Topics Introduction to Microprocessors

Transcription

1 Topics Introduction to Microprocessors Chapter 1 Intro to 80x86 Introduction Goals Brief History of Microprocessors Microprocessor Systems Overview Microprocessor Data Types Intro to 80x86 Suree Pumrin,, Ph.D Introduction to Microprocessors 2 Topics (cont.) Inside the computer Inside the 8086 Physical address calculation examples Segments in the 8086 Goals Goals Understanding what make microprocessors work Assembly programming Design, implementation, and integration experience on microprocessor board and microcomputer Basic Input/output interfacing microprocessors with memory system, serial and parallel ports Debugging HW/SW Interrupt and DMA Introduction to Microprocessors Introduction to Microprocessors 4

2 Brief History of Microprocessors The mechanical age The electrical age The microprocessor age The modern microprocessor The Mechanical Age (I) 500 B.C. Chinese : Abacus a wooden rack holding two horizontal wires with bead stung on them 1642 Blaise Pascal: Calculator mechanical adder and subtracter using of gears and wheels Introduction to Microprocessors Introduction to Microprocessors 6 The Mechanical Age (II) 1823 Charles Babbage: Difference engine mechanize the calculation of polynomial functions Analytical engine perform any mathematical operation automatically The Electrical Age (I) 1889 Hollerith: : The punched card counted, sorted, and collated information Introduction to Microprocessors Introduction to Microprocessors 8

3 The Electrical Age (II) 1943 Turing: The first special purpose computer (Colossus) a fixed program computer system The Electrical Age (III) 1946 The University of Pennsylvania: the first general purpose computer ENIAC (Electronics Numerical Integrator and Calculator) Introduction to Microprocessors Introduction to Microprocessors 10 The Microprocessor Age 1945 von Neumann: von Neumann machines revolutionizes the way people think about computer design 1950s Transistor and magnetic core memory 1960s Digital integrated circuits, VLSI Introduction to Microprocessors 11 The Modern Microprocessor (I) 1970s 71: Intel bit microprocessor (the first microprocessor) 72: Intel 8008 the first 8-bit 8 microprocessor 74: Motorola MC bit microprocessor 76: Zilog Z-80 8-bit microprocessor 78: Intel bit microprocessor 79: Motorola MC bit microprocessor Introduction to Microprocessors 12

4 The Modern Microprocessor (II) 1980s 85: Intel 386 -bit microprocessor 86: Acron RISC -bit processor 87: Zilog Z bit machine 1990s 91: MIPS Computer Systems 64-bit R4000 RISC machine 92: Digital s s Alpha bit at 300 MHz 95: Intel Pentium at 133 MHz 97: Intel Pentium II 99: Intel Pentium III at 500 MHz The Modern Microprocessor (III) 2000s 00: Intel 1 GHz 01: Intel Pentium 4 at 1.7 and 2 GHz 02: Intel Mobile Processor at 1 GHz (low power) 05: The Intel Itanium Introduction to Microprocessors Introduction to Microprocessors 14 The Future of Microprocessors Moore s s Law No one can accurately predict! Multicore processor multiple processor cores on a single piece of silicon?? The new challenge is functionality Balancing in clock frequency, design complexity, and power consumption Introduction to Microprocessors Introduction to Microprocessors 16

5 The Intel Microprocessors Evolution of Intel s s x86 Year of introduction Transistors Product Pentium Pentium Pro ,250 2,500 5,000 Year Technology Clock rate (MHz) 1978 NMOS NMOS CMOS CMOS BICMOS 60, BICMOS processor 486 DX processor Pentium processor Pentium II processor , , ,000 1,180,000 3,100,000 7,500,000 # pins # trans. Phys. Mem Vir. Mem In. data bus Ex. Data bus 40 29,000 1 M None , M 1 G ,000 4 G 64 T million 4 G 64 T million 4 G 64 T million 64 G 64 T 64 Pentium III processor Pentium 4 processor ,000,000 42,000,000 Add. Bus Data type (bits) 20 8, , 16 8, 16, 8, 16, 8, 16, 36 8, 16, Introduction to Microprocessors Introduction to Microprocessors 18 Microprocessor Systems Overview Instruction set Complex instruction set computers (CISC) Reduced instruction set computers (RISC) Architecture von Neumann architecture (a.k.a. Princeton architecture) Harvard architecture Basic computer system Central processing unit (CPU) Registers, Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU), control unit Memory program & data Input and Output (I/O) system Peripherals Analog to digital converter, timer unit, serial communications interface, etc. Data path address bus, data bus, control bus What s s the difference in microprocessors, microcontrollers, and microcomputers? CISC vs RISC Complex instruction set computer (CISC), e.g., x86, 680x0 Typical PC architecture Many operations, some of them very complex Reduced instruction set computer (RISC), e.g., PIC, ARM, SPARC Simpler instructions can be executed at higher speed RISC is common used in workstations for higher performance Pentium is a combination of CISC and RISC. Modern CISCs implemented as RISCs internally Only the total system performance matters Introduction to Microprocessors Introduction to Microprocessors 20

6 von Neumann Architecture (I) von Neumann Architecture (II) Memory stores programs and data Central processing unit (CPU) fetches and execute Input/output unit interface with input and output devices, e.g., printer, disk, CRT, keyboard Introduction to Microprocessors Introduction to Microprocessors 22 Harvard Architecture von Neumann (Princeton) vs Harvard Data and instructions mixed in the same memory: Princeton architecture Data and instructions in separate memory: Harvard architecture Princeton architecture simpler to implement Most DSPs use Harvard architecture for streaming data Introduction to Microprocessors Introduction to Microprocessors 24

7 Microprocessors Typically external program memory Range from devices with few thousand transistors to million transistors To implement complete computer must still include input/output subsystems, memory, etc. The components connected via system bus Intel: x86 family, 8088, 80286,,, Pentium Zilog: : Z80 Motorola: 680x0 family Microcontrollers Includes microprocessor, I/O subsystems Typically include peripherals, e.g., timers, serial communications channels, Analog to digital conversion, digital to analog conversion, direct memory access (DMA) Memory subsystem may or may not be included Microcontroller = Microprocessor + Memory + I/O = Embedded microprocessor MCS-51 family (Intel, Dallas, 80, 89C52, 8051, ), 68HC11 family (Motorola) Introduction to Microprocessors Introduction to Microprocessors 26 Microcomputers Similar to microcontroller but used as part of a larger embedded system Complete computer Implemented using microprocessor Typically constructed utilizing numerous integrated circuits Complexity varies: simple microcomputer can be implemented on single chip with limited onboard memory, simple I/O system Microprocessor Data Types (I) Signed and unsigned binary integers Binary coded decimal (BCD) American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) Floating-point numbers Introduction to Microprocessors Introduction to Microprocessors 28

8 Microprocessor Data Types (II) Unsigned binary integers 8-bit unsigned binary integer : FF 255) Signed binary integers Two s s complement form FF 16 (0 8-bit signed number: FF 16 = bit signed number: bit 15 represents the sign BCD 4 bits: (0 9) (0 - Microprocessor Data Types (III) ASCII 7-bit code represents alphanumeric (alpha characters and numbers) and special symbols Floating-point Three components: sign, exponent, and mantissa Example: -4.5x10-2 Sign = 1 (negative), Exponent = -2, and Significant (mantissa) = 4.5 Normalize: 1.XXXX x 2 n : 10 = sign = 0 (positive), normalize binary number = 1.010x Introduction to Microprocessors Introduction to Microprocessors 30 The 8086 Internal Architecture Execution Unit (EU) General Registers Operands ALU Flags Bus Interface Unit (BIU) Segment Registers Instruction Pointer Address generation and Bus control Instruction Queue Multiplexed Bus Introduction to Microprocessors 31 AH BH CH DH 16 bits IP CS DS SS ES SP BP SI DI FR AL BL CL DL 8086 Registers AX BX CX DX Instruction Segment General Pointer Index IP: Instruction Pointer CS: Code Segment DS: Data Segment SS: Stack Segment ES: Extra Segment AX (AH:AL): Accumulator BX (BH:BL): Base CX (CH:CL): Count DX (DH:DL): Data SP: Stack BP: Base SI: Source DI: Destination Status FR: Flag Introduction to Microprocessors

9 Software Model Program Segment AH BH CH DH 16 bits IP CS DS SS ES SP BP SI DI FR AL BL CL DL AX BX CX DX FFFFF 16 Memory Code segment (64 KB) Data segment (64 KB) Stack segment (64 KB) Extra segment (64 KB) FFFF 16 Memory address space = 1 MB Input / output address space I/O address space = 64 kb Code segment CS:IP Contain assembly language instructions Data segment DS:BX, SI, DI Store information (data) Stack segment SS:SP, BP Store information temporarily Extra segment ES:BX, SI, DI Extra data segment Use for string operations Introduction to Microprocessors Introduction to Microprocessors 34 Memory Addressing 1 segment = 64 kb Logical address segment : offset Physical address segment 0 : offset Segment 16 bit Offset 16 bit Physical address Some Important Terminology bit 0 nibble 0000 byte word kilobyte 2 = 1024 bytes megabyte 2 = 1,048,576 bytes gigabyte 2 > 1 billion bytes terabyte 2 > 1 trillion bytes 20 bit Introduction to Microprocessors Introduction to Microprocessors 36

10 CPU Read/write Internal Organization of Computers (I) Memory (RAM, ROM) Address bus Data bus Control bus I/O (monitor, printer, etc.) Internal Organization of Computers (II) CPU (central processing unit): Registers, Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU), control unit Execute (process) information stored in memory Memory Store program and data I/O devices Provide means of communicating with CPU Data path (bus): address bus, data bus, control bus Carry information from place to place Introduction to Microprocessors 37 For a device (memory or I/O) to be recognized by the CPU, it must be assigned an address Introduction to Microprocessors 38 Pipelining Bus Pipelining: the CPU fetches and executes at the same time non-pipelined fetch 1 exec 1 fetch 2 exec 2 pipelined fetch 1 exec 1 fetch 2 exec 2 fetch 3 exec 3 Data bus: a pathway between the CPU and its external devices Bidirectional: CPU uses data bus either to receive or to send data. Address bus: identify the devices and memory connected to the CPU Unidirectional: CPU uses the address bus only to send out addresses. For x address lines, the number of locations, which CPU can communicate, = 2 x Introduction to Microprocessors Introduction to Microprocessors 40

11 Memory Map Generating a Memory Address FFFFF C0000 BFFFF A0000 9FFFF ROM (256k) Video RAM (128 k) User RAM (640 k) BIOS (Basic Input Output System) (64k) Segment Offset ADDER bit Physical address Introduction to Microprocessors Introduction to Microprocessors 42 Boundaries of segment Physical Address Calculation (I) CS IP Byte addressable CPU 8086 Memory DS:FFFFH Highest addressed byte Logical Address = : F 3 BX DS:BX Start with CS DS Data segment Shift left CS DS:0000H Lowest addressed byte Add IP. Physical address = 9 5 F 3 2 E 5 F Introduction to Microprocessors Introduction to Microprocessors 44

12 Physical Address Calculation (II) Stack segment of Memory If DS = 7FA2H and the offset is 438EH, The logical address: 7FA2:438E The physical address: 7FA E = 83DAE The upper range of the data segment: 7FA20 + FFFF = 8FA1F The lower range of the data segment: 7FA = 7FA SP SS Memory (word-wide) SS:FFFEH SS:SP Stack segment SS:0000H Bottom of stack Top of stack End of stack Introduction to Microprocessors Introduction to Microprocessors 46 Logical address SS:SP SP = 1236 AX = 24B6 Pushing onto stack : PUSH AX SP = 1234 AX = 24B6 Popping the stack : POP CX SP = 1236 CX = 24B6 Stack Segment SS:1236 SS:1234 SS:12 SS: Bytes TOP B6 24 Status Register (Flag) 15 C = Carry P = Even parity A = Auxiliary carry Z = Zero S = Sign O = Overflow D = Direction I = Interrupt T = Trap O D I T S Z A P C Condition Flags (after execution) Control Flags (before execution) Introduction to Microprocessors Introduction to Microprocessors 48

13 Machine vs Assembly Addressing Modes Machine code Assembler Disassembler Assembly program B059 MOV AL, 59 B685 MOV DH, 85 B421 MOV AH, 21 B270 MOV DL, 70 01D0 ADD AX,DX 05371F ADD AX,1F37 1. Register 2. Immediate 3. Direct 4. Register indirect 5. Based relative 6. Indexed relative 7. Based indexed relative MOV AX, BX ADD AL, 10H MOV CX, [1200H] MOV AL, [BX] SI,DI MOV CX, [BX+10H] BP MOV AX, [SI+15H] DI MOV AH, [BX+DI+5H] BP SI Introduction to Microprocessors Introduction to Microprocessors 50 Little Endian Convention MOV AX, 35F3H ; AL = F3, AH = 35 MOV [1500], AX ; DS: 1500 F3 DS: All Intel microprocessors and many minicomputers use the little endian convention (high byte goes to high address). Motorola microprocessors and mainframes use big endian (high byte goes to low address) Introduction to Microprocessors 51