Written evidence submitted by ADD International
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- Dulcie Allen
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1 Written evidence submitted by ADD International A. Summary 1. There is growing evidence that the systemic exclusion of disabled people (DP) 1 from jobs and livelihoods (J&L) opportunities has far-reaching negative economic and social impact, contributing to an estimated loss of 1.7% GDP in Bangladesh annually (WB 2008). 2. The case for improved disability focus and greater inclusion of DP across all DFID s J&L programmes is set out in the BOND DDG submission to this inquiry, to which ADD has contributed as a member of the DDG. 3. The purpose of this paper is to support the DDG s submission by providing a more detailed analysis of strategies for increasing J&L in a sustainable and inclusive way, in response to the inquiry TOR. Drawing on the practical experience of ADD in 4 different contexts, we explore strategies and interventions which have proved successful in improving DP s access to J&L opportunities, and in promoting environments and mainstream programmes which are more inclusive of DP. 4. ADD International s experience highlights the central importance of promoting the voice and participation of DP (including through DPOs) in all aspects of J&L initiatives; recognising the diversity of their experience and challenges; and supporting them to become agents of change. 5. In addition to this written submission, we would like to offer our Head of Policy and Influence, Mosharraf Hossain, as an oral witness. He brings direct experience of working with disabled people in Bangladesh over many years, and also draws on personal experience of accessing J&L as a disabled person. B. Recommendations 6. ADD International supports the recommendations of the BOND DDG submission to this inquiry: DFID should recognise the importance of promoting access to J&L for DP, and take steps to ensure that DP are considered and included across all aspects of DFID funded J&L initiatives. 7. In addition, based on our programme experience over nearly 30 years working on J&L issues with DPOs, we urge DFID to recognise and support the role that DP themselves play in improving DP s access to J&L opportunities: 1 In this submission the term Disabled People / DP refers to DP of all ages, ethnicities and locations, and of both genders, in line with the terminology of the UK disability rights movement. We recognise that in different contexts, people with disabilities is used, while the UNCRPD refers to persons with disabilities. 1
2 Direct engagement with DPOs should be a routine component in design, delivery and evaluation of all DFID funded J&L programmes. While DFID should strive to ensure that DP are included in mainstream J&L programmes (by identifying and addressing barriers), support should also be given to interventions which target DP specifically, including training and empowerment programmes DFID should support the work of DPOs in building the confidence and aspirations of DP, challenging negative assumptions, and advocating for equal access to J&L through changes in legislation, policy, practice and attitudes towards DP 8. Interventions are required to improve access to employment in both formal and informal sectors, but given that the informal sector represents the primary source of J&L for DP living in poverty, particular attention should be paid to ensuring that credit and savings services and other inputs for small business development are fully accessible and inclusive of DP. 9. When evaluating the impact of J&L work, DFID should also pay attention to the impact on the wider household and community. Furthermore, weight should also be given to impact on personal and social well-being at individual, household and community level, in recognition of the potential value of J&L for changing attitudes towards disability and promoting social inclusion more widely. C. ADD International 10. Since 1985 ADD International has worked with DP s Organisations (DPOs) in Africa and Asia, from grassroots to national level, to strengthen their capacity to bring improvements to the lives of their members, and to advocate for the inclusion of DP in all aspects of political, social and economic life. Drawing on this direct experience we work as an ally to the disability movement in influencing development policy and practice at all levels to become more inclusive of DP and disability issues. 2
3 D. Why it is important to include disabled people in jobs and livelihoods work?/ What are the issues for disabled people in accessing jobs and livelihoods? (see DDG submission for greater detail) 11. DP represent 15% of all populations but they are disproportionately represented among the poorest and most marginalised. The negative cycle between disability and poverty means that DP are excluded from opportunities to access and develop J&L. At the same time, they are routinely excluded from programmes which promote J&L among the poorest in society. 12. DP experience a number of inter-connected barriers which prevent them from accessing J&L opportunities, including: Stigma and discrimination Assumptions that DP are incapable of work or less productive lower levels of education, self-esteem and aspiration, linked to social marginalisation and lack of access to educational opportunities lack of access to assets including land Inaccessible environments: workplaces, transport systems, information Lack of access to assistive devices and support 13. The exclusion of DP from J&L has far-reaching negative impact on the life chances of DP, and on economic and social well-being at individual, household and community level 14. The UK government and its bilateral partners have an obligation, under the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (UNCRPD) to ensure that DP have equitable access to J&L. Despite this, disability focus and the inclusion of DP is weak within most of DFID s J&L programmes. DFID funds a number of effective and innovative projects targeted at increasing DP s access to J&L, but despite positive outcomes, such projects are rarely scaled up, and learning is not systematically applied in other contexts. E. What works in promoting jobs and livelihoods for disabled people? 15. The following examples of ADD s work (part funded through our PPA with DFID) illustrate different approaches which have been successful in supporting DP to access J&L opportunities in both the formal and informal sectors. For each example we highlight the factors which have contributed to success. Drawing on these, we can identify the following elements, common to all 4 examples, which represent core strategies for improving DP s access to J&L: 3
4 16. Crucial role of DPOs: DPOs are uniquely placed to identify and reach DP. They can play a key part in building the confidence and aspirations of individuals by providing a space for solidarity and mutual support. DPOs represent an effective channel for providing training, mentoring, and other inputs for building individual income generating capacity. Through direct engagement and advocacy with employers and authorities, DPOs can secure changes in policies and attitudes to facilitate DP s access to J&L. Speaking from the direct lived experience of disability can increase the impact of advocacy work, while simultaneously challenging assumptions about DP. Through their public presence and activities, DPOs increase the visibility and status of DP within the community, challenging negative attitudes and assumptions. 17. Twin-track approaches: Initiatives are effective where they pursue parallel processes: On the one hand, supporting individuals to change their own mindset and build skills, while simultaneously negotiating with employers/ providers of livelihood inputs to facilitate the inclusion of DP in their enterprises/ services. Emphasis on inclusion in the mainstream credit and savings provision, rather than separate provision through DPOs more effective and broader impact in terms of changing attitudes and removing barriers Importance of inputs to increase access e.g. mobility/ assistive devices 18. Tailored approaches: DP do not represent a homogenous group - Importance of recognising the wide range of individual DP s challenges and needs. Most successful where building on the individual s abilities and preferences Successful where training and inputs are linked with market and employment opportunities 19. Example 1: Working with private sector employers to promote the employment of PWD in Bangladesh From Margin to Mainstream was a 3 year project (ended August 2014, funded by DFID through the Shiree Challenge Fund) which has created opportunities for 656 DP living in extreme poverty to access employment in the garments industry or through small business development. The project, which was one of 3 winners of an ILO award for good practice for youth unemployment, offered participants a choice of small business training and inputs, or skills training and probationary employment in local garments manufactories. Of the 225 who chose the latter, 197 are now employed in the garments industry. 4
5 Key elements contributing to success in relation to work with the private sector: Training which matched individual abilities with employers needs: Workshops were established to provide training in the specific skills required in the local garments industry. 65 different operations were identified within the garment production process, and participants were trained for those that were compatible with their specific abilities e.g. cutting/ operating machines/ quality control. Direct negotiation with employers to secure placements: Initially local employers were sceptical that DP could be an asset to their teams, but probationary periods allowed DP to demonstrate how their specific skills could be used at relevant points of the production process. Parallel advocacy process: It was initially difficult to engage private sector employers in the project, but a breakthrough came after the Chairman of the Parliamentary Standing Committee on Labour & Employment was invited to the project inception workshop. Following this, a circular was sent to all factories within the Bangladesh Garments Manufacturers and Exporters Association (BGMEA) encouraging them to employ DP, leading to employment opportunities being created for 200 DP in 60 factories. The BGMEA is currently developing a policy to set a 5% quota for employment of DP within member factories. Addressing access issues: In partnership with employers, access issues were identified and addressed, such as allowing disabled employees to use factory lifts otherwise prohibited for shop-floor workers. Involvement of DPOs: DPOs were centrally involved in identifying participants and in establishing and managing training workshops, and they also engaged directly with local government and garment industry employers to build understanding of DP s needs. For individual participants, becoming a DPO member was a key part of transforming their own self-image and aspirations: DP thought of themselves as a burden one of the greatest obstacles of empowerment (Lesson Learning Report 2014). DPOs provided solidarity and mutual support; empowerment activities including training on social and political rights; workshops for parents and guardians to encourage family support in accessing jobs and employment. Challenges: The gender balance within the project was not representative of disability levels in a country where 23% of women and 10% of men of working age are disabled. More active steps are needed to reach and include disabled women in similar initiatives. Mobility issues and difficulties accessing transport meant that the project was only able to work with factories within a small area, and this reduced the employment opportunities available to participants. 20. Example 2: Promoting employment opportunities for disabled graduates through internships in Uganda 5
6 Even where DP have overcome barriers and discrimination to achieve a university education, unemployment among disabled graduates is disproportionately high: While 16% of the national population has a disability, just 0.2% of the work force in the NGO, private and public sectors are DP 2, despite the Income Tax Act which provides tax incentives to companies which employ 5% or more DP. Discrimination and negative assumptions about DP represent barriers to employment for disabled graduates, while the absence of DP in graduate careers perpetuates these assumptions. The Step-Up project in Uganda sought to break this vicious cycle through negotiating and supporting internships for 22 disabled graduates. The National Project Coordinator of the United Nations Association described her experience of hosting an intern, saying she was moved by the way Joan presented herself, the passion and the confidence, and I wondered, can she really do it? so I gave her the opportunity and indeed she has proved herself. Key elements contributing to success: Outreach and selection: Disabled students and recent graduates were identified through university authorities and disabled student associations. The selection process emphasised transparency and fairness, with 22 of the original 47 candidates being selected by a panel against established criteria, including active engagement in the disability movement. Orientation: The selected graduates attended a workshop where they learnt about employers expectations; the workplace environment and challenges; working in government, civil society and the corporate sector; work place conduct. They also had a chance to meet 2 DP who had previously been placed as interns with ADD s support, and to get practical advice from them. Engagement with employers: Employers were approached either by ADD directly, or by students with ADD s support. MOUs were agreed between employers and ADD, outlining the roles and responsibilities of the employers and the interns. Access and support: Reasonable adjustments were negotiated with employers to ensure that interns were able to access the workplace and fulfil tasks, including the provision of JAWS software for graduates with visual impairments. ADD provided a small allowance to support the interns travel and daily costs. Challenges: All employers said they were keen to retain the interns at the end of the 4 months placements, but that there were no salaried posts available, nor resources to create new posts. 4 have been employed so far, and the progress of others will be followed as they use their intern experience to secure employment over the coming months. 2 Hon. Alex Ndeezi : Tap into the hidden talent of the disabled. The independent, Saturday, 27 August
7 21. Example 3: Inclusion of disabled women in community based credit and savings/ small business development in Burkina Faso ADD collaborated with Freedom From Hunger to facilitate the inclusion of disabled women in 371 credit and savings groups created through the Saving for Change project in 91 communities in Burkina Faso. Of the 8259 women participating in the groups, 16% were disabled while 3300 were caring for a disabled relative. Role of DPOs: DPOs were an important channel for identifying and informing participants, and they also provided meeting spaces for the groups. Accompaniment for inclusion: Alongside training and accompaniment in financial management for savings and loans management, groups received practical advice on how to support the specific needs of disabled women to enable their full participation. Building solidarity: The process of saving and developing business plans together helped to build solidarity and mutual support among women across boundaries of age, disability and ethnicity. Increasing visibility: Disabled women became more visible as they took part in regular meetings in public places, and this changed community perceptions as they were seen to be economically and socially active. 22. Example 4: A community-wide approach to promoting the employment of people with intellectual disabilities (PWID) in Cambodia In Cambodia the stigma associated with intellectual disability is extreme. PWID are often regarded by their relatives and communities as an unproductive and embarrassing burden, based on assumptions that they can never contribute to their household economy. Since 2011 we have been challenging these assumptions through our project to help PWID in rural communities to develop life skills and to contribute to economic and social activities. Key elements contributing to success: Emphasis on building understanding of PWID as a starting point by engaging family and community members as active stakeholders. This facilitated a shift in attitudes and behaviour towards PWID which led to improvements in PWID s capacity in terms of communication, self-management and participation in household and economic activities. The role of DPO mentors: Training and accompaniment for community volunteers recruited from DPOs to implement the project on the ground by acting as mentors to PWID, their families, their neighbours and community leaders. Because the mentors are DP themselves, their role contributes to changing attitudes towards disability so that DP are seen as agents of community development, and not just beneficiaries. Recruiting family and community as active participants: By using PLA techniques to identify problems and solutions, families and community members become active participants in a process of building awareness and understanding of intellectual 7
8 disability at all levels of the community. Participants learn new ways of engaging with PWID ( speaking softly, patience and repetition) so they can support PWID to develop their communication skills; personal care and self-management; domestic and productive skills. Tailoring interventions to individual PWID: Specific targets are developed for each individual given the wide variety of needs and abilities. Skills training and income generating inputs such as chickens, tools for market gardening etc. are provided in response to each individual s own skills and interests. Focus on improvement in personal and social wellbeing: While some beneficiaries have developed profitable income generating activities which benefit themselves and their household, for others transformational change was more about being able to do simple domestic tasks without supervision. The increased independence and psychosocial wellbeing of PWID also impacts on households, as caregivers are freed up to fulfil other domestic and economically productive tasks. Access to further opportunities: As PWID have become more visible and better understood within the community, local authorities are now taking active steps to prioritise them in mainstream development interventions such as income generating inputs, watsan provision and access to free healthcare schemes. 8
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