doctorate Recipients in Psychology by Subfield % Underemployed Year of Doctorate HSP Subfields Other Subfields Source: APA Doctorate Employment Survey (selected years). Compiled by APA Center for Workforce Studies, American April Psychological Association

28 Time to Current Job: Recent Doctorates in Psychology, Percent In job when began program Before completing program Within 3 months 4-6 months More than 6 months Not specified HSP (N=402) Not HSP (N=455) Source: 2009Doctorate Employment Survey. Compiled by APA Center for Workforce Studies, April American Psychological Association Note. Includes PsyDs.

29 Employment Characteristics of Psychology PhDs: 2006 Psychology PhDs 100% Employed 89.4% Not Employed 10.6% Part-time 20.6% Full-time 68.8% Retired 7.8% Unemployed, Seeking employment 0.8% Unemployed, not seeking 2.0% Source: NSF/NIH; 2006 Survey of Doctorate Recipients. Compiled by the APA Center for Workforce Studies, April 2009 Notes. Postdoctorate information is not included in this chart, but is reported separately. The use of American NSF data Psychological does not imply Association NSF 29 endorsement of the research, research methods, or conclusions contained in this report.

30 Unemployment Rates for Doctoral Level Social Scientists by Field: 2003 and 2006 Unemployment Rate Economics Political Science Psychology Sociology Other Source: National Science Foundation/Division of Science Resources Statistics, Scientists and Engineers Statistical Data System (SESTAT): American Psychological Association , 2006.Compiled by APA Center for Workforce Studies, April 2009.

31 Work Settings for Psychology Degree Recipients: 2006 For Profit Companies State or Local Government Not-For-Profit Organizations Universities & 4-Year Colleges Self-Employed Federal Government Other Educational Institutions Percent PhD MA/MS BA/BS Source: National Science Foundation/Division of Science Resources Statistics, Various Surveys (2006). Compiled by the APA Center for Workforce Studies, January Notes. Psychologists earning PsyDs are not included here but are most often located in practice settings (self-employed and organized health care settings). The use of NSF data does not imply NSF endorsement of the research, research methods, or conclusions contained in this report.

32 Primary Full-time Employment Settings by Subfield for Recent Doctorates in Psychology: 2009 Academia School/Other Educ. Setting Hospitals Managed Care Health Service Provider (N=472) Research/Other (N=267) Independent Practice Other Human Service Bus./Gov't/Other Percent Source: 2009 Doctorate Employment Survey. Compiled by the APA Center for Workforce Studies, April American Psychological Association 32 Note. Includes PsyDs.

33 Primary Employment Settings for Recent Doctorate Recipients in Psychology by Degree Type: 2009 Univ. Settings Four-year Colleges Medical School Other Acad. Settings Schools & Other Educ Settings Indep. Practice PhD PsyD Hospital Other Human Service Managed Care Business/Govt. & Other Percent Source: 2009 Doctorate Employment Survey. Compiled by the APA Center for Workforce Studies, April Note. Table includes survey respondents with full- and part-time employment. Statistics are not included American for Psychological settings where Association the total 33 N is less than 20.

34 Primary and Secondary Work Activities of Psychology PhDs: 2006 Research & Development Teaching Mgmt. & Admin. Primary Secondary Professional Services Other Percent Source: NSF/NIH/USED/NEH/USDA/NASA, 2006 Survey of Doctorate Recipients. Compiled by the APA Center for Workforce Studies, April Note. The use of NSF data does not imply NSF endorsement of the research, research methods, or conclusions contained in this report.

35 Salaries in Psychology Salaries by Degree Level Starting Salaries Salaries by Position Type Faculty Salaries American Psychological Association

36 Median Annual Full-time Salaries in Psychology By Degree Type: 2006 Thousands $80 $70 $60 $70 $50 $40 $40 $30 $30 $20 $10 $0 BA/BS MA/MS PhD Degree Type Source: Data derived from National Science Foundation/Division of Science Resources Statistics, 2006 National Survey of Recent College Graduates, and 2006 Survey of Doctorate Recipients. Compiled by the APA Center for Workforce Studies, April Note. The use of NSF data does not imply NSF endorsement of the research, research methods, or conclusions contained in this report.

37 Median Annual Full-time Salaries by Employment Position for Master s-level APA Members in Psychology: 2009 All settings (N=308) Applied psych (N=84) Other admin position (N=18) Admin of human svcs (N=113) Admin of research (N=9) Educational admin (N=8) Research (N=11) Faculty position* (N=26) Direct human svcs (N=113) Other type of position (N=18) $0 $10 $20 $30 $40 $50 $60 $70 $80 Thousands Source: 2009 APA Salary Survey. Compiled by the APA Center for Workforce Studies, June *Faculty position is for all higher education, including undergraduate and community college. Salary is reported for a 9-10-month academic year. To calculate month equivalent, multiply by 11/9.

38 Starting Salaries for Full-time Employment Positions of Recent Doctorates in Psychology: 2007 Asst professor* (N=142) Adjunct/Visiting faculty* (N=12) Lecturer/Instructor* (N=13) Applied (N=64) Research positions (N=50) Admin of human svcs (N=20) Direct human svcs (N=265) Educational Admin (N=10) $0 $20 $40 $60 $80 $100 Source: 2007 Doctorate Employment Survey. Compiled by the APA Center for Workforce Studies, June Note. Graph includes first quartile, median, and third quartile values. Includes PsyDs. Thousands * Faculty salaries are for all higher education, including undergraduate and community college. Salaries are reported for a 9-10-month academic year. To calculate month equivalent, multiply by 11/9.

39 Full-time Salaries of Doctoral-Level Psychologists by Employment Position and Median Years Work Experience: 2009 Education admin (25 yrs.) Applied psych./i-o (15 yrs.) Other admin (22 yrs.) Research admin (19 yrs.) Admin of human svcs (20 yrs.) Other position (18 yrs.) Direct human services (17 yrs.) Research position (9 yrs.) $0 $20 $40 $60 $80 $100 $120 $140 $160 $180 Thousands Source: 2009 APA Salary Survey, Preliminary Data. Compiled by the APA Center for Workforce Studies, July Note. Graph includes first quartile, median, and third quartile values. Includes PsyDs. Faculty salaries are reported for a 9-10-month academic year. To calculate month equivalent, multiply by 11/9.

40 Salaries for Full-time Faculty in U.S. Doctoral Departments of Psychology by Rank and Years in Rank: Full Professor 12+ yrs (1,075) 6-11 yrs (466) 3-5 yrs (298) < 3 yrs (280) Associate Professor Assistant Professor 6+ yrs (626) 3-5 yrs (396) < 3 yrs (492) 3+ yrs (727) < 3 yrs (619) $0 $20 $40 $60 $80 $100 $120 $140 $160 Thousands of Dollars Source: Faculty Salaries in Graduate Departments of Psychology. Compiled by the APA Center for Workforce Studies, April American Psychological Association Note. Graph includes first quartile, median, and third quartile values. Includes PsyDs. Faculty salaries are reported for a 9-10-month academic year. To calculate month equivalent, multiply by 11/9.

41 Adjunct Faculty: U.S. Graduate Departments of Psychology, Average Fees Per Course Doctoral Departments $3,830 Master s Departments $2,575 Source: APA Faculty Salaries in Graduate Departments of Psychology Survey. Compiled by the APA Center for Workforce Studies, April Note. Includes PsyDs. Faculty salaries are reported for a 9-10-month academic year. To calculate month equivalent, multiply by 11/9.

42 Career Preparation Work Skills Job Search Methods Areas of Need American Psychological Association

43 Now That I Have a Doctorate in Psychology, What Skills are Most Useful? What New Doctorates Have to Say. All Subfields Collaborate with colleagues from other disciplines/fields Communicate comprehensibly to non-psychologists via workshops/ public speaking/ writing Previous work experience (before & during graduate education), internships for I/O, practica Administrative skills, budgeting, management, program planning Quantitative skills - applied statistics, methods, field research Networking Teaching skills Bilingual - able to work in more than one language Technology - what it is, how to use it to do your work Communicate how psychology applies/self-promotion Proactive/forward thinking

44 Now That I Have a Doctorate in Psychology, What Skills are Most Useful? What New Doctorates Have to Say. Health Service Provider Subfield Business & Management: e.g., starting a practice and keeping it going Marketing & Selling Oneself/proactive Short-term/ brief therapy knowledge skills Working/ communicating with MCOs, insurance companies: knowing how to get on panels, time efficiency, insurance, documentation, taxes Knowledge of health care delivery systems: A system-level understanding of how it works and where it might be going What careers are possible? A more realistic view of the profession and the applications of psychology. What are emerging areas of practice? Understanding of and knowledge about medical system/medical outcomes. Communicating with Primary Care Providers Practical experiences (MCOs and elsewhere) Knowledge about integrated community service provisions/ crossdisciplinary work/ multiple wraparound services/ how to work with multidisciplinary teams

45 Most Successful Job Search Methods for Recent Doctorates in Psychology: 2009 Health Services Other Positions Informal channels 39% Informal channels 33% Electronic resource 16% Electronic resource 16% Postdoc became permanent 8% Chronicle/prof newsletter 9% Met emp thru former job 8% Faculty advisors 8% Civil service application 3% APA Monitor ads 5% Conventions placement serv. 0% Professional journals 0% Employment agency 0% Employment agency <1% Professional journals 0% Met emp thru former job <1% APS Observer ads 0% Conventions placement serv. <1% Source: 2009 Doctorate Employment Survey. Compiled by the APA Center for Workforce Studies, April Note. Includes PsyDs. American Psychological Association 45

46 Areas of Need/Opportunities for Those in the Field: Research and Practice Underserved populations Individuals in correctional facilities Chronically mentally Ill (Axis I diagnosis) Veterans/military/families of veterans Youth/children Elderly/geriatric population Retiring/Aging baby boomer generations psychology Opportunities for prevention vs. intervention Health Care Reform-medical teams Holistic care teams

47 For Further Information American Psychological Association