Contents. Part One Educational Aims in Historical Perspective 1. Preface xiv. Chapter 1 Introduction: Understanding School and Society 2

Transcription

1 Preface xiv viii Part One Educational Aims in Historical Perspective 1 Chapter 1 Introduction: Understanding School and Society 2 Introduction: Conducting Inquiry into School and Society 4 The Place of Social Foundations in Teacher Education 4 The Meaning of Democracy in Educational Practice 5 Education of Diverse Students 5 Tools of Inquiry 6 Social Theory 6 Schooling 7 Training 7 Education 8 Political Economy 9 Ideology 9 Analytic Framework 10 Applying the Terms of Inquiry: An Illustration from History 11 Schooling and Culture in Classical Greece 11 Building a Philosophy of Education 15 The Politics of Aristotle 17 Developing Your Professional Vocabulary 20 Questions for Discussion and Examination 20 Online Resources 20 Chapter 2 Liberty and Literacy: The Jeffersonian Ideal 22 Introduction: Why Jefferson? 24 Political Economy of the Jeffersonian Era 25 Geography, Transportation, and Communication 25 Early American Governance 27 Ideology of the Jeffersonian Era 28 The Breakdown of Feudalism 28 The Classical Roots of Liberal Ideology 29 Jefferson as Classical Liberal 33 Jefferson and Intellectual Freedom 34 Jefferson, Democracy, and Education 35 Government by a Natural Aristocracy 36 Jefferson s Plan for Popular Education 36 Elementary School Districts 37 Grammar Schools 38 University Education 39 Self-Education 40 Jefferson s Views on Slavery, Native Americans, and Women 41 Building a Philosophy of Education 44 From The Rights of Man 45 Exchange between Benjamin Banneker and Thomas Jefferson 46 Developing Your Professional Vocabulary 49 Questions for Discussion and Examination 49 Online Resources 49 Chapter 3 School as a Public Institution: The Common-School Era 50 Introduction: Schooling in New England 52 Political Economy of the Common-School Era 53 Demographic Changes 53 Political Developments 54 Economic Developments 55 Ideology and Religion 56 Consolidation of Classical Liberalism 57 Horace Mann: An Exemplar of Reform 58 Early Life 58 Mann s Political Career 59 Mann and the Common Schools 60 School Buildings 61 Moral Values 62

2 ix Lessons from the Prussian School System 64 School Discipline and the Pedagogy of Love 66 The Quality of Teachers 67 The Economic Value of Schooling 70 Opposition to Mann s Common-School Reforms 72 Accounting for the Success of the Common- School Reforms 74 Lessons from Horace Mann s Common-School Reforms 74 Building a Philosophy of Education 75 Decentralization: Alternative to Bureaucracy? 77 Developing Your Professional Vocabulary 80 Questions for Discussion and Examination 80 Online Resources 80 Chapter 4 Social Diversity and Differentiated Schooling: The Progressive Era 82 Introduction: Traditional versus Progressive Education 84 The Political Economy of the Progressive Era 86 Urbanization 86 Immigration 86 Industrialization 90 Worker Responses to Industrial Management 93 New Liberal Ideology 100 Natural Law 100 Scientific Rationality 101 From Virtue to Rational Ethics 101 Progress 101 Nationalism 102 Freedom 102 Progressive Education 105 Two Strands of Progressivism: Developmental Democracy and Social Efficiency 106 Deweyan Developmental Democracy 107 The Nature of the Child 108 A Unique Meaning for Progressive Education 109 Charles W. Eliot and Social Efficiency 109 Building a Philosophy of Education 116 Education and Social Change 118 Developing Your Professional Vocabulary 123 Questions for Discussion and Examination 123 Online Resources 123 Chapter 5 Diversity and Equity: Schooling Girls and Women 124 Introduction: Why a Separate Chapter on Females? 126 Ideological Origins in Early Christianity 127 Gender and Education in Colonial America 128 Private Schools 130 The Revolution and the Cult of Domesticity 130 Competing Ideological Perspectives in the Nineteenth Century 132 The Conservative and Liberal Positions 132 The Radical Position 134 Catharine Beecher: The Liberal Education of the Homemaker 134 Ideology and Life: Emma Willard 136 A New Vision for Women s Education 136 The Troy Female Seminary 138 Anna Julia Cooper 140 Higher Education for Women 141 Academies 141 Normal Schools 141 High Schools 142 Colleges 143 Women and Vocational Education 144 Domestic Science Training 144 Commercial Education 147 Building a Philosophy of Education 148 Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions 149 The Education of the Girl 151 Developing Your Professional Vocabulary 155 Questions for Discussion and Examination 155 Online Resources 155 Chapter 6 Diversity and Equity: Schooling and African Americans 156 Introduction: Common Schools in the South 158 Political Economic Dimensions of Reconstruction and Redemption 158 Redemption 159 Reconstruction, Redemption, and African American Schooling 160 Schooling in the Black Belt 161

3 x Contents Booker T. Washington s Career 168 Washington and Schooling in the Black Belt 169 An Ideology of African American Inferiority 172 A Liberal Justification for Racial Oppression: Darwinian Evolution 172 Avoiding the Issue of Political Power 173 A Liberal Faith: Social Progress through the Marketplace 174 The Washington Solution 176 William Edward Burghardt Du Bois 179 Building a Philosophy of Education 181 Of Mr. Booker T. Washington and Others 184 Developing Your Professional Vocabulary 190 Questions for Discussion and Examination 190 Online Resources 190 Chapter 7 Diversity and Equity: Schooling and American Indians 192 Introduction: Assimilation through Scientific Management 194 Pluralism versus Assimilationism 195 Political Economic Foundations of Indian Schooling 197 A World before Europeans 197 The Ambiguous and Paradoxical 197 Treaties and the Trust Relationship 198 Ideology 200 Traditional Knowledge versus Science and Progress 200 Schooling the Native American 201 Social Education, from Land Allotment to Boarding Schools 202 The Progressive Reform Movement 202 Scientific Management and Educational Reform 203 Progressive Indian Education: Early Years 204 The Influence of John Collier 205 Collier s Early Career 206 Collier as Commissioner of Indian Affairs 207 Willard Walcott Beatty: Progressive Education for Native Americans 210 Schooling and Assimilation of the Indian Child 212 Afterword: The Case of the Navajo 212 Building a Philosophy of Education 214 The Hopi Way (1944) 214 Statements by Three American Indian Educators 216 Developing Your Professional Vocabulary 221 Questions for Discussion and Examination 221 Online Resources 221 Chapter 8 National School Reform: The Early Cold War Era 222 Introduction: The Best and Brightest Political Economy and Ideology of the Early Cold War Era 225 U.S. Fear of Soviet Communism 225 New Liberal Ideology in the Cold War Era 227 James Bryant Conant 230 Standardized Testing and Student Selection 231 Who Merits a College Education? 232 School Reform Reports and Social Stratification 233 Education in a Divided World 234 School Reform in the Postwar Era 235 The Great Talent Hunt 237 Slums and Subversives 240 Building a Philosophy of Education 243 Excerpts from Education for All 246 Developing Your Professional Vocabulary 249 Questions for Discussion and Examination 249 Online Resources 249

4 xi Part Two Educational Aims in Contemporary Society 251 Chapter 9 Liberty and Literacy Today: Contemporary Perspectives 252 Introduction: Revisiting Literacy 254 A Brief Historical Perspective 256 Literacy and Power: Literacy as a Social Construction 257 Ideological Hegemony Theory: Democracy and the Consolidation of Economic Power 258 Mass Media and Ideological Hegemony 260 The Paradox of Media Property Rights and Public Information Rights: From NBC to GE to Comcast 261 Communications Technologies: From Jefferson s Free Marketplace of Ideas to the Information Marketplace 263 The Rise of Social Media 264 Contemporary Perspective on Literacy: Conventional Literacy 268 Functional Literacy 269 Limitations of the Functional Literacy Perspective 270 Critical Literacy 271 Critical Literacy Method 272 Cultural Literacy: Arguments for High-Status Curriculum 274 Cultural Literacy: Whose Interests Are Served? 274 Schooling and Ideological Hegemony 276 Building a Philosophy of Education 279 The Future of Reading 281 Developing Your Professional Vocabulary 286 Questions for Discussion and Examination 286 Online Resources 286 Chapter 10 Teaching in a Public Institution: The Professionalization Movement 288 Dominant Ideology and the Teacher s Professional Authority Using the Authority of the Rules to Educate The Authority of the Expert Pedagogical Authority: The Authority of Community 293 The Professional Teacher: Remembering Horace Mann 295 Professionalization of Teaching: Historical Perspective 296 Common-School Reform 296 Progressive Era Reform 297 Conant Era Reform 297 Professionalism and Contemporary School Reform 298 Comparing Teaching to Other Professions 299 Professionalism versus Neoliberal Market Competition 300 Traditional Criteria for the Professions 303 Teaching as a Public Profession 304 Teaching Job versus Teaching Profession: The Issue of Professional Control 305 Political Economic Dimensions of Teaching as a Public Profession 306 Public Control versus Professional Autonomy 311 Who Controls the Schools? Who Should? 311 Statutory Control Structure 313 Who Controls the Schools? Extralegal Influences 315 Professional Satisfaction and Professional Ethics 316 Teaching and Teacher Learning as Collaborative Activities 319 Democratic Ethics and the Profession of Teaching 320 Building a Philosophy of Education 320 Making Teaching a Profession 322 Developing Your Professional Vocabulary 323 Questions for Discussion and Examination 323 Online Resources 323 Chapter 11 Differentiated Schooling, Labor Market Preparation, and Contemporary School Reform: The Post Cold War Era 324 Introduction: The Purposes of Schooling 326 The Future of the Workplace 328 Future Jobs 328 Educating for the Workplace 329 Income and Benefits 331 Vocational Education as a Teaching Method 333 The Meaning of a Liberal Education 335 Historical Perspectives 335 Contemporary School Reform 339 Social Changes and School Reform 339

5 xii Contents Schooling as a Response to New Social and Economic Conditions 340 The New Consensus on Excellence in Education 344 Restructuring 345 Contemporary School Reform: A Critical View 346 The Political Economic Origins of the Contemporary School Reform Movement 346 School Reform Today: New and Continuing Initiatives 348 School Choice, Vouchers, and Charters 349 Building a Philosophy of Education 350 Pathways to Prosperity: Meeting the Challenge of Preparing Young Americans for the 21st Century 352 Developing Your Professional Vocabulary 355 Questions for Discussion and Examination 355 Online Resources 355 Chapter 12 Diversity and Equity Today: Defining the Challenge 356 Introduction: Inequity and Inequality 358 Liberal Ideology: Meritocracy Reexamined 359 Social Conditions behind the New Debate 359 The Coleman Report 361 The Cultural Deprivation Studies 361 The Political Economic Context 363 The Demographics of Modern American Society 363 Race, Ethnicity, and the Limits of Language 363 Gender 369 Socioeconomic Class 371 Education: Ethnicity, Gender, and Class 373 Race, Ethnicity, and Education 373 Socioeconomic Class and Education 379 Equity, Education, and Disabling Conditions 381 Gender and Education 382 Societal Definitions of Gender 383 Building a Philosophy of Education 388 A Public Education Primer: Basic (and Sometimes Surprising) Facts about the U.S. Educational System 390 Developing Your Professional Vocabulary 394 Questions for Discussion and Examination 394 Online Resources 394 Chapter 13 Diversity and Equity Today: Meeting the Challenge 396 Introduction: Does Social Inequality Necessarily Determine Educational Outcomes? 398 Jane Elliott s Experiment 399 An Important Note of Caution 401 Theories of Social Inequality 401 Genetic Inferiority Theory 402 Cultural Deficit Theory 403 Critical Theory 404 A Useful Digression: Bilingual and ESL Instruction as Bridges to English Proficiency 410 BEV: Language and Cultural Subordination 411 Pedagogical Approaches to Pluralism 413 Gender Theory: An Illustration of Sensitivity to Differences 413 Multicultural Education and Democratic Pluralism 416 Programs That Work 419 Diversity, Equity, and Special Education 421 Building a Philosophy of Education 423 Teaching Diverse Learners 424 Developing Your Professional Vocabulary 430 Questions for Discussion and Examination 430 Online Resources 430

6 xiii Chapter 14 School and Society: Teaching and Teacher Leadership in the 21st Century 432 Introduction: So What? The Importance of a Theory of Impact 434 Social Context: Understanding Students, Self, and a Theory of Impact 435 You and Your Theory of Impact 436 Why Teach? 438 Orientations to Teaching and Theories of Impact 438 It s Mostly about the Kids 439 It s Mostly about Social Change (or Democracy, or Social Justice) 440 Teacher Leadership and Professional Learning Communities 442 Organizing Schools for Improvement 442 Notes N 1 Glossary G 1 Photo Credits C 1 Index I 1