TO THE STUDENT. Chapter 1 The Importance of Writing 3. Chapter 2 Elements of Good Writing 7

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1 DETAILED CONTENTS Preface xiii TO THE STUDENT Getting Started 1 Chapter 1 The Importance of Writing 3 Avoiding the Two Major Problems of Poor Writing 5 Writing as a Life Skill 6 Chapter 2 Elements of Good Writing 7 Good Writing: Four Misconceptions 7 Good Writing Doesn t Have to Be Complicated 7 Good Writing Doesn t Have to Be Long 8 Good Writing Is More Formal than Talking 9 Good Writing Needs Proper Punctuation 10 The Computer, Writing, and You PART 1 Writing Effective Sentences 13 Chapter 3 The Simple Sentence and the Independent Clause 15 The Subject 15 Nouns 15 Pronouns 16 Using Pronouns to Eliminate Repetition 16 Identifying Subjects 17 Subjects and Prepositional Phrases 20 The Verb 23 Action Verbs 23 Linking Verbs 26 Helping Verbs 28 iii

2 CHEC.0381.FMppi-xx 05/21/03 8:36 AM Page iv iv Verb Tense (Time) 31 Compound Subjects 36 Compound Verbs 38 Correcting Sentence Fragments Chapter 4 Linking Independent Clauses Using the Comma and Coordinators 47 Coordinating Conjunctions Using Coordinating Conjunctions Correcting Run-on and Comma Splice Sentences Run-on 54 Comma Splice Chapter 5 Page 4 Combining Independent Clauses Using the Semicolon Chapter 6 Combining Independent Clauses Using the Adverbial Conjunction Putting It All Together 74 Chapter 7 Adding a List 80 Punctuating and Placing the List Parallelism in a Series Chapter 8 Adding a Colon for Variety

3 CHEC.0381.FMppi-xx 05/21/03 8:36 AM Page v v Chapter 9 The Dependent Clause 94 Independent versus Dependent Clauses Punctuating Dependent Clauses Chapter 10 The Introductory Phrase 102 Introductory Phrase Variety Chapter 11 Starting a Sentence with an Introductory Word 110 Punctuating the Introductory Word When to Use Introductory Words Page 4 Chapter 12 Adding Interrupters to the Sentence Putting It All Together: Sentence Combining to Improve Paragraph Style 123 PA R T 2 Writing Effective Paragraphs Prewriting Activities Listing 128 Clustering (Mind Mapping) Cubing 130 Cross-Examination Chapter 13 The Paragraph Support Sentences Six Important Support Questions 139 Creating the ing Outline of a Paragraph 140 Writing the First Draft 143 Page 154

4 CHEC.0381.FMppi-xx 05/21/03 8:36 AM Page vi vi Revising the First Draft 143 Proofreading: The Final Step Chapter 14 Description 154 Types of Description 154 Dominant Impressions 155 Sensory Images 157 Comparisons 159 Simile 159 Metaphor 159 Personification 159 A Ten-Step Process for Writing the Descriptive Paragraph 165 Writing the Descriptive Paragraph 165 Example of the Ten-Step Process at Place Thing Page Chapter 15 Narration 173 The Point of the Story 174 Developing the Narrative Paragraph 175 Model Narrative Paragraphs 176 Transitional Expressions: Showing Time Sequence

5 CHEC.0381.FMppi-xx 05/21/03 8:36 AM Page vii Chapter 16 Using Examples Transitional Expressions: Introducing Examples Using One Extended Example Chapter 17 Classification 202 Breaking Down a Topic Transitional Expressions: Linking Your Classifications 205 Chapter 18 Process 216 Page 173 Types of Process 217 Organizing the Process Paragraph 218 Transitional Expressions: Connecting the Steps Chapter 19 Comparison and Contrast 230 Deciding to Compare or Contrast Organizing Comparisons and Contrasts vii

6 CHEC.0381.FMppi-xx 05/21/03 8:37 AM Page viii viii Block Method 234 Point-by-Point Method 234 Transitional Expressions: Connecting Your Comparisons and Contrasts Chapter 20 Definition 247 Simple Definitions 247 Extended Definition 249 of an Extended Definition Chapter 21 Persuasion (Including Cause and Effect) Page 228 Building the Persuasive Paragraph 260 The Pro/Con List 263 Support in Persuasion Paragraphs 266 Organization Patterns 268 Transitional Expressions for Persuasion 272 Persuasive Logic: Cause and Effect Reasoning Causal Chains 275 Problems to Avoid 275 Transitional Expressions for Cause/Effect Writing in a Cause/Effect Paragraph Persuasion Causes of... Effects of

7 CHEC.0381.FMppi-xx 05/21/03 8:37 AM Page ix ix PA R T 3 Writing Effective Essays 283 Chapter 22 The Essay 285 The Five-Paragraph Essay 285 The Introductory Paragraph 286 The Thesis Sentence 286 Expressing an Attitude in the Thesis Sentence The Essay Map in the Thesis Sentence 289 Putting It All Together Introductory Sentences The Body Paragraphs Support Sentences 295 Six Important Support Questions The Concluding Paragraph Call to Action 297 Warning 297 Prediction 298 Evaluation 298 Sample Student Essay Page 285 The Writer s Resources GRAMMAR Nouns Pronouns 312 Personal Pronouns 313 Relative Pronouns 314 Demonstrative Pronouns 316 Indefinite Pronouns 317 Reflexive Pronouns 318 Pronoun-Antecedent Agreement Verbs 324 Present Tense 324 Past Tense 325 Regular Verbs Irregular Verbs The Verb Be

8 CHEC.0381.FMppi-xx 05/21/03 8:37 AM Page x x Additional Practice for Complex Verb Forms Present Perfect/Past Perfect Forming the Passive Voice Subject/Verb Agreement 339 Compound Subject/Verb Agreement Adjectives Adverbs 345 Conjunctions Interjections Clauses and Phrases 348 Independent and Dependent Clauses Phrases 349 Commonly Used Phrases 349 Misplaced and Dangling Modifiers Types of Sentences The Simple Sentence 355 The Compound Sentence 355 The Complex Sentence 356 The Compound-Complex Sentence 356 Additional Practice with Prepositions Prepositions and Prepositional Phrases Preposition Combinations Articles CAPITALIZATION AND NUMBERS 367 Capitalization 367 Numbers 368 ADDITIONAL PUNCTUATION RULES The Apostrophe 370 Quotation Marks Page 216 Parentheses Brackets The Dash The Hyphen Underlining or Italics 382 Interrupters: Restrictive and Nonrestrictive Clauses and Phrases (Modifiers) 384 WORDS AND MEANING 389 Commonly Misspelled Words Words That Sound Alike Contractions That Sound Like Other Words 395

9 DETAILED CONTENTS xi Words That Sound or Look Almost Alike 397 Confusing Verbs That Sound Alike: Lie/Lay; Rise/Raise; Sit/Set 400 Two- and Three-Word Verb Phrases 403 Readings 407 DESCRIPTION The Mute Sense, DIANE ACKERMAN 408 The Ice Cream Truck, LUIS J. RODRIGUEZ 410 Halloween Havoc, ERIN NELSON (STUDENT) 413 NARRATION The Roommate s Death, JAN HAROLD BRUNVAND 415 The Eye of the Beholder, GRACE SUH 418 Shattered Sanctuary, STEPHANIE K. HIGGS (STUDENT) 421 EXAMPLE Heroine Worship: The Age of the Female Icon, HOLLY BRUBACH 424 The Culture of Violence, MYRIAM MIEDZIAN 428 CLASSIFICATION The Plot Against People, RUSSELL BAKER 433 Michelangelo Madness, MARTIN BRINK (STUDENT) 435 PROCESS Conversational Ballgames, NANCY MASTERSON SAKAMOTO 436 How to Cram, JILL YOUNG MILLER 439 COMPARISON AND CONTRAST Grant and Lee: A Study in Contrasts, BRUCE CATTON 443 Hasta la Vista, Arnold, MARGARET TALBOT 446 DEFINITION Discrimination Is a Virtue, ROBERT KEITH MILLER 450 The Handicap of Definition, WILLIAM RASPBERRY 453 PERSUASION The Revolt of the Black Bourgeoisie, LEONCE GAITER 455 Cyberspace: If You Don t Love It, Leave It, ESTHER DYSON 458 Limited Answer Key 462 Glossary 469 Credits 472 Index 474