Artificial Intelligence

Transcription

1 Artificial Intelligence Exercises & Solutions Chapters 1-2: Introduction and Intelligent Agents 1. Turing test What is a Turing test? What kind of capabilities the computer needs to possess in order to pass the test? What problems does it have? 2. Definitions of AI Organize the definitions of artificial intelligence to suitable categories. Categories: a) Systems that think like humans b) Systems that think rationally c) Systems that act like humans d) Systems that act rationally Definitions: 1) "Computational Intelligence is the study of the design of intelligent agents." (Poole et al., 1998) 2) "The study of how to make computers do things at which, at the moment, people are better." (Rich and Knight, 1991) 3) "The exciting new effort to make computers think... machines with minds, in the full and literal sense." (Haugeland, 1985) 4) "The study of computations that make it possible to perceive, reason, and act." (Winston, 1992) 5) "The art of creating machines that perform functions that require intelligence when performed by people." (Kurzweil, 1990) 6) "[The automation of] activities that we associate with human thinking, activities such as decision-making, problem solving, learning " (Bellman, 1978) 7) "AI is the concerned with intelligent behavior of artifacts." (Nilsson, 1998) 8) "The study of mental faculties through the use of computational models." (Charniak and McDermont, 1985)

2 3. What can AI do today? What is the current state of the art in artificial intelligence? Are the given statements true or false. Explain your answer. The example answers may be outdated. a) Defeat a human champion in the board game Go. b) Drive a car in urban environment. c) Pass the Turing test. d) Clear all spam. e) Translate a book. f) Clean your house. g) Plan the logistics of moving entities at a time. h) Fly a plane from take off to landing without any human intervention. i) Do a surgery. j) Understand human speech. 4. Nature of environments Characterize the given task environments with following possible characteristics: Observable: fully/partial Deterministic: deterministic/strategic/stochastic Episodic: episodic/sequential Static: static/semidynamic/dynamic : discrete/continuous Agents: single/multi Task environment Observable Deterministic Episodic Static Agents Crossword puzzle Chess with a clock Poker

3 Backgammon Taxi driving Medical diagnosis Image analysis Part-picking robot Refinery controller Interactive English tutor 5. PEAS What is a PEAS description? Give a PEAS description for an automated taxi.

4 1. Turing test - solution The Turing test is a test for evaluating the level of intelligence of computer AIs. A human interrogator poses some written questions to the computer, which passes the test if the interrogator cannot tell whether the answers come from a person or not. The computer needs the following capabilities: - natural language processing for communication in the language of the test - knowledge representation to store what it knows or hears - automated reasoning to use stored information to answer questions and to draw new conclusions - machine learning to adapt to new circumstances and to detect and extrapolate patterns The Turing test is not an objective and reproducible test. It is not amenable to mathematical analysis. 2. Definitions of AI solution a) 3, 6 b) 8, 4 c) 5, 2 d) 1, 7 3. What can AI do today? - solution a) Defeat a human champion in the board game Go. No, although the computer programs are already challenging the highest ranking (9 dan) professional players. b) Drive a car in urban environment. Yes, for example Google Self-Driving Cars have been in real world testing for several years. c) Pass the Turing test. Yes, although the test is very subjective and depends on the judges. d) Clear all spam.

5 No. Best learning algorithms are able to cope with most spam but a 100% accuracy is very hard to accomplish and maintain. It is also very subjective what is considered as spam mail. e) Make a high quality translation of a book. No, computer programs are able to translate many languages to some extent but high quality translation of a book or other major piece of writing is still outside their capacity. f) Clean your house. Yes, millions of vacuum cleaner robots have been sold world wide, although most of them are limited to floor level. g) Plan the logistics of moving entities at a time. Yes, for instance USA military used such planning and logistics software during the Desert Storm military operation in h) Fly a plane from take off to landing without any human intervention. Yes, several unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) like Global Hawk are able to operate without human intervention. i) Do a complete surgery. No, software controlled robots are used to assist human surgeons but are not yet able to carry out the complex operation fully by themselves. j) Understand human speech. No, the full comprehension of human speech requires human level AI. We are no there yet. 4. Nature of environments solution Task environment Observable Deterministic Episodic Static Agents Crossword puzzle Fully Deterministic Static Single Chess with a clock Fully Strategic Semi Poker Strategic Static Backgammon Fully Static Taxi driving Continuous Medical diagnosis Continuous Single Image analysis Fully Deterministic Episodic Semi Continuous Single

6 Part-picking robot Episodic Continuous Single Refinery controller Continuous Single Interactive English tutor 5. PEAS - solution PEAS (Performance, Environment, Actuators, Sensors) is a description of task environment. While designing an agent, the first step is to specify the task environment as fully as possible. A PEAS description for an automated taxi: Agent Type Performance Measure Environment Actuators Sensors Taxi driver Safe, fast, legal, comfortable trip, maximize profits Roads,other traffic, pedestrians, customers Steering, accelerator, brake, signal, horn, display Cameras, sonar, speedometer, GPS, odometer, accelerometer, engine sensors, keyboard