Focus of this course

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "Focus of this course"

Transcription

1

2 Focus of this course First half - diseases Second half - weeds Many important plant diseases are caused by pathogens and this will be the main emphasis of our studies

3 Plant Disease defined: It is a disruption of normal plant function in a host plant due to a causal agent The disruption results in a morphological change in the host plant, this is what we term symptoms. The causal agent may be biological or physiological (ie. Chemical or physical)

4 Disease vs. injury Disease is a continous (chronic) or persistent condition. Injury is acute and/or short lived

5 Physiological agents These are non-living and include things such as cold, chemicals, elements, pollution, and etc. they can t reproduce are not infectious and are called physiopaths

6 Biological agents These are living organisms such as fungi, bacteria, viruses, etc. they can reproduce they are infectious and can spread through a host population they are called pathogens

7 Physiological agents Symptoms usually uniformly distributed over entire plant typically occur as tip or marginal leaf scorch more likely to occur on older leaves

8 Biological agents Leaf lesions scattered or sporatic lesions usually have halo but not always spread readily to surrounding plants margins of leaf spots are typically smooth

9 Host plant disease relationship All plants are susceptible to one or more diseases plant diseases have always occurred and continue to occur in nature but are not a problem due to diversity man made ecosystems tend to be monocultures

10 Epiphytotics Plant epidemics monocultures pave the way for this to occur pythium in turfgrass is an example

11 History of plant disease 1500 BC - first description of cultural controls, especially planting dates 950 BC - first use of burning as a cultural control 470 BC - Pliney the Elder uses olive oil for control of blight in grapes 1660 AD - connection between barberry and wheat rust discovered

12 History of diseases continued: sulfur recommended for powdery mildew on grapes Irish potato famine Diseases of Cultivated Plants published debary - proved association of fungus with specific plant disease

13 Still more to come! first commercial sprayer Bordeaux mix & Paris green Koch s postulate published USDA creates mycology section synthetic organic fungicides for protecting military clothing tomato blight

14 Koch s Postulate Acceptable proof of causation organism must be associated with all cases of the disease organism must be isolated from diseased plant organism must then be able to produce disease in a healthy innoculated plant organism must be re-isolated from the artificially infected plant

15 Symptoms and Signs Symptom is defined as any visible evidence of disease expressed by the plant. Sign is any visible evidence manifested by the pathogen itself. Symptoms are usually specific for a particular plant.

16 Classifying symptoms Local vs. systemic Local occurs in only in one plant organ or tissue Systemic occurs in two or more plant organs or tissues

17 Classifying symptoms Lesional vs. habital Lesional - a specific structural change, obvious damage or wounds Habital - an abnormal growth habit

18 Classifying symptoms Primary vs. secondary Primary symptoms occur at the point of infection Secondary symptoms occur away from the point of infection

19 Classifying symptoms Necrotic vs. chlorotic Necrotic symptoms cause eventual death of the tissue Chlorotic symptoms involve a loss of or failure to produce color & may or may not result in death of the tissue

20 Classifying symptoms Hypoplastic vs. hyperplastic Hypoplastic symptoms are the results of underdeveloped growth Hyperplastic symptoms are the result of over developed growth

21 Types of necrotic symptoms Hydrosis - water soaked appearance due to rupturing of cell membranes and resultant leaking of the cytoplasm (cell sap) wilt - loss of turgor pressure, usually a secondary symptom due to plugging of zylem tissue by an organism dieback - death of the branch system of trees or shrubs

22 Leaf showing hydrosis

23 Types of necrotic symptoms Scorch - sudden death of the tissue due to physiological agents blight - sudden death of the tissue due to pathogen(s) spot - lesions which vary in size, shape, and color rot - slow decay/mushiness ending in mummification

24 blight

25 scorch

26 Leaf spot

27 More leaf spot

28 Seeing spots yet?

29 Fungal leaf spot and perithecium

30 Healthy cherry on right, rot on left

31 Mummification following rot

32 Types of necrotic symptoms Canker - oblong lesion with a sunken center usually occurring on stems damping-off - seeding rot often occurring on the stem near the soil line scald - blanching of foliage due to high light intensities and standing water

33 stem canker

34 Types of chlorotic symptoms Chlorosis - failure or partial failure of green color. Yellowing - loss of green color after it has developed (difference is academic to some extent)

35 Chlorosis/mottling Camellia mosaic virus

36 Types of hypoplastic symptoms Albication - albinism suppression - failure of organs to develop when and where they usually develop etiolation - spindly growth with poor color dwarfing - stunting of the whole plant or specific organ(s) rosetting - failure of internodes to elongate

37 Rosetting caused by bermudagrass mites

38 Types of hyperplasitic symptoms Prolepsis - premature organ development abscission - premature drop of organ(s) russeting - roughening of the epidermis of organ(s) due to excess suberin deposits discoloration - expression of pigments other than chlorophyll (bronzing, purpling) tumefactions - gall formation fasciculation - clustering of organs, witches broom

39 Discoloration/purpling

40 gall Cedar-apple rust Gall on left Telial horns (i.e. fruiting body) protruding from gall on right

41 Crown gall

42 Types of hyperplastic symptoms Callus - bulging growth of stem cambium due to lesions curling\cupping - overgrowth of tissue on one side of a leaf or petal scab - raised, rough, cracked lesion fasciation - flat, fan-shaped, over development of stems, leaves, flowers

43 Apple scab on pyracantha

44 Exudates Ooze - liquid around lesions slimeflux - fermenting ooze gummosis\resinosis - thich, viscous secretions around lesions odors - many diseases have a distinctive odor associated with their exudates

Part 1: Knowing how to identify the problem. Author: Damon Polta, Friendly Aquaponics Farm Manager. For free distribution.

Part 1: Knowing how to identify the problem. Author: Damon Polta, Friendly Aquaponics Farm Manager. For free distribution. Diseases, Deficiencies, and Toxicities in Plants Part 1: Knowing how to identify the problem. Author: Damon Polta, Friendly Aquaponics Farm Manager. For free distribution. Diseases Beet Western Yellow

More information

Why Fruit Trees Die D. B. Meador, Extension Specialist (retired) University of Illinois

Why Fruit Trees Die D. B. Meador, Extension Specialist (retired) University of Illinois Why Fruit Trees Die D. B. Meador, Extension Specialist (retired) University of Illinois Occasionally, fruit trees decline and often die. Diseases affecting the leaves, fruit, and twigs of fruit trees usually

More information

Tree Integrated Pest Management. Dan Nortman Virginia Cooperative Extension, York County

Tree Integrated Pest Management. Dan Nortman Virginia Cooperative Extension, York County Tree Integrated Pest Management Dan Nortman Virginia Cooperative Extension, York County IPM Refresher Definition: The use of a combination of appropriate pest control tactics to reduce pest population

More information

Wilt diseases of tomatoes can be caused

Wilt diseases of tomatoes can be caused A l a b a m a A & M a n d A u b u r n U n i v e r s i t i e s Wilt Diseases of Tomatoes ANR-0797 Wilt diseases of tomatoes can be caused by fungal, bacterial, viral, and nematode pathogens, as well as

More information

Wheat Disease Identification

Wheat Disease Identification Wheat Disease Identification Fusarium root, crown, and foot rots Stripe rust Tan spot Leaf rust Cephalosporium stripe Stagonospora nodorum blotch Contents Diseases affecting heads and grain Black chaff...

More information

Strawberry Anthracnose

Strawberry Anthracnose Strawberry Anthracnose Bill Turechek and Cathy Heidenreich Introduction - The term anthracnose is a general term used to describe plant diseases. Strawberry anthracnose refers to several diseases of strawberry

More information

University of Hawaii at Manoa, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources

University of Hawaii at Manoa, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources University of Hawaii at Manoa, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources J. Sugano, J. Uyeda, S. Fukuda, K. Wang, M. Kawate, C. Tamaru, B. Fox, and T. Radovich College of Tropical Agriculture

More information

Diagnosing Disorders of Trees

Diagnosing Disorders of Trees 148 Appendix A Diagnosing Disorders of Trees Diagnosing tree problems can be difficult. Symptoms and signs can be subtle or only visible using special techniques, important information can be missing,

More information

IDENTIFICATION & MANAGEMENT OF. Pumpkin Diseases

IDENTIFICATION & MANAGEMENT OF. Pumpkin Diseases IDENTIFICATION & MANAGEMENT OF Pumpkin Diseases 2 Richard Latin and Karen Rane Department of Botany and Plant Pathology Disease Sclerotinia Rot Phytophthora Blight Bacterial Fruit Spot Powdery Mildew Downy

More information

Symptoms Include: Stippled, bronzed or bleached appearance of leaves

Symptoms Include: Stippled, bronzed or bleached appearance of leaves Common Tree Pests & Diseases Of Central Texas Lara Schuman City of Austin Urban Forestry Program Stress and Trees City life can be stressful, and trees feel stress too. Common urban tree issues include:

More information

Strawberry Leaf Spot

Strawberry Leaf Spot Strawberry Leaf Spot Cathy Heidenreich and Bill Turechek Introduction - Leaf spot is one of the most common and widespread diseases of strawberry. Mycosphaerella fragariae is also the cause of black seed

More information

AGFACTS. Strawberry disease control guide MAJOR DISEASES OF STRAWBERRIES

AGFACTS. Strawberry disease control guide MAJOR DISEASES OF STRAWBERRIES AGFACTS AGFACTS AGFACTS www.agric.nsw.gov.au Strawberry disease control guide Agfact H3.3.1 third edition, May 2004 Lawrence Ullio, District Horticulturist Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute Camden

More information

BARRIERS TO WIDESPREAD CONVERSION FROM CHEMICAL PEST CONTROL TO NON-CHEMICAL METHODS IN U.S. AGRICULTURE

BARRIERS TO WIDESPREAD CONVERSION FROM CHEMICAL PEST CONTROL TO NON-CHEMICAL METHODS IN U.S. AGRICULTURE BARRIERS TO WIDESPREAD CONVERSION FROM CHEMICAL PEST CONTROL TO NON-CHEMICAL METHODS IN U.S. AGRICULTURE 1 Leonard Gianessi and 2 Nathan Reigner CropLife Foundation, Crop Protection Research Institute,

More information

GLOSSARY OF TREE TERMS

GLOSSARY OF TREE TERMS GLOSSARY OF TREE TERMS Aeration providing air to the soil to alleviate compaction and improve structure. Arboriculture the practice and study of the care of trees and other woody plants. Arborist a professional

More information

Chapter 8: Diseases. Rust

Chapter 8: Diseases. Rust Chapter 8: Diseases Historically, fusarium wilt and rust have been considered major limiting factors in flax production in Western Canada. However, these two diseases have been effectively managed by multigenic

More information

LIME SULPHUR INSECTICIDE MITICIDE FUNGICIDE COMMERCIAL DANGER: CORROSIVE TO EYES READ THE LABEL AND ATTACHED BOOKLET BEFORE USING

LIME SULPHUR INSECTICIDE MITICIDE FUNGICIDE COMMERCIAL DANGER: CORROSIVE TO EYES READ THE LABEL AND ATTACHED BOOKLET BEFORE USING datapak group M fungicide LIME SULPHUR INSECTICIDE MITICIDE FUNGICIDE COMMERCIAL DANGER: CORROSIVE TO EYES READ THE LABEL AND ATTACHED BOOKLET BEFORE USING REGISTRATION NO. 16465 PEST CONTROL PRODUCTS

More information

Deficiency Symptoms in Vegetable Plants (Corrective Treatments Per 30ʼ-long Row)

Deficiency Symptoms in Vegetable Plants (Corrective Treatments Per 30ʼ-long Row) Deficiency Symptoms in Vegetable Plants (Corrective Treatments Per 30ʼ-long Row) BORON (1-2 ounces Borax) General Symptoms Rosette Crown terminal buds; Death of terminal buds; leaves are an off-green color;

More information

Jeremiah K.S. Dung Hermiston Agricultural Research and Extension Center Oregon State University

Jeremiah K.S. Dung Hermiston Agricultural Research and Extension Center Oregon State University Jeremiah K.S. Dung Hermiston Agricultural Research and Extension Center Oregon State University Species of Pectobacterium and Dickeya Formerly known as soft rot Erwinias P. carotovorum subspecies P. atrosepticum

More information

NUTRIENT DISORDERS IN TREE FRUITS

NUTRIENT DISORDERS IN TREE FRUITS PNW 121E NUTRIENT DISORDERS IN TREE FRUITS A Pacific Northwest Extension Publication Washington Idaho Oregon NUTRIENT DISORDERS IN TREE FRUITS By Nels R. Benson, Soil Scientist and Horticulturist (retired),

More information

Cherokee Chief Plena Rubra Fragrant Cloud

Cherokee Chief Plena Rubra Fragrant Cloud INTRODUCTION The natural range of dogwoods extends from Maine to the Gulf of Mexico. The trees color cities and countrysides white with dazzling displays in the early spring. Although they are most spectacular

More information

Dormant Season. Of Dormant Oil Spray Apple scab, Pear scab, Powdery mildew. pre-pink, pink, calyx, 1st & 2nd cover spray.

Dormant Season. Of Dormant Oil Spray Apple scab, Pear scab, Powdery mildew. pre-pink, pink, calyx, 1st & 2nd cover spray. 99/2004 CLEAN CROP(R) LIME SULPHUR Lime Sulphur Insecticide Miticide Fungicide COMMERCIAL CAUTION CORROSIVE READ THE LABEL BEFORE USING REGISTRATION NO. 16465 PEST CONTROL PRODUCTS ACT GUARANTEE: Sulphide

More information

Oaks represent the major shade trees of Texas and are also important components of

Oaks represent the major shade trees of Texas and are also important components of GARDENING FACT SHEET Harris County Cooperative Extension 3033 Bear Creek Drive, Houston, Texas 77084 281.855.5600 http://harris-tx.tamu.edu/hort Major Oak Diseases and their Control by Jerral D. Johnson

More information

PICTORIAL DIAGNOSTIC GUIDE Compiled by Gaye Hammond, Past President, Houston Rose Society gayeh@lpm-triallaw.com, 281/458-6116

PICTORIAL DIAGNOSTIC GUIDE Compiled by Gaye Hammond, Past President, Houston Rose Society gayeh@lpm-triallaw.com, 281/458-6116 The following photographs in Section 1 identify symptoms in roses which have common causes and can sometimes be caused by Rose Rosette Disease (a/k/a Rose Rosette Virus). Just because you see a symptom

More information

Vascular Plants Bryophytes. Seedless Plants

Vascular Plants Bryophytes. Seedless Plants plant reproduction The Plants Vascular Plants Bryophytes Liverworts, Hornworts, Mosses lack roots and specialized tissues grow in moist, shady areas All have sieve cells and tracheids Seedless Plants Ferns

More information

Picture Tour: Dry Beans Diseases

Picture Tour: Dry Beans Diseases Picture Tour: Dry Beans Diseases Saginaw Valley Research and Extension Center agbioresearch.msu.edu 1 Images of: Blight Root rot White mold Common Mosaic virus Leaf spot Rust Anthracnose BLIGHT Common

More information

Tomato Year-Round IPM Program ANNUAL CHECKLIST (Reviewed 12/12)

Tomato Year-Round IPM Program ANNUAL CHECKLIST (Reviewed 12/12) Tomato Year-Round IPM Program ANNUAL CHECKLIST (Reviewed 12/12) These practices are recommended for a monitoring-based IPM program that reduces water quality problems related to pesticide use. Track your

More information

DISEASES OF THE AVOCADO

DISEASES OF THE AVOCADO California Avocado Association 1931 Yearbook 16: 102-106 DISEASES OF THE AVOCADO C. W. Carpenter Associate Pathologist Experiment Station, H. S. P. A., Honolulu, T. H. The diseases of the avocado in Hawaii

More information

FOLPAN 50 WP (FOLPET) FUNGICIDE COMMERCIAL

FOLPAN 50 WP (FOLPET) FUNGICIDE COMMERCIAL 21-NOV-2008 2008-4133 GROUP M FUNGICIDE FOLPAN 50 WP (FOLPET) FUNGICIDE COMMERCIAL A wettable powder fungicide for the control of a number of fungus diseases on certain fruit, vegetable, ornamental and

More information

Koch s s Postulates. Lesson plan submitted for EDG6905 Communicating Science: Topics in Emerging Pathogens. Sue Latshaw and Asha Brunings

Koch s s Postulates. Lesson plan submitted for EDG6905 Communicating Science: Topics in Emerging Pathogens. Sue Latshaw and Asha Brunings Koch s s Postulates Lesson plan submitted for EDG6905 Communicating Science: Topics in Emerging Pathogens Sue Latshaw and Asha Brunings (Heinrich Hermann) Robert Koch 1843-1910 1910 German physician Isolated

More information

A Series on Diseases in the Florida Vegetable Garden: Tomato 1

A Series on Diseases in the Florida Vegetable Garden: Tomato 1 PP200 A Series on Diseases in the Florida Vegetable Garden: Tomato 1 Gary Vallad, Ken Pernezny, and Tim Momol 2 Many Floridians delight in maintaining a vegetable garden in their backyard. Others keep

More information

Chapter 13 PLANT DISEASE DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT

Chapter 13 PLANT DISEASE DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT Chapter 13 PLANT DISEASE DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT IDAHO MASTER GARDENER UNIVERSITY OF IDAHO EXTENSION I. Introduction to Plant Diseases 2 A. History of Plant Diseases 2 B. Significance of Plant Diseases

More information

Kumulus FUNGICIDES. Active ingredient: sulphur...800 g / kg

Kumulus FUNGICIDES. Active ingredient: sulphur...800 g / kg Reg. No. L2404; N AR 0732 Act No. 36 of 1947 A water dispersible granular fungicide and acaricide for the control of powdery mildew, various other fungal diseases as well as certain mites and thrips on

More information

COMMON TREE HEALTH PROBLEMS

COMMON TREE HEALTH PROBLEMS Dr. Sharon M. Douglas Department of Plant Pathology and Ecology The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station 123 Huntington Street, P. O. Box 1106 New Haven, CT 06504 Phone: (203) 974-8601 Fax: (203)

More information

Nutrient Deficiencies

Nutrient Deficiencies Integrated Pest Management Nutrient Deficiencies and Application Injuries in Field Crops John Sawyer Department of Agronomy Nitrogen deficiency in corn IPM 42 Revised July 2004 Nutrient deficiencies in

More information

Regulatory Measures for Maize Lethal Necrosis Disease (MLND) Management in Kenya

Regulatory Measures for Maize Lethal Necrosis Disease (MLND) Management in Kenya Regulatory Measures for Maize Lethal Necrosis Disease (MLND) Management in Kenya James Onsando (PhD) Managing Director Kenya Plant Health Inspectorate Service (KEPHIS) www.kephis.org Operations at KEPHIS

More information

Dieback, Twig blight or Canker (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides- asexual stage, Glomerella cingulata.)

Dieback, Twig blight or Canker (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides- asexual stage, Glomerella cingulata.) Camellia Camellia spp. Propagation Camellias are usually propagated by cuttings of new growth taken just as the stem is changing from green to brown. Wound the stem, use 3000-8000 ppm IBA-talc and grow

More information

Checking the Effectiveness of Pest Control Measures

Checking the Effectiveness of Pest Control Measures Checking the Effectiveness of Pest Control Measures Chris Hayes, PhD (Tampa) SE Technical Sales Manager & Mexico chayes@bioworksinc.com Cell: 585-820-6807 6/15/2015 1 Thanks Cultivate 15 Thanks to YOU,

More information

runing & Orchard Renewal

runing & Orchard Renewal P runing & Orchard Renewal Richard G. St-Pierre, Ph.D. (January 2006) The Basics Of Pruning & Orchard Renewal Pruning is defined as the art and science of cutting away a portion of a plant to improve its

More information

Diagnosing Problems of Roses in the Landscape

Diagnosing Problems of Roses in the Landscape ARIZONA COOP E R AT I V E E TENSION AZ1528 September 2010 Diagnosing Problems of Roses in the Landscape Desert Southwest gardeners are fortunate to have fewer insect and disease problems on roses than

More information

Spray or Dust. Controls disease on potatoes, tomatoes, fruits, flowering shrubs and shade trees WARNING. (Bordeaux Modern Replacement)

Spray or Dust. Controls disease on potatoes, tomatoes, fruits, flowering shrubs and shade trees WARNING. (Bordeaux Modern Replacement) (Bordeaux Modern Replacement) Spray or Dust Controls disease on potatoes, tomatoes, fruits, flowering shrubs and shade trees ACTIVE INGREDIENT: Basic Copper Sulfate* (CAS No. 1344-73-6).......................

More information

Plant Responses to Environmental Cues Tropisms, Photoperiodism, and Plant Hormones

Plant Responses to Environmental Cues Tropisms, Photoperiodism, and Plant Hormones Plant Responses to Environmental Cues Tropisms, Photoperiodism, and Plant Hormones Plant Responses to Environmental Cues Phototropism - plant growth response to light shoots bend toward light - positive

More information

Integrated Pest Management

Integrated Pest Management Chapter 2 Integrated Pest Management In This Chapter Keywords After learning the information in this chapter, you will be able to: 1. Define Integrated Pest Management (IPM). 2. List and describe the 5

More information

Tree Maintenance Practices

Tree Maintenance Practices OUTLINE. I. Pruning Methods a. Crown Raising.3 b. Structural Pruning...3 c. Thinning 4 d. Crown Reduction (drop crotch).4 e. Restoration...5 II. Pruning Cuts a. Types of Pruning Cuts.5-8 b. Principles,

More information

Pecan Disease Management Mark Black, Texas AgriLife Extension Service, Uvalde

Pecan Disease Management Mark Black, Texas AgriLife Extension Service, Uvalde T. A. Lee Pecan Disease Management Mark Black, Texas AgriLife Extension Service, Uvalde Scab Downy spot Powdery mildew Pecan diseases Crown gall Cotton root rot Root knot Kernel decay & contamination Kernel

More information

Disease and Insect Management in the Home Orchard

Disease and Insect Management in the Home Orchard North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service NC STATE UNIVERSITY Buncombe County Center North Carolina Cooperative Extension 94 Coxe Avenue Asheville, NC 2 NC 8801-3620 (828) 255-5522 FAX (828) 255-5202

More information

4th GRADE MINIMUM CONTENTS-NATURAL SCIENCE UNIT 11: PLANTS

4th GRADE MINIMUM CONTENTS-NATURAL SCIENCE UNIT 11: PLANTS PLANT BITS 4th GRADE MINIMUM CONTENTS-NATURAL SCIENCE UNIT 11: PLANTS There are four main parts to a plant. They are the root, stem, leaf and flower. Each part has an important task to do in the life of

More information

Certificate of Mold Analysis

Certificate of Mold Analysis , Tel: (954) 384-4446 Fax: (954) 384-4838 Toll Free: 800-427-0550 AIHA Lab ID # 163230 Prepared for: Phone Number: (800) 427-0550 Fax Number: (555) 555-5555 Email Address: Test Location: prolabinc@gmail.com

More information

Roots and Stems and Leaves, Oh My!

Roots and Stems and Leaves, Oh My! Roots and Stems and Leaves, Oh My! Objectives 1. The student will be able to identify parts of a plant. 2. The student will understand the function of plant parts. Grade Level 1-3 4-6 TEKS: 1.6B, 2.6C;

More information

The Immune System and Disease

The Immune System and Disease Chapter 40 The Immune System and Disease Section 40 1 Infectious Disease (pages 1029 1033) This section describes the causes of disease and explains how infectious diseases are transmitted Introduction

More information

2014 Fungicides for home garden use in New York State. Diseases: Anthracnose. Bacterial Canker Bitter rot. Apple black spot and scab.

2014 Fungicides for home garden use in New York State. Diseases: Anthracnose. Bacterial Canker Bitter rot. Apple black spot and scab. APPLE Apple black spot and scab Bacterial Canker Bitter rot Black po Black rot Blossom and shoot blast Botryosphaeria (White rot) Botrytis rot Brooks fruit spot Brown rot Bullseye rot Cedar rust Fire blight

More information

Grapefruit Growing and Certification Requirements

Grapefruit Growing and Certification Requirements United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Marketing Service Fruit and Vegetable Programs Fresh Products Branch United States Standards for Grades of Grapefruit (Texas and States other than Florida,

More information

How to Identify and Manage Oak Wilt in Texas 1

How to Identify and Manage Oak Wilt in Texas 1 How to Identify and Manage Oak Wilt in Texas 1 Introduction Oak wilt, one of the most destructive tree diseases in the United States, is killing oak trees in central Texas at epidemic proportions (fig.

More information

IGCSE and GCSE Biology. Answers to questions. Section 2. Flowering Plants. Chapters 6-9. Chapter 6 Plant structure and function

IGCSE and GCSE Biology. Answers to questions. Section 2. Flowering Plants. Chapters 6-9. Chapter 6 Plant structure and function 1 IGCSE and GCSE Biology. Answers to questions Section 2. Flowering Plants. Chapters 6-9 Chapter 6 Plant structure and function Page 54 1. a Epidermis. Helps maintain shape, reduces evaporation, resists

More information

Principles of Disease and Epidemiology. Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Principles of Disease and Epidemiology. Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Principles of Disease and Epidemiology Pathology, Infection, and Disease Disease: An abnormal state in which the body is not functioning normally Pathology: The study of disease Etiology: The study of

More information

Growing Balaton - Horticultural Considerations

Growing Balaton - Horticultural Considerations Growing Balaton - Horticultural Considerations Amy Iezzoni Dept. of Horticulture Michigan State University Jim Nugent District Horticulturist MSU Extension The fruit industry in Michigan has generations

More information

UNIVERSITY OF MUMBAI. Post Graduate Diploma in Horticulture and Landscape Gardening. (with effect from the academic year 2012-2013)

UNIVERSITY OF MUMBAI. Post Graduate Diploma in Horticulture and Landscape Gardening. (with effect from the academic year 2012-2013) UNIVERSITY OF MUMBAI Post Graduate Diploma in Horticulture and Landscape Gardening (with effect from the academic year 2012-2013) O 5894 Title : Post Graduate Diploma in Horticulture and Landscape gardening

More information

Cytospora Canker. A Hard Nut to Crack. My current ongoing projects 1/23/2013. 30% of Cherry trees

Cytospora Canker. A Hard Nut to Crack. My current ongoing projects 1/23/2013. 30% of Cherry trees Cytospora Canker: A Hard Nut to Crack Ramesh Pokharel My research and extension program is aimed at > Solving practical fruit production problems > Increased producer profitability > Strengthening the

More information

Tomato Disease Management in Greenhouses

Tomato Disease Management in Greenhouses Purdue Extension publication BP-197-W University of Kentucky Cooperative Extension publication ID-233 Vegetable Diseases Tomato Disease Management in Greenhouses Photos by the authors Authors Daniel S.

More information

III. Hazard Tree Summary

III. Hazard Tree Summary III. Hazard Tree Summary Methodology The sheer numbers of trees as well as the difficulty in determining precise tree ownerships has hampered hazard tree identification on the SVCA property. We did identify

More information

Diseases of Annual Vinca in the Greenhouse and Landscape

Diseases of Annual Vinca in the Greenhouse and Landscape ANR-1023 A L A B A M A A & M A N D A U B U R N U N I V E R S I T I E S Diseases of Annual Vinca in the Greenhouse and Landscape Leaf Spot Diseases Two leaf spot diseases which are caused by the fungi Alternaria

More information

Germination is the process in which a

Germination is the process in which a The Germination Of a Bean Photographs and article By Lily C. Gerhardt LCG1603@rit.edu Germination is the process in which a seed, spore, or fungi sprouts, or begins growth. Seed germination can occur after

More information

Virginia Gardener http://www.hort.vt.edu/envirohort

Virginia Gardener http://www.hort.vt.edu/envirohort The Virginia Gardener http://www.hort.vt.edu/envirohort Name Help Sheets: Things Plants Need There are certain things that every living thing needs in order to live and grow. Just like you, plants need

More information

Helping Trees Recover From Stress

Helping Trees Recover From Stress Helping Trees Recover From Stress INTRODUCTION Trees are the dominant component in the natural and managed landscape in New England. For the most part, trees in forests thrive and, typically, live more

More information

2. Fill in the blank. The of a cell is like a leader, directing and telling the different parts of the cell what to do.

2. Fill in the blank. The of a cell is like a leader, directing and telling the different parts of the cell what to do. 1. Plant and animal cells have some similarities as well as differences. What is one thing that plant and animal cells have in common? A. cell wall B. chlorophyll C. nucleus D. chloroplasts 2. Fill in

More information

OAK TREE DISEASES Anthracnose Oak Leaf Blister Actinopelte Leafspot Spot Anthracnose

OAK TREE DISEASES Anthracnose Oak Leaf Blister Actinopelte Leafspot Spot Anthracnose OAK TREE DISEASES Anthracnose (fungus Gloeosporium sp.): Anthracnose is more common on white oak group (Bur Oak, Over Cup Oak, White Oak and Post Oak) than on the other more common oaks. The disease is

More information

Ecosystems and Food Webs

Ecosystems and Food Webs Ecosystems and Food Webs How do AIS affect our lakes? Background Information All things on the planet both living and nonliving interact. An Ecosystem is defined as the set of elements, living and nonliving,

More information

Identification and Prevention of Frost or Freeze Damage By Linda Reddick, Kingman Area Master Gardener

Identification and Prevention of Frost or Freeze Damage By Linda Reddick, Kingman Area Master Gardener KINGMAN IS GROWING! COLUMN Identification and Prevention of Frost or Freeze Damage By Linda Reddick, Kingman Area Master Gardener Again this year we have been experiencing some very cold weather, with

More information

HOME & GARDEN INFORMATION CENTER

HOME & GARDEN INFORMATION CENTER http://www.clemson.edu/extension/hgic HGIC 2209 1-888-656-9988 HOME & GARDEN INFORMATION CENTER Peach Diseases Growing quality peaches in the home garden can be very rewarding, but difficult, unless a

More information

Control of aphids and mites on Celebrity tomato plants using organic controls

Control of aphids and mites on Celebrity tomato plants using organic controls Control of aphids and mites on Celebrity tomato plants using organic controls Kimberly chofield, Program pecialist-ipm Texas AgriLife Extension ervice, Dallas, TX Vicki Burk, Amy Dessert, Joyce Flachmeier-

More information

The Basics of Tree Pruning

The Basics of Tree Pruning The Basics of Tree Pruning By John Ball, Forest Health Specialist and Aaron Kiesz, Urban and Community Forestry Specialist Until the end of the 19 th century, trees were not a common sight in many parts

More information

How Much Does Acid Rain Hinder the Growth Height of Brassica rapa Plants Without Other Environmental Stressors?

How Much Does Acid Rain Hinder the Growth Height of Brassica rapa Plants Without Other Environmental Stressors? How Much Does Acid Rain Hinder the Growth Height of Brassica rapa Plants Without Other Environmental Stressors? Author(s) Redacted Abstract: Brassica rapa plants are one of many plants in the environment

More information

Proper Pruning Basic Techniques and Tips. 2012 ECCFC Rocky Ford, CO

Proper Pruning Basic Techniques and Tips. 2012 ECCFC Rocky Ford, CO Proper Pruning Basic Techniques and Tips 2012 ECCFC Rocky Ford, CO 1 The Pro-Active Pruner! Plan BEFORE Planting Select the Right Tree For the Right Place Begin pruning trees while they are young Common

More information

Soil Structure - Soil should be loose and well-draining. Tomatoes do

Soil Structure - Soil should be loose and well-draining. Tomatoes do Organic Guide to Growing Tomatoes 1 H aving the right soil for tomatoes is crucial. Tomatoes are seen to be one of the easiest vegetables to grow, but to grow WELL that is the tricky part. First we will

More information

Tree Management Policy

Tree Management Policy Tree Management Policy This policy is designed to be a policy framework for the management of trees owned and managed by the Connect HA. It sets out the guiding principles for managing our stock, to assist

More information

Cells are tiny building blocks that make up all living things. Cells are so small that you need a microscope to see them.

Cells are tiny building blocks that make up all living things. Cells are so small that you need a microscope to see them. FC01 CELLS s are tiny building blocks that make up all living things. s are so small that you need a microscope to see them. ANIMAL CELL PLANT CELL This is the control centre of the cell. It contains chromosomes

More information

Position Statement: Pressure Ulcer Staging

Position Statement: Pressure Ulcer Staging Position Statement: Pressure Ulcer Staging Statement of Position The Wound, Ostomy and Continence Nurses (WOCN) Society supports the use of the National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel Staging System (NPUAP).

More information

Two Main Precautions Before You Begin Working

Two Main Precautions Before You Begin Working Pruning Mango Trees Roy Beckford, Ag/Natural Resources Agent, UF/IFAS Lee County Two Main Precautions Before You Begin Working 1. Mango peel and sap contain urushiol, the chemical in poison ivy and poison

More information

APPENDIX A PEST AND DISEASE PHOTO CHART

APPENDIX A PEST AND DISEASE PHOTO CHART APPENDIX A PEST AND DISEASE PHOTO CHART This photographic appendix is designed to ease identification of disease and insect pest problems. Two photographs are provided for each pest, which are grouped

More information

Lecture Objectives: Why study microbiology? What is microbiology? Roots of microbiology

Lecture Objectives: Why study microbiology? What is microbiology? Roots of microbiology 1 Lecture Objectives: Why study microbiology? What is microbiology? Roots of microbiology Why study microbiology? ENVIRONMENTAL MEDICAL APPLIED SCIENCE BASIC SCIENCE The science of microbiology Microbiology

More information

Tree Health Course Seychelles. General Report and Outline of Courses Prepared by Eric Boa and Paula Nash

Tree Health Course Seychelles. General Report and Outline of Courses Prepared by Eric Boa and Paula Nash Tree Health Course Seychelles 1. Diagnostic Methods in Tree Health 9-13 September 2002 Venue: Berjaya Mahé Beach Hotel Course leader: Dr Eric Boa (Cabi Bioscience) 2. Practical Laboratory Methods for Tree

More information

Growing apples, pears and plums at home in Ireland

Growing apples, pears and plums at home in Ireland Growing apples, pears and plums at home in Ireland If you have not yet planted your fruit trees, you have the opportunity to select the exact varieties and rootstocks that you want. Section 1. (For those

More information

Wildfire Damage Assessment for the 2011 Southeast Complex Fires

Wildfire Damage Assessment for the 2011 Southeast Complex Fires Wildfire Damage Assessment for the 2011 Southeast Complex Fires Chip Bates & Mark McClure, Forest Health Management Background: On March 24, 2011, multiple wildfires began across southeast Georgia. Strong,

More information

Course Descriptions. I. Professional Courses: MSEG 7216: Introduction to Infectious Diseases (Medical Students)

Course Descriptions. I. Professional Courses: MSEG 7216: Introduction to Infectious Diseases (Medical Students) Course Descriptions I. Professional Courses: MSEG 7216: Introduction to Infectious Diseases (Medical Students) This course is offered during the first semester of the second year of the MD Program. It

More information

Introduction to the concepts of IPM

Introduction to the concepts of IPM DEPARTMENT OF PRIMARY INDUSTRY AND FISHERIES Principles of Integrated Pest Management Deanna Chin and Brian Thistleton, Entomology, Diagnostic Services What is a pest? Principles of IPM Introduction to

More information

Common Diseases of Leafy Greens

Common Diseases of Leafy Greens ANR-1189 Common Diseases of Leafy Greens Production of leafy greens in Alabama and the Southeast can be affected by a variety of plant diseases. Damage can range from minor spotting on leaves to complete

More information

"Fingerprinting" Vegetables DNA-based Marker Assisted Selection

Fingerprinting Vegetables DNA-based Marker Assisted Selection "Fingerprinting" Vegetables DNA-based Marker Assisted Selection Faster, Cheaper, More Reliable; These are some of the goals that vegetable breeders at seed companies and public institutions desire for

More information

Onion & Leek Planting Guide

Onion & Leek Planting Guide Onion & Leek Planting Guide Important Remove plants from box immediately. Do not put in soil or water before planting. Keep cool and dry until you can plant. Follow the instructions inside for best results.

More information

Managing Tomato Diseases in Arkansas

Managing Tomato Diseases in Arkansas Agriculture and Natural Resources Managing Tomato Diseases in Arkansas FSA7568 Sherrie Smith Plant Health Clinic Diagnostician Cliff Coker Associate Professor Rick Cartwright Professor Arkansas Is Our

More information

Multiple Choice Questions

Multiple Choice Questions C hapter 13 WHY DO WE FALL ILL Multiple Choice Questions 1. Which one of the following is not a viral disease? (a) Dengue (b) AIDS (c) Typhoid (d) Influenza 2. Which one of the following is not a bacterial

More information

ANSWER SHEET. BIO SOL Review 4 - Data - Tables & Diagrams (21)

ANSWER SHEET. BIO SOL Review 4 - Data - Tables & Diagrams (21) ANSWER SHEET BIO SOL Review 4 - Data - Tables & Diagrams (21) 1. (2006-9) According to this map, which animal would most likely avoid cold waters? a. Manatee b. Bottlenose dolphin c. Walrus d. Right whale

More information

Chilli - Long Red Cayenne, Long Slim Cayenne, P2391, Serano, Skyline 3, Star 6601, Thai chili, Thai Dragon.

Chilli - Long Red Cayenne, Long Slim Cayenne, P2391, Serano, Skyline 3, Star 6601, Thai chili, Thai Dragon. CAPSICUMS Hot pepper (chilli), sweet pepper and paprika. CLIMATE These crops require warmer conditions than tomatoes, and are more sensitive to cold and frost. The optimum mean temperatures for growth,

More information

INCENTIVE RTA. Fungicide. A seed treatment for control of diseases of wheat and barley

INCENTIVE RTA. Fungicide. A seed treatment for control of diseases of wheat and barley Page 1 of 7 INCENTIVE RTA Fungicide A seed treatment for control of diseases of wheat and barley Active Ingredients: Difenoconazole*...3.21% Mefenoxam**...0.27% Other Ingredients: 96.52% Total: 100.00%

More information

DEVELOPMENT GUIDELINES OAK TREES CARE AND MAINTENANCE

DEVELOPMENT GUIDELINES OAK TREES CARE AND MAINTENANCE DEVELOPMENT GUIDELINES OAK TREES CARE AND MAINTENANCE This guide will offer basic information for the preservation and maintenance of oak trees as a part of an overall landscape use. Unfortunately, oak

More information

12. INSECT PEST AND DISEASE MANAGEMENT

12. INSECT PEST AND DISEASE MANAGEMENT 12. INSECT PEST AND DISEASE MANAGEMENT Conservation farming promotes a diversity of insect life, influences pest populations and also favours many beneficial insects. The beneficial insects which act as

More information

Plant Structure, Growth, and Development. Chapter 35

Plant Structure, Growth, and Development. Chapter 35 Plant Structure, Growth, and Development Chapter 35 PLANTS developmental plasticity = ability of plant to alter form to respond to environment Biological heirarchy Cell basic unit of life Tissue group

More information

Homeowner handout Homeowner Detection of and Recommendations for Mitigating Laurel Wilt on Redbay and Avocado Trees in the Home Landscape

Homeowner handout Homeowner Detection of and Recommendations for Mitigating Laurel Wilt on Redbay and Avocado Trees in the Home Landscape Homeowner handout Homeowner Detection of and Recommendations for Mitigating Laurel Wilt on Redbay and Avocado Trees in the Home Landscape Update: February, 2011 Jonathan H. Crane, Tropical Fruit Crop Specialist

More information

Cells, tissues and organs

Cells, tissues and organs Chapter 8: Cells, tissues and organs Cells: building blocks of life Living things are made of cells. Many of the chemical reactions that keep organisms alive (metabolic functions) take place in cells.

More information

EU Certification Scheme Fruit Plants

EU Certification Scheme Fruit Plants EU Certification Scheme Fruit Plants EXPLANATORY GUIDE TO BLACKCURRANTS, REDCURRANTS, WHITECURRANTS AND GOOSEBERRIES (RIBES) CONTENTS 1. Introduction 2. Applications 3. Labelling / sealing and supplier

More information

WHAT IS WRONG WITH MY LAWN?

WHAT IS WRONG WITH MY LAWN? WHAT IS WRONG WITH MY LAWN? Lawn problems can occur in small areas or larger patches and entire lawns can be affected. Sometimes the problems are due to poor growing conditions, improper lawn care practices,

More information

Orchid Pests and Diseases Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention by Sue Bottom, sbottom15@bellsouth.net

Orchid Pests and Diseases Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention by Sue Bottom, sbottom15@bellsouth.net Orchid Pests and Diseases Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention by Sue Bottom, sbottom15@bellsouth.net Common Orchid Pests Plant Sap Feeding Insects Scale Mealybugs Aphids Thrips Whiteflies Spider Mites

More information