Personal Data Protection
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1 Data Protection Personal Data Protection Protection of personal data Living in an area of freedom, security and justice Croatia and Turkey Screening Chapter 23 - Judiciary and fundamental rights Brussels, 7 and 8 September 2006 Mr Thomas ZERDICK, LL.M., Directorate-General Justice, Freedom, Security Data Protection Unit C5 1
2 Overview 1. Introduction 2. Directive 95/46/EC 3. Transfer of personal data to third countries 4. Personal Data Protection in European institutions and the European Data Protection Supervisor 2
3 1. Introduction 3
4 4
5 A fundamental right EU Charter of Fundamental Rights of 7 December 2000: Article 8 Treaty on the European Union (TEU): Article 6 European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (ECHR): Article 8 5
6 EU Charter of Fundamental Rights Article 8 - Protection of personal data 1. Everyone has the right to the protection of personal data concerning him or her. 2. Such data must be processed fairly for specified purposes and on the basis of the consent of the person concerned or some other legitimate basis laid down by law. Everyone has the right of access to data which has been collected concerning him or her, and the right to have it rectified. 3. Compliance with these rules shall be subject to control by an independent authority. 6
7 Council of Europe I Convention 108/81 for the Protection of Individuals with regard to Automatic Processing of Personal Data (CETS 108) (Strasbourg, 28 January 1981) + Additional Protocol to the Convention regarding supervisory authorities and transborder data flows (CETS 181) (Strasbourg, 4 November 2001). 7
8 Council of Europe II Recommendations and Resolutions of the Committee of Ministers e.g. on the protection of personal data in the area / for purposes of: No.R(2002) 9 insurance No.R(99) 5 Internet No.R(97) 18 statistics No.R(97) 5 medical data No.R(95) 4 telecommunication No.R(90) 19 payment and other operations No.R(89) 2 employment No.R(87) 15 police sector No.R(86) 1 social security No.R(85) 20 direct marketing 8
9 UN and OECD United Nations (UN): Guidelines concerning computerized personal data files (adopted by the General Assembly on 14 December 1990) Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD): Recommendation of the Council concerning guidelines governing the protection of privacy and transborder flows of personal data (adopted by the Council 23 September 1980) 9
10 Data protection in the EC and EU Article 286 EC Treaty Directive 95/46/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 24 October 1995 on the protection of individuals with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data, OJ L 281, , p. 31. Report from the Commission - First report on the implementation of the Data Protection Directive (95/46/EC) COM/2003/0265 final 10
11 Data protection in the EC and EU Other data protection rules and areas: Electronic communication (e-privacy): EU Directive 2002/58/EC (DG INFSO) Police and judicial co-operation in criminal matters EU Framework Decision COM (2005) 475 (proposal) Texts: Schengen Convention and rules Europol Eurojust 11
12 2. Directive 95/46/EC 12
13 Data Protection Directive 95/46/EC: high level of protection of personal data free movement of data within EU/EEA Applies to public and private sectors Relation data subject - controller Personal data: identified or identifiable person Processing: broad definition 13
14 Personal Data Personal data means much more than name and surname : Definition: 'personal data : shall mean any information relating to an identified or identifiable natural person ('data subject'); an identifiable person is one who can be identified, directly or indirectly, in particular by reference to an identification number or to one or more factors specific to his physical, physiological, mental, economic, cultural or social identity; (Art. 2 Directive 95/46/EC) 14
15 Processing Processing means more than collection : Definition: 'processing of personal data ('processing'): shall mean any operation or set of operations which is performed upon personal data, whether or not by automatic means, such as collection, recording, organization, storage, adaptation or alteration, retrieval, consultation, use, disclosure by transmission, dissemination or otherwise making available, alignment or combination, blocking, erasure or destruction; (Art. 2 Directive 95/46/EC) 15
16 Legitimacy (Unambiguous) Consent Necessary for performance of a contract Necessary for compliance with a legal obligation of the controller Necessary to protect the vital interest of the data subject Necessary for the performance of a task of public interest or official authority Legitimate interests of the controller (balance of interest) 16
17 Quality of data Adequate, relevant and not excessive (in relation to purpose) Accurate and kept up to date Kept in a form which permits identification for no longer than necessary 17
18 Finality principle Personal data must be collected for a specified, explicit and legitimate purpose Not further processed in a way incompatible with those purposes 18
19 Sensitive data Processing of sensitive data is prohibited Data revealing race or ethnic origin, political opinions, religious or philosophical belief, trade-union membership, health or sexual life Exceptions: consent (unless forbidden), obligations of controller in employment field, vital interests data subject or another person, legitimate activities of non-profit organisation, data manifestly made public or legal claims 19
20 Rights of the individual Data protection rights Information for the data subject: clear and understandable language sufficient information Access to own data Rectification Objection Complaint to Data Protection Authority 20
21 Obligations Controller obligations Responsible for exercise of data subjects rights Confidentiality of the processing Security of the processing Notification to the data protection authority Liability 21
22 Data Protection Supervisory Authority Fully independent bodies Responsible for enforcing national legislation Organization to be decided by Member States Criteria + powers: EC Directive 95/46/EC (Art. 28) cf. Council of Europe: Additional protocol to Convention 108 regarding supervisory authorities and transborder data flows (ETS No. 181) Full independence means: no government control or supervision. 22
23 Data Protection Supervisory authorities in Europe 23
24 3. Transfer of personal data to third countries 24
25 Transfer of personal data I personal data processing in the EU / EEA harmonized level of data protection for citizens Internal Market: free flow of personal data data transfers only possible when special conditions fulfilled Third countries (outside EU/EEA) 25
26 Transfer of personal data II No transfer of personal data outside the EU/EEA Exceptions: Adequate protection Adequacy decision by Individual Authorization by DP Supervisory Authority use of Commission Model contracts 26
27 Transfer of personal data III Commission decisions on the adequacy of the protection of personal data in third countries 27
28 Transfer of personal data IV - Adequacy decisions I ARGENTINA: - Commission Decision 2003/490/EC of 30 June 2003 CANADA: Commission Decision 2002/2/EC of 20 December 2001 GUERNSEY: Commission Decision 2003/821/EC of 21 November 2003 ISLE OF MAN: Commission Decision 2004/411/EC of 28 April 2004 SWITZERLAND: Commission Decision 2000/518/EC of 26 July
29 Transfer of personal data V - Adequacy decisions II UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: Safe Harbor : In order to bridge different privacy approaches and provide a streamlined means for US organizations to comply with the Directive, the and the US Department of Commerce developed the "Safe Harbor" framework. Certifying to the Safe Harbor will assure that a US company provides adequate privacy protection, as defined by the Directive. - Commission Decision 2000/520/EC of Websites:
30 Transfer of personal data VI - Adequacy decisions III Transfer of Air Passenger Name Record Data (PNR) to US Department of Homeland Security: - Council Decision of 17 May 2004 (2004/496/EC) and Commission Decision of 14 May 2004 (2004/535/EC) annulled by European Court of Justice and no longer in force (Cases C-317/04 and C-318/04). 30
31 Transfer of personal data VII Model contracts for the transfer of personal data to third countries Certain standard contractual clauses offer sufficient safeguards as required by Article 26 (2), that is, they provide adequate safeguards with respect to the protection of the privacy. The effect of such a decision is that by incorporating the standard contractual clauses into a contract, personal data can flow from a Data Controller established in EU and EEA to a Data Controller established in a country not ensuring an adequate level of data protection. 31
32 Transfer of personal data VIII - Model contracts For transfers to Data controllers: - (Set I) Commission Decision 2001/497/EC on standard contractual clauses for the transfer of personal data to third countries, of 15 June 2001 under the Directive 95/46/EC; OJ L 181, , p (Set II) Commission Decision 2004/915/EC of 27 December 2004 amending Decision 2001/497/EC as regards the introduction of an alternative set of standard contractual clauses for the transfer of personal data to third countries; OJ L 358, , p. 74. For transfers to Data processors: - Commission Decision 2002/16/EC on standard contractual clauses for the transfer of personal data to processors established in third countries of 27 December 2001, under Directive 95/46/EC; OJ L 006, , p
33 European Court of Justice Case law Rechnungshof - Judgment of the European Court of Justice of 20 May 2003, Joint Cases C-465/00, C-138/01 and C-139/01 Bodil Lindqvist - Judgment of the European Court of Justice of 6 November 2003, Case C-101/01 Passenger name records (PNR) - Judgment of the European Court of Justice of 30 May 2006 Joined Cases C-317/04 and C-318/04 33
34 4. Personal Data Protection in European institutions and the European Data Protection Supervisor 34
35 Data protection in European institutions Article 286 EC Treaty Regulation (EC) 45/2001 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 18. December 2000 on the protection of individuals with regard to the processing of personal data by the Community institutions and bodies and on the free movement of such data; OJ L 8, , p
36 European Data Protection Supervisor Regulation (EC) 45/2001 Decision No 1247/2002/EC on the regulations and general conditions governing the performance of the European Data-protection Supervisor's duties, OJ L 183, , p. 1 Decision No. 2004/55/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 December 2003 appointing the independent supervisory body provided for in Article 286 of the EC Treaty (European Data Protection Supervisor); OJ L 12, , p
37 DG Justice Freedom Security (JLS) Personal Data Protection Unit C5 Website: Contact: Mr Thomas ZERDICK DG JLS LX46-1/130, 1000 Brussels, Belgium Tel:
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