PROGRESSIVE SIGHT SINGING
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- Lenard Griffith
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1 Contents Preface for the Instructor xv Preface for the Student xix An Introduction to the Music Literacy Process xxi Strategies for Successful Sight Singing xxv Building Musicianship and Independence xxvii Part I Rhythmic Reading 1 Simple Meter Quarter Note = Beat Unit; Undivided Beat Building Aural/Oral Skills 3 Beat, Tempo, Meter, Duple Meter, Triple Meter, Quadruple Meter, Rhythm 1.2 Symbolic Association 4 Score Notation, Whole Note/Rest, Half Note/Rest, Quarter Note/Rest, Meter Signature, Bar Lines, Double Bar Line 1.3 Rhythm Patterns Exercises 7 Canon, Retrograde Canon, Anacrusis, Bracket 2 Simple Meter Quarter Note = Beat Unit; Divided Beat Building Aural/Oral Skills 11 Macro Beat, Micro Beat, Simple Meter, Compound Meter, Motives 2.2 Symbolic Association 12 Eighth Note/Rest, Head, Flag, Beam, Motive 2.3 Rhythm Patterns Exercises 14 Common Time 3 Simple Meter Quarter Note = Beat Unit; Slur, Tie, and Extension Dot Building Aural/Oral Skills Symbolic Association 19 Tie, Bind, Extension Dot/Augmentation Dot, Slur, Legato, Phrase 3.3 Rhythm Patterns Exercises 21 4 Terms and Symbols Symbolic Association: Performance Markings 25 Interruptions in the Beat: Breath Mark, Fermata, Tenuto, Caesura, General Pause; Tempo Markings: Adagio, Andante, Moderato, Allegretto, Allegro, Metronome, M.M.; v
2 vi PROGRESSIVE SIGHT SINGING Changes in Tempo: Ritardando, Ritenuto, Accelerando, A Tempo, Poco, Poco a Poco; Dynamic Markings: Pianissimo, Piano, Mezzo Piano, Mezzo Forte, Forte, Fortissimo; Changes in Tempo: Crescendo, Decrescendo, Diminuendo; Articulation: Staccato, Accent; Technical Terms: Repeat Sign, First and Second Endings 4.2 Exercises 29 5 Compound Meter Dotted Quarter = Beat Unit; Divided Beats Building Aural/Oral Skills 34 Simple Meter, Duple Simple, Triple Simple, Quadruple Simple, Compound Meter, Duple Compound, Triple Compound, Quadruple Compound 5.2 Symbolic Association 35 Compound Meter Signature, Motives 5.3 Rhythm Patterns Exercises 37 6 Simple Meter Quarter Note = Beat Unit; Borrowed Division Building Aural/Oral Skills 42 Natural Division, Borrowed Division, Triplet, Duplet 6.2 Symbolic Association 42 Cross-Rhythms, Motives 6.3 Rhythm Patterns Exercises 44 7 Simple Meter Quarter Note = Beat Unit; Syncopation Building Aural/Oral Skills Symbolic Association 49 Syncopation, Dynamic Accent, Agogic Accent, Motives 7.3 Rhythm Patterns Exercises 52 8 Simple Meter Quarter Note = Beat Unit; Subdivided Beats Building Aural/Oral Skills 56 Beat Subdivision 8.2 Symbolic Association 56 Cross-Rhythms, Motives, Duplet, Triplet, Quadruplet 8.3 Rhythm Patterns Exercises 59 9 More Terms and Symbols Symbolic Association: Performance Markings 64 Tempo Markings: Largo, Lento, Vivace, Presto; Changes in Tempo: Rallentando, Rubato, Con Moto, Meno Mosso; Character Terms: Cantabile, Dolce, Maestoso, Con Brio, Agitato; Dynamics: Sforzando, Sforzando-piano, Forte-piano; Articulation: Marcato; Other Terms: Subito, Più, Molto; Technical Terms: Da Capo, Dal Segno, Sign, Fine, Coda 9.2 Exercises 67
3 CONTENTS - PART I vii 10 Simple Meter Quarter Note = Beat Unit; More Rhythms with Borrowed Beat Division Building Aural/Oral Skills Symbolic Association Rhythm Patterns Exercises Simple Meter Quarter Note = Beat Unit; More Rhythms with Syncopations Building Aural/Oral Skills Symbolic Association 79 Single, Tied, Double and Triple Syncopation 11.3 Rhythm Patterns Exercises Simple Meter Quarter Note = Beat Unit; More Rhythms with Subdivided Beats Building Aural/Oral Skills Symbolic Association Rhythm Patterns Exercises Simple Meter Half Note = Beat Unit Symbolic Association 92 Alla Breve, Cut Time, Double Whole Note/Rest 13.2 Rhythm Patterns Exercises Simple Meter Eighth Note = Beat Unit Symbolic Association Rhythm Patterns Exercises Compound Meter Dotted Quarter = Beat Unit; More Rhythms Building Aural/Oral Skills Symbolic Association 107 Submetrical Syncopation 15.3 Rhythm Patterns Exercises Compound Meter Dotted Half Note = Beat Unit Symbolic Association Rhythm Patterns Exercises Compound Meter Dotted Eighth Note = Beat Unit Symbolic Association Rhythm Patterns Exercises 122
4 viii PROGRESSIVE SIGHT SINGING 18 Simple Meter Irregular Division of Beat Building Aural/Oral Skills Symbolic Association 126 Triplets, Quintuplets, Sextuplets, Septuplets, Measured Tremolo 18.3 Rhythm Patterns and Exercises: Quarter Note = Beat Unit Exercises: Other Simple Meters Compound Meter Irregular Division of Beat Building Aural/Oral Skills Symbolic Association 133 Duplets, Quadruplets, Quintuplets, Septuplets 19.3 Rhythm Patterns and Exercises: Dotted Quarter Note = Beat Unit Exercises: Other Compound Meters Hemiola and Cross-Rhythms Symbolic Association: Hemiola, 2:3, 3:2 139 Hemiola, Superduplet, Supertriplet 20.2 Exercises: Hemiola, 2:3, 3: Symbolic Association: 3:4, 4:3, 2:5 143 Superquadruplet 20.4 Exercises: 3:4, 4:3, 2: Asymmetrical Meters Symbolic Association 147 Asymmetrical Meter, Composite Meter, Quintuple, Septuple 21.2 Rhythm Patterns and Exercises: Beat Constant Rhythm Patterns and Exercises: Beat Division Constant Mixed Meters Symbolic Association 157 Division Constant, Beat Constant 22.2 Exercises 158 Part II Melodic Reading 1 Tonic Pentachord in Major Mode; Simple Meters, Undivided Beat Building Aural/Oral Skills: Diatonic Steps 167 Pentachord Scale, Intervals, Tonic Triad, Tertian, Root, Third, Fifth, Chord, Harmony, Arpeggio 1.2 Symbolic Association: Diatonic Steps 168 Score Notation, Staff, Line Note, Space Note, Second, Fourth, Tonic Keynote, Intervals 1.3 Tonal and Melodic Patterns: Diatonic Steps Exercises: Diatonic Steps Building Aural/Oral Skills: Tonic Triad Symbolic Association: Tonic Triad 174 Tonic Triad, Tertian, Root, Third, Fifth, Chord, Arpeggio
5 CONTENTS - PART II ix 1.7 Tonal and Melodic Patterns: Diatonic Steps, Tonic Triad 174 Tonic Triad, Tertian, Root, Third, Fifth, Chord, Arpeggio 1.8 Exercises: Diatonic Steps, Tonic Triad 177 Clef Signs, Treble Clef, Bass Clef, Musical Alphabet, Key Signature, Hocket 2 Diatonic Steps and Tonic Triad in the Major Scale; Simple Meters, Undivided Beat Building Aural/Oral Skills: Diatonic Steps 181 Major Scale, Diatonic, Non-diatonic, Pentachord Major Scale, Intervals from Tonic, Intervals of a Third, Scale Degrees, Unison, Prime 2.2 Symbolic Association: Diatonic Steps 183 Supertonic, Mediant, Subdominant, Dominant, Submediant, Leading Tone 2.3 Tonal and Melodic Patterns: Diatonic Steps Exercises: Diatonic Steps 185 Ledger Lines, Hocket 2.5 Building Aural/Oral Skills: Diatonic Steps, Tonic Triad 187 Half Step, Semi-tone, Whole Step, Inverted Tonic Triads, Intervals of a Fourth 2.6 Symbolic Association: Diatonic Steps, Tonic Triad 188 Major Key Signature, Harmonic Triad, Melodic Triad, Inversions of Triad: Root, First, Second 2.7 Tonal and Melodic Patterns: Diatonic Steps, Tonic Triad Exercises: Diatonic Steps, Tonic Triad Diatonic Steps and Tonic Triad in the Natural Minor Scale; Simple Meters, Undivided Beat Building Aural/Oral Skills: Diatonic Steps, Tonic Triad 197 Natural Minor Scale, Tonic Triad, Intervals from Tonic, Intervals of a Third, Intervals of a Fourth 3.2 Symbolic Association: Diatonic Steps, Tonic Triad 199 Minor Key Signatures, Subtonic 3.3 Tonal and Melodic Patterns: Diatonic Steps, Tonic Triad Exercises: Diatonic Steps, Tonic Triad Diatonic Steps and Tonic Triad in the Major Scale; Simple Meters, Divided Beat Integrating Rhythm and Tonal Skills: Major Mode 206 Major Scale, Quality and Quantity of Intervals From Tonic, Perfect 4.2 Symbolic Association: Major Mode 207 Leading Tone, Subtonic 4.3 Melodic Patterns: Major Mode Exercises: Major Mode Diatonic Steps and Tonic Triad in the Major Scale; Simple Meters, Dotted Quarter Notes Integrating Rhythm and Tonal Skills: Major Mode 216 Major and Minor Thirds, Perfect and Augmented Fourths in the Major Scale, Triads Built on Each Scale Degree 5.2 Symbolic Association: Major Mode 218 Tritones, Augmented Fourths, Major Triad, Minor Triad, Diminished Triad, Motive, Sequence, Phrase, Melodic Cadence, Progressive Cadence, Terminal Cadence, Through-Composed 5.3 Melodic Patterns: Major Mode Exercises: Major Mode 220
6 x PROGRESSIVE SIGHT SINGING 6 Natural Minor Scale; Simple Meters, Eighth and Dotted Quarter Notes Building Aural/Oral Skills: Natural Minor Scale 226 Intervals from Tonic; Major and Minor Thirds, Perfect and Augmented Fourths, Triads Built on Each Scale Degree; Major, Minor, and Diminished Triads 6.2 Symbolic Association: Natural Minor Scale Tonal and Melodic Patterns: Natural Minor Scale Exercises: Natural Minor Scale Harmonic and Melodic Minor Scales; Simple Meters, Eighth and Dotted Quarter Notes Building Aural/Oral Skills: Harmonic Minor Scale 235 Harmonic Minor Scale, Augmented Second, Harmonic Minor Pentachord, Intervals from Tonic; Major and Minor Thirds, Perfect and Augmented Fourths, Triads Built on Each Scale Degree, Augmented Triad 7.2 Symbolic Association: Harmonic Minor Scale 237 Accidental, Sharp Sign, Natural Sign, Augmented Triad 7.3 Tonal and Melodic Patterns: Harmonic Minor Scale Exercises: Harmonic Minor Scale Building Aural/Oral Skills: Melodic Minor Scale 243 Melodic Minor Scale, Melodic Minor Pentachord, Intervals from Tonic; Major and Minor Thirds, Perfect and Augmented Fourths 7.6 Symbolic Association: Melodic Minor Scale Tonal and Melodic Patterns: Melodic Minor Scale Exercises: Melodic Minor Scale Exercises: Intervals in Tonic Triad (i) and Mediant Major Triad (III)/Relative Major Major and Minor Modes; Compound Meters Dotted Quarter = Beat Unit Integrating Rhythm and Tonal Skills: Major Mode Symbolic Association: Major Mode Melodic Patterns: Major Mode Exercises: Major Mode Integrating Rhythm and Tonal Skills: Minor Mode Symbolic Association: Minor Mode Melodic Patterns: Minor Mode Exercises: Minor Mode Exercises: Intervals in Tonic Triad (i) and the Mediant Triad (III)/Relative Major I and V 7 in Major Mode; Simple and Compound Meters Building Aural/Oral Skills: Dominant Triad, Major Mode 270 Chromatic Scale, Ascending and Descending Intervals Moving Out from the Tonic in the Major Scale, Dominant Triad, First Inversion Triads Built on Each Degree of the Major Scale 9.2 Symbolic Association: Dominant Triad, Major Mode 271 Chord Tone, Neighbor Tone, Passing Tone, Terminal Cadence, Progressive Cadence, Authentic Cadence, Half Cadence 9.3 Tonal Patterns: Dominant Triad, Major Mode Exercises: Dominant Triad, Major Mode, Simple Meters Building Aural/Oral Skills: Dominant Seventh Chord, Major Mode 278 Dominant Seventh Chord, Third Inversion, Second Inversion Triads Built on Each Degree of the Major Scale 9.6 Symbolic Association: Dominant Seventh Chord, Major Mode Tonal Patterns: Dominant Seventh Chord, Major Mode Exercises: Dominant Seventh Chord, Major Mode, Simple Meters Exercises: Dominant and Dominant Seventh, Major Mode, Compound Meters 288
7 CONTENTS - PART II xi 10 i and V 7 in Minor Mode; Simple and Compound Meters Building Aural/Oral Skills: Dominant Triad, Minor Mode 294 Ascending and Descending Intervals Moving Out from the Tonic in the Natural Minor Scale, Dominant Triad in Minor, First Inversion Triads Built on Each Degree of the Minor Scales 10.2 Symbolic Association: Dominant Triad, Minor Mode Tonal Patterns: Dominant Triad, Minor Mode Exercises: Dominant Triad, Minor Mode, Simple Meters Building Aural/Oral Skills: Dominant Seventh Chord, Minor Mode 303 Dominant Seventh Chord, Third Inversion, Second Inversion Triads Built on Each Degree of the Minor Scale 10.6 Symbolic Association: Dominant Seventh Chord, Minor Mode Tonal Patterns: Dominant Seventh Chord, Minor Mode Exercises: Dominant Seventh Chord, Minor Mode, Simple Meters Exercises: Dominant and Dominant Seventh, Minor Mode, Compound Meters I and V 7 in Major Mode; Other Rhythms in Simple Meters Integrating Rhythm and Tonal Skills: Major Mode 318 Chromatic Intervals 11.2 Symbolic Association Melodic Patterns and Exercises: Triplets, Tonic Only Melodic Patterns and Exercises: Syncopation, Tonic Only Melodic Patterns and Exercises: Subdivided Beat, Tonic Only Exercises: Combined Rhythms, Tonic Only Exercises: Combined Rhythms, Tonic and Dominant i and V 7 in Minor Mode; Other Rhythms in Simple Meters Integrating Rhythm and Tonal Skills: Minor Mode Symbolic Association Melodic Patterns and Exercises: Triplets, Tonic Only Melodic Patterns and Exercises: Syncopation, Tonic Only Melodic Patterns and Exercises: Subdivided Beat, Tonic Only Exercises: Combined Rhythms, Tonic Only Exercises: Combined Rhythms, Tonic and Dominant I and V 7 in Major and Minor Modes; Half Note = Beat Unit Integrating Rhythm and Tonal Skills: Major and Minor Modes Symbolic Association Melodic Patterns and Exercises: Major Mode, Tonic Only Exercises: Major Mode, Tonic and Dominant Melodic Patterns and Exercises: Minor Mode, Tonic Only Exercises: Minor Mode, Tonic and Dominant I and V 7 in Major and Minor Modes; Eighth Note = Beat Unit Integrating Rhythm and Tonal Skills: Major and Minor Modes 368 Ascending and Descending Chromatic Intervals Moving Out from Tonic 14.2 Symbolic Association Melodic Patterns and Exercises: Major Mode, Tonic Only Exercises: Major Mode, Tonic and Dominant 372
8 xii PROGRESSIVE SIGHT SINGING 14.5 Melodic Patterns and Exercises: Minor Mode, Tonic Only Exercises: Minor Mode, Tonic and Dominant I and V 7 in Major and Minor; Compound Meters More Rhythms Integrating Rhythm and Tonal Skills: Major and Minor Modes 379 Major, Minor, Augmented and Diminished Triads 15.2 Symbolic Association Melodic Patterns and Exercises: Major Mode, Tonic Only Exercises: Major Mode, Tonic and Dominant Melodic Patterns and Exercises: Minor Mode, Tonic Only Exercises: Minor Mode, Tonic and Dominant The Moveable C Clefs Symbolic Association 399 C Clefs: Soprano, Mezzo-Soprano, Alto, Tenor, Baritone 16.2 Exercises: Major and Minor Modes, Tonic and Dominant I, IV and V 7 in Major Mode; Simple and Compound Meters Building Aural/Oral Skills: Subdominant Triad, Major Mode 408 Subdominant Triad in Major 17.2 Symbolic Association Tonal Patterns: Subdominant Triad, Major Mode Exercises: I, IV, V 7, Major Mode, Simple Meters Exercises: I, IV, V 7, Major Mode, Compound Meters i, iv and V 7 in Minor Mode; Simple and Compound Meters Building Aural/Oral Skills: Subdominant Triad, Minor Mode 436 Subdominant Triad in Minor 18.2 Symbolic Association Tonal Patterns: Subdominant Triad, Minor Mode Exercises: i, iv, IV, and V 7, Minor Mode, Simple Meters Exercises: i, iv, IV, and V 7, Minor Mode, Compound Meters Other Diatonic Triads and Seventh Chords in Major and Minor Modes Building Aural/Oral Skills: Diatonic Triads and Seventh Chords in Major Mode 451 Diatonic Seventh Chords, Major Seventh Chord, Minor Seventh Chord, Major-Minor Seventh Chord, Fully Diminished Seventh Chord, Half Diminished Seventh Chord 19.2 Symbolic Association Tonal Patterns: ii, iii, vi, vii, Major Mode Exercises: ii, iii, vi, vii, Major Mode Building Aural/Oral Skills: Diatonic Triads and Seventh Chords in Minor Mode 462 Diatonic Seventh Chords in Minor Mode 19.6 Symbolic Association Tonal Patterns: ii, III, VI, VII, Minor Mode Exercises: ii, III, VI, VII, Minor Mode 464
9 CONTENTS - PART II xiii 20 Chromatic Alterations: Nonharmonic Tones Building Aural/Oral Skills 469 Chromaticism, Nonharmonic Tones, Neighbor Tones, Passing Tones, Appoggiaturas, Escape Tones, Incomplete Neighbors 20.2 Symbolic Association Tonal Patterns 470 Major Mode: q4,p7,q1,q2,q3 Minor Mode: q4,q Exercises Chromatic Alterations: Secondary Dominants Building Aural/Oral Skills 481 Commonly Altered Chords 21.2 Symbolic Association 482 Tonicization, Secondary Dominants 21.3 Tonal Patterns and Exercises: Raised Fourth Scale Degree, Major Mode Tonal Patterns and Exercises: Raised Fourth Scale Degree, Minor Mode Tonal Patterns and Exercises: Lowered Seventh Scale Degree, Major Mode Tonal Patterns and Exercises: Raised Tonic, Major Mode Tonal Patterns and Exercises: Raised Second Scale Degree, Major Mode Tonal Patterns and Exercises: Raised Third Scale Degree, Minor Mode Exercises: Secondary Dominants and Nonharmonic Tones Chromatic Alterations: Modulation Symbolic Association 498 Modulation, Closely Related Keys, Change of Mode, Distantly Related Keys, Neapolitan Triad 22.2 Exercises: Modulation to the Dominant Exercises: Modulation to Closely Related Keys Exercises: Modulation to Remote Keys Chromatic Alterations: Modal Mixture and Neapolitan Sixth Building Aural/Oral Skills 516 Modal Mixture, Parallel Scales, Neapolitan Triad 23.2 Symbolic Association 517 Change of Mode 23.3 Tonal Patterns: Modal Mixture Exercises: Modal Mixture Exercises: Neapolitan Triad Modes Symbolic Association: Diatonic Seven-Tone Scales 524 Medieval Modes, Church Modes, Ionian, Dorian, Phrygian, Lydian, Mixolydian, Aeolian, Locrian, Classification of Modes 24.2 Exercises 526
10 xiv PROGRESSIVE SIGHT SINGING Appendices A Rhythm Reading Systems 537 Overview of Systems 537 Gordon Syllables 537 Takadimi Syllables 538 McHose and Tibbs Syllables 539 Kodály-Based Syllables 540 Rhythm Syllable Charts 541 Gordon Syllables 542 Takadimi Syllables 544 McHose and Tibbs Syllables 546 Kodály-Based Syllables 548 B Tonal Reading Systems 549 Solmization 549 Moveable Do 549 Numbers 551 Fixed Do 551 Letter Names 551 Hand Signs 551 Tonal Ladder 553 C Dictation 554 Rhythm 554 Simple Meter 554 Compound Meter 555 Tonal 555 Melodic 556 D Conducting Patterns 557 Basic Patterns 557 Asymmetrical Patterns 557 E Glossary of Foreign Terms 558 Index 560
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