Biomes. Biomes. Animals and plants have narrow ranges of tolerance to abiotic factors
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1 Biomes What defines a biome? Where are the lines drawn? What are the major controlling factors? What about aquatic biomes Biomes Animals and plants have narrow ranges of tolerance to abiotic factors This in part determines the biotic components of biomes. These are broad geographic regions determined by temperature and rainfall, and described by their plant communities Tolerance limits Figure 3.2 Figure 50.2 Patterns of distribution in the biosphere 3-1 Figure 50.3 A climograph for some major kinds of ecosystems (biomes) in North America World biome map Figure
2 Figure 50.16a-d Examples of terrestrial biomes: maps Biome climate graphs Figure Figure 50.16e-h Examples of terrestrial biomes: maps Biomes Figure 50.16b Savanna Figure 50.16c Desert. Organ Pipe State Park (top), Joshua Tree National Park (bottom left), Death Valley (bottom right) 2
3 Figure 50.16a Tropical forests Figure 50.16h Tundra. Denali National Park (left), reindeer (right) Figure 50.16e Temperate grassland Figure 50.16f Temperate deciduous forest, Great Smokey Mountains National Park Figure Marine biomes Figure 50.9 The distribution of major aquatic biomes 3
4 Figure Zonation in the marine environment Biomes Figure 50.8 Lake stratification and seasonal turnover Figure Zonation in a lake Figure Freshwater ecosystems. Oligotrophic lake (left), eutrophic lake (right) Sea surface temperature 4
5 Salinity Currents Temperature Currents Nutrients Salinity Oxygen Depth Sunlight Aquatic Biomes Some Key Points Animals interact with biotic and abiotic factors in ways which shape their survival and distributions Biomes are delineated by abiotic factors, but biotic factors play a role too. Biomes are described by plant communities which are controlled by temperature and precipitation Oceans are different: currents and salinity/oxygen distribution have a major impact - productivity Organisms have tolerance ranges to abiotic factors - both long term and short term effects. Physical as well as chemical boundaries Biodiversity hot spots Figure 5.20 Natural medicinal products
6 Biodiversity Human disturbance Species diversity: number of different species Genetic diversity: ensuring a healthy gene pool-problems with bottlenecks Ecological diversity: numbers of habitat types - relates directly with species diversity But WHY is it important?? 5-9 Extinction Natural extinction Extinction is a natural process. As earth changes, so does it s flora and fauna. Periods of mass extinctions and radiations (diversity) Extinction has to keep up w/ speciation. (~1 per 1000 yrs.) Extinction Human accelerated extinction Most major mass extinction in the last 65 mill yrs is now (cretaceous), by us sp. going extinct every day: unparalleled times natural background rate - what s cause? possibly 20% of current species extinct in next 30 yrs - more than have been named yet! Fastest moving aspect of global change Irreversible Extinction What causes extinctions? Natural events - climate change, etc. Habitat loss and disturbance Commercial hunting and poaching Predator and pest control Pets/decorative plants Introduction of non-natives Population growth, affluence and poverty Mass extinctions 5-8 6
7 Extinction Reproductive strategies What makes a species extinction prone? Critical population size Passenger pigeon-now extinct Specialists vrs. Generalists Animal size (large) Range (small) Trophic position (high) Tolerance to humans Behavioral patterns 3-10 U.S. wetland acreage Figure 5.24 Endangered species Protected lands Figure
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