Water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH)

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1 Developing knowledge and capacity in water and sanitation Water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) Improving access for all Hazel Jones April 2011

2 Coverage Headlines 884 million people without access to an improved source of drinking-water 2.6 billion people without access to improved sanitation (WHO/UNICEF JMP 2010)

3 Relevant MDGs MDG 7: Ensure Environmental Sustainability Target 7C: Halve, by 2015, the proportion of the population without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation Definitions Improved drinking water source adequately protects the source from outside contamination, in particular from faecal matter Improved sanitation facility hygienically separates human excreta from human contact

4 Progress on MDG 7 Drinking water target on track Urban/rural disparity: in rural areas, numbers not using improved source of drinking water is >5 times the number in urban areas; 37% of people not using improved source live in Sub Saharan Africa. Sanitation target out of reach Worldwide, 1.1 billion people practise open defecation; Urban/rural disparity: rural population using improved sanitation - 45%; urban areas 76%.

5 WASH & children 2.2 million children <age of 5 die each year due to unsafe water, inadequate sanitation and lack of hygiene Diarrhoea kills 1.5 million children <5 every year Diarrhoea kills more young children than AIDS, malaria and measles combined. (UNICEF/WHO, 2009)

6 DFID-funded EngKaR research project Goal: to contribute to improved WATSAN services and facilities for disabled people Purpose: To produce information on simple low-cost solutions and approaches to making WATSAN facilities more accessible Led by WEDC partner CRP Bangladesh Field-work in 4* low-income countries

7 Fairly typical water sources

9 Obstacles to inclusion Environmental - natural Environmental - infrastructure Policy/ Institutional Social/ cultural/ attitudinal Long distances, rough or steep paths, muddy ground... High steps, narrow entrances, no doors, unlockable doors, slippery or dirty floors, narrow cubicles Lack of policy/strategy, knowledge, skills, information, procedures for consultation with disabled people Lack of information, traditional beliefs, pity, isolation, overprotection, stigma, prejudice, shame

10 Who is affected?

11 Physical Environment - solutions For convenience, can be divided into: Getting there Getting in/on/ near Usability

12 Getting there Smooth paths Drains, ditches, etc. covered

13 Getting there Change of ground texture, landmarks for visually impaired people

14 Getting in/ on Ramps Minimise difference in apron height

15 Getting in - entrances Entrance wide enough for user + helper, wheelchair, stick, crutches etc. Communal latrine with low steps & handrails

16 Space & layout Handpump reachable from outside apron Extra space inside for wheelchair to enter and turn, or user + helper, or to move a seat to one side when not in use

17 Support rails May be fixed to the floor or the wall

18 Seating options - fixed Concrete toilet seat - household latrine Twin brick blocks

19 Seating options - moveable

20 Water transport, storage Wheelchair trailer Internal water source within easy reach

21 School facilities

22 Project implementation cycle Project design & planning: Outputs and indicators related to vulnerable groups; Baseline data collection include questions on vulnerability/ exclusion/ accessibility Community consultation seek views of most disadvantaged: disabled women & men and their families, elderly men & women, children, the poorest... Provide information about accessible options Monitoring & evaluation: Monitor participation, outputs and impact on vulnerable groups

23 Outputs Book & CD French book & CD Free to download online Advocacy Briefing Note 4-pages eye-catching Key messages

24 Follow-up into practice Tailor-made training: WAWI - Ghana, Niger, WaterAid - Nigeria, 9 countries World Vision Ethiopia UNICEF - Webinar on accessible school WASH WEDC courses: incorporated into MSc modules; MSc student research projects Developing knowledge and capacity in water and sanitation

25 Issues Informed demand Domestic v public facilities Importance of collaboration Communication/language Understanding how the other sector works WASH sector - understanding/ skills avoiding issues overload DPOs capacity, competing priorities Developing knowledge and capacity in water and sanitation

26 Examples of practical initiatives - Cambodia DPOs disseminated information Individuals designed their own facilities Improved status in community Role models for other disabled people Long Kunthea and her accessible bathroom (Source: ADD website)

27 Approaches to improving accessibility A) Individual approach Provide aids & equipment to individuals, according to need B) Adaptation of existing facilities e.g. adding handrails, seats, ramps, etc. Can be expensive C) Inclusive Design Design & construct facilities that are accessible and easy for all to use (aka Universal Design, Barrier-free design, Design for All...)

28 Public / household facilities Household facility: Limited number of users, mostly known, Identifiable/foreseeable needs Requires basic user-friendly design + range of accessibility features to choose from. Communal/institutional facility: Large number of users, many unknown Wide range of possible needs: Take Inclusive design approach

29 Examples A. Individual equipment: a toilet stool C. Well with low section of wall for use by children, wheelchair users, people sitting

30 Issues Informed demand Domestic v public facilities Importance of collaboration Communication/language Understanding how the other sector works WASH sector - understanding/ skills avoiding issues overload DPOs capacity, competing priorities Developing knowledge and capacity in water and sanitation

31 To assess accessibility & usability of facilities Involve both service providers and users Accessibility audits

32 Examples of collaborative project - Disabled Friendly Toilets, India Collaboration between UNICEF and local DPO (Arushi) Bhopal

33 References Jones, H. & Reed, R.A. (2005) Water and Sanitation for Disabled People and other Vulnerable Groups: designing services to improve accessibility. WEDC, Loughborough University: UK. UNICEF/WHO (2009) Diarrhoea: Why children are still dying and what can be done. < f> WELL (2004a) The Education MDG: What water, sanitation and hygiene can do. Briefing Note 2. WEDC: Loughborough University: UK. velopment_goal.pdf WHO/UNICEF JMP (2010) Progress on Sanitation and Drinking-Water: 2010 update. Joint Monitoring Programme for water and sanitation.

34 Websites WEDC Knowledge base: < WHO / UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) for Water Supply and Sanitation < UN-Water Global Annual Assessment of Sanitation and Drinking-Water (GLAAS) < n/index.html> Facts and figures: Water, sanitation and hygiene links to health < Diarrhoea: Why children are still dying and what can be done Inclusive WASH & disability Key List. Ask Source:

Water and Health. Information brief

Water and Health. Information brief Lack of safe water, sanitation and hygiene remains one of the world s most urgent health issues. Almost one tenth of the global disease burden could be prevented by improving water supply, sanitation,