Dept.Anatomy Cytology / Lec 2-chmistry of cell Dr.sarsb
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1 Dept.Anatomy Cytology / Lec 2-chmistry of cell Dr.sarsb CHEMICAL ORGANIZATION OF CYTOSOL Chemically, the cytoplasmic matrix is composed of many chemical elements in the form of atoms, ions and molecules. Chemical Elements Of the 92 naturally occurring elements, perhaps 46 are found in the cytosol (cytoplasmic matrix).twenty four of these are considered essential for life (called essential elements), while others are present in cytosol only because they exist in the environment with which the organism interacts. These major elements are carbon (C, 20 %), hydrogen (H, 10 %), nitrogen (N, 3 %), oxygen (O, 62 %), phosphorus (P, 1.14 %) and sulphur (S, 0.14 %). Most organic molecules are built with these six elements. Another five essential elements found in less abundance in living systems are calcium (Ca, 2.5 %), potassium (K, 0.11 %), sodium (Na, 0.10 per cent), chlorine (Cl, 0.16 per cent) and magnesium (Mg, 0.07 per cent). Several other elements, called trace elements, are also found in minute amounts in animals and plants, but are nevertheless essential for life. These are iron (Fe, 0.10 per cent), iodine (I, per cent), molybdenum (Mo), manganese (Mn), Cobalt (Co), zinc (Zn), selenium (Se), copper (Cu), chromium (Cr), vanadium (V), silicon (Si), nickel (Ni), fluorine (F) and boron (B). TYPES OF COMPOUNDS OF CYTOSOL Chemical compounds are conventionally divided into two groups : organic and inorganic. Organic compounds form 30 per cent of a typical cell, rest are the inorganic substances such as water and other substances. INORGANIC COMPOUNDS The inorganic compounds are those compounds which normally found in the bulk of the physical, non-living universe, such as elements, metals, non-metals, and their compounds such as water, salts and variety of electrolytes and non-electrolytes Water The most abundant inorganic component of the cytosol is the water. Water constitutes about 65 to 80 per cent of the matrix. In the matrix the water occurs in two forms,. free water and bound water. The 95 per cent of the total cellular water is used by the matrix as the solvent for various inorganic substances and organic compounds and is known as free water. The remaining 5 per cent of the total cellular water remains loosely linked with protein molecules by hydrogen bonds or other forces and is known as bound water. Molecular structure of water. The special physical properties of water are found in its molecular structure. Water is formed by the combination of hydrogen and oxygen through the formation of covalent bonds, in which atoms by sharing pairs of electrons, become linked together. Covalent bonds are strong chemical bonds between atoms and contain a relatively large amount of chemical energy). The interactions between water and the other constitutes of cells are importance in biological chemistry. This respect is that it is a polar molecule, in which the hydrogen atoms have a slight positive charge and the oxygen has a slight negative charge.
2 The molecules which soluble in water called ( hydrophilic ) and made the hydrogen bonds with water. In contrast, non-polar molecules which cannot interact with water, are poorly soluble in an aqueous environment ( hydrophopic). In organic Ions The cytoplasmic matrix consists of various kinds of ions. The ions are important in maintaining osmotic pressure and acid-base balance in the cells.(na +, K +,Mg +2, Ca +2, Hpo 4-2, Cl -, Hco 3 - ect.). Organic molecule Very large molecules, or macromolecules, are central to the working of cells. Large biological molecules are polymers: they are assembled by joining together small, simpler molecules, which are therefore called monomers.. 1-CARBOHYDRATES: All carbohydrates are formed from the simple sugars called monosaccharides. Such as Glucose is the major nutrients of cells. The basic formula for these molecules is Cn(H2O)n. Monosaccharides can be easily joined by glycosidic bonds If a few sugars are joined together, resulting polymer Is called oligosaccharide.if large number ( )of sugar are resulting polysaccharide such as glycogen and starch. 2-PROTEINS Amino acids contain both a COOH carbonyl group, which readily gives an H+ to water and is therefore acidic( Coo - ), and a basic NH2 amino group, which readily accepts H+ to become NH3+.These groups link to R is called the side chain. It is the diversity of amino aside chains that give proteins their characteristic properties in function and structure. Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins. Amino acids can link together to form long chains through the formation of a peptide bond between the COO group of one amino acid and the NH3+ group of the next. If there are fewer than about 50 amino acids in a polymer we tend to call it a peptide. More and it is a polypeptide. Polypeptides that fold into a specific shape are called proteins. The roles of proteins include: 1-structural component of the cells and tissues. 2-Transport (e.g. Oxygen by Hemoglobin ) and storage of a small molecules. 3-Transmitting information between cells(e.g. hormones). 4-Defense against infections (e.g. antibodies). 5-Enzymes. 3-LIPIDS The simplest lipids are fatty acid. It comprises a carboxyl group(coo -) plus a long
3 tail of carbons and hydrogens. The carboxyl group is negatively charged and hence will associate readily with water molecules. The hydrocarbon tail is nonpolar and does not readily associate with water. Glycerol has many hydroxyl groups, thus called alcohols, glycerol is a polyalcohol. Cells can join fatty acids and glycerol to make glycerides which are stored as fats in the cell The bond is formed between fatty acid and a hydroxyl group of glycerol is called an ester bond. Such as trioleoylglycerol, the main component of olive oil. It is a triacylglycerol (or triglyceride) formed from three molecules of oleic acid and one molecule of glycerol. Cells contain droplets of triacylglycerol within their cytoplasm. Phospholipids : It is a principal components of membrane consist of two fatty acids joined to polar head group which contain phosphate group and the carbon tail is non polar (hydrophopic). The phosphatidylcholine, an example of the phospholipids that make the plasma membrane and other cell membranes. The phospholipids have two fatty acids attached to glycerol, often electrically charged head group. The head group is joined to the glycerol through phosphate in a structure called a phosphodiester link. The combination of head group and negatively charged phosphate is able to associate strongly with water it is said to be hydrophilic. The two fatty acids, on the other hand, form a tail that, like olive oil, is hydrophobic. Some of Fatty acids containing double bonds between the carbon atoms are said to be unsaturated. Polyunsaturated fatty acids have more than one double bond, more than one bend,and therefore even lower melting points. Membranes must not solidify if they did, then they would crack and the cell contents would leak out each time the cell was flexed. So unsaturated fatty acids play an essential role in maintaining membrane liquidity The roles of lipids: 1-provide an important from of energy storage. 2-Lipids are the major components of cell membrane. 3-lipid play roles in cell signaling both as steroid hormones (estrogen & testosterone) and as a message molecules that convey signals from cell surface receptors to targets within the cell. 4-Nuclic acid The nucleic acids are the complex macromolecular organic compounds of immense biological importance. They control the important biosynthetic activities of the cell and carry hereditary informations from generation to generation. There occur two types of nucleic acids in living organism. Ribonucleic acid (RNA) and Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). Both types of nucleic acids are the polymers of the nucleotides. A nucleotide is composed of nucleoside and phosphoric acid. Even the nucleoside is composed of the pentose sugars
4 (Ribose or Deoxyribose) and nitrogen bases (Purines or Pyrimidines). The purines are adenine and guanine and the pyrimidines are the cytosine, thymine and uracil. The cytoplasmic matrix contains only RNA, while DNA exclusively remains concentrated in the nucleus.the polymerization of nucleotides to form nuclic acid by phosphodiester bond between 5-phosphate of one nucleotideand 3-hydroxyl of another. DNA is a double strand,the two strands pairing by joined the bases between them by hydrogen bonds.(a=t), (G C). RNA is single strand and has 3 types: 1- Messenger RNA (mrna )carries information from DNA to the ribosome(it is template for protein synthesis) 2- Ribosomal RNA.( Are involved in protein synthesis.) 3- Transfer RNA.( Are involved in protein synthesis.) The nucleotide is important roles in the other cell processes. As (ATP) Adenosine 5- triphosphate is a chemical energy within cell. Other nucleotides are is important for energy and reactive chemical groups in metabolism.amp is signaling molecules within cells.
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A disaccharide is formed when a dehydration reaction joins two monosaccharides. This covalent bond is called a glycosidic linkage.
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