Cholesterol Treatment Trialists (CTT) Collaboration. Slide deck
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1 Cholesterol Treatment Trialists (CTT) Collaboration Slide deck
2 CTT Collaboration: Background* History: Founded in 1993 (prior to publication of 4S trial in 1994) Original protocol published in 1995 Trial eligibility for inclusion in CTT: Randomized Principal effects of treatment is modification of blood lipids Unconfounded (i.e. treatment arms differ only by lipid intervention) Recruited at least 1000 participants Scheduled study treatment duration of at least 2 years *American Journal of Cardiology 1995; 75:
3 CTT Collaboration: Analyses* Based on individual participant data (as opposed to tabular data) Intention-to-treat analyses Main results standardised per mmol/l LDL-cholesterol reduction *American Journal of Cardiology 1995; 75:
4 CTT Lancet 2005: included 14 trials of statin vs control Study Treatment comparison N Target population Entry lipid criteria 4S S20-40 vs. placebo 4444 Angina or previous MI Total cholesterol mmol/l WOSCOPS P40 vs. placebo 6595 Primary prevention LDL-C at least 4.0 mmol/l CARE P40 vs. placebo 4159 Previous MI Total cholesterol <6.2 mmol/l; LDL-C 3.0 to 4.5 mmol/l Post-CABG L40 80 vs. L Previous bypass surgery LDL-C mmol/l AFCAPS/TexCAPS L20 40 vs. placebo 6605 Primary prevention Total cholesterol mmol/l; LDL- C mmol/l LIPID P40 vs. placebo 9014 Previous MI or hospitalization for unstable angina Total cholesterol mmol/l GISSI-P P20 vs. no treatment 4271 Recent MI Total cholesterol 5.2 mmol/l LIPS F80 vs. placebo 1677 Previous PCI Total cholesterol mmol/l HPS S40 vs. placebo 20,536 CHD, other occlusive arterial disease or DM PROSPER P40 vs. placebo 5804 History of or risk factors for vascular disease Non-fasting total cholesterol 3 5 mmol/l Total cholesterol mmol/l ALLHAT-LLT P40 vs. usual care 10,355 Hypertension + at least 1 additional CHD risk factor ASCOT-LLA A10 vs. placebo 10,305 Hypertension CVD risk factors Fasting LDL-C mmol/l (no known CHD); 2.6 to 3.3 mmol/l (known CHD; upper limit 4.1 mmol/l) Non-fasting total cholesterol 6 5 mmol/l ALERT F40 vs. placebo 2102 Renal transplant patients Total cholesterol mmol/l. CARDS A10 vs. placebo 2838 Type 2 DM LDL-C 4.14 mmol/l
5 Proportional reduction in MVE rate (±1 SE) Relation between the proportional reduction in MAJOR VASCULAR EVENTS and mean absolute LDL-C reduction in 14 statin trials 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% -10% Reduction in LDL cholesterol (mmol/l) Lancet 2005; 366:
6 CTT Lancet 2010*: additional trials of statin vs control Study Treatment comparison N Target population Entry lipid criteria MEGA P vs. usual care 8214 Primary prevention TC mg/dl JUPITER R 20 vs. placebo Primary prevention (but CRP>2 mg/dl) 4D A 20 vs. placebo 1255 Type 2 DM + haemodialysis LDL-C <130 mg/dl, TG <500 mg/dl LDL-C mg/dl TG <1000 mg/dl AURORA R 10 vs. placebo 2773 Haemodialysis None ALLIANCE A (until LDL <80 mg/dl) vs. usual care 2442 Prior CHD LDL-C mg/dl on lipid lowering drugs, mg/dl if not ASPEN A 10 vs. placebo 2410 Type 2 DM + CHD or risk factors LDL-C <150, TG 445 mg/dl with CHD; LDL-C <159, TG 600 mg/dl without GISSI-HF R 10 vs. placebo 4574 CHF None *Lancet 2010; 376:
7 CTT Lancet 2010*: more vs less intensive statin therapy Study Treatment comparison N Target population Entry lipid criteria PROVE-IT A 80 vs. P ACS TC 240 mg/dl A to Z S 40 then S 80 vs. placebo then S ACS TC 250 mg/dl TNT A 80 vs. A 10 10,001 Prior CHD LDL-C mg/dl TG 600 mg/dl IDEAL A 80 vs. S Prior CHD TG 600 mg/dl SEARCH S 80 vs. S 20 12,064 Prior CHD TC 4.5 mmol/l or 3.5 if on statins *Lancet 2010; 376:
8 Proportional reduction in MVE rate (95% CI) CTT meta analysis: Proportional reduction in MAJOR VASCULAR EVENTS versus absolute LDL-C reduction 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% A to Z More vs. Less (5 trials) TNT IDEAL PROVE-IT Statin vs. control (21 trials) 22% (20%-24%) risk reduction per mmol/l P< % SEARCH 0% Mean LDL cholesterol difference between treatment groups (mmol/l)
9 Statin vs control trials: Proportional effects on MAJOR VASCULAR EVENTS per mmol/l LDL-C reduction Outcome Statin Control RR (CI) per mmol/l LDL-C reduction Non-fatal MI CHD death Any major coronary event 2310 (0.9) 1242 (0.5) 3380 (1.3) 3213 (1.2) 1587 (0.6) 4539 (1.7) 0.74 ( ) 0.80 ( ) 0.76 ( ) CABG PTCA Unspecified Any coronary revascularisation 816 (0.3) 601 (0.2) 1686 (0.6) 3103 (1.2) 1126 (0.4) 775 (0.3) 2165 (0.8) 4066 (1.6) 0.76 ( ) 0.78 ( ) 0.76 ( ) 0.76 ( ) Ischaemic stroke Haemorrhagic stroke Unknown stroke Any stroke 987 (0.4) 188 (0.1) 555 (0.2) 1730 (0.7) 1225 (0.5) 163 (0.1) 629 (0.2) 2017 (0.8) 0.80 ( ) 1.10 ( ) 0.88 ( ) 0.85 ( ) Any major vascular event 7136 (2.8) 8934 (3.6) 0.79 ( ) Statin Control Lancet 2010; 376:
10 More vs less statin: Proportional effects on MAJOR VASCULAR EVENTS per mmol/l LDL-C reduction Outcome More statin Less statin RR (CI) per mmol/l LDL-C reduction Non-fatal MI CHD death Any major coronary event 1175 (1.3) 645 (0.7) 1725 (1.9) 1380 (1.5) 694 (0.7) 1973 (2.2) 0.71 ( ) 0.85 ( ) 0.74 ( ) CABG PTCA Unspecified Any coronary revascularisation 637 (0.7) 1166 (1.3) 447 (0.5) 2250 (2.6) 731 (0.9) 1508 (1.8) 502 (0.6) 2741 (3.2) 0.72 ( ) 0.60 ( ) 0.78 ( ) 0.66 ( ) Ischaemic stroke Haemorrhagic stroke Unknown stroke Any stroke 440 (0.5) 69 (0.1) 63 (0.1) 572 (0.6) 526 (0.6) 57 (0.1) 80 (0.1) 663 (0.7) 0.69 ( ) 1.39 ( ) 0.63 ( ) 0.74 ( ) Any major vascular event 3837 (4.5) 4416 (5.3) 0.72 ( ) Lancet 2010; 376: More statin Less statin
11 All trials (statin vs control OR more vs less statin): Proportional effects on MAJOR VASCULAR EVENTS per mmol/l reduction in LDL-C Outcome RR (CI) per mmol/l LDL-C reduction Non-fatal MI 3485 (1.0) 4593 (1.3) 0.73 ( ) CHD death Any major coronary event 1887 (0.5) 5105 (1.4) 2281 (0.6) 6512 (1.9) 0.80 ( ) 0.76 ( ) CABG 1453 (0.4) 1857 (0.5) 0.75 ( ) PTCA Unspecified 1767 (0.5) 2133 (0.6) 2283 (0.7) 2667 (0.8) 0.72 ( ) 0.76 ( ) Any coronary revascularisation 5353 (1.5) 6807 (2.0) 0.75 ( ) Ischaemic stroke Haemorrhagic stroke 1427 (0.4) 257 (0.1) 1751 (0.5) 220 (0.1) 0.79 ( ) 1.12 ( ) Unknown stroke Any stroke 618 (0.2) 2302 (0.6) 709 (0.2) 2680 (0.8) 0.88 ( ) 0.84 ( ) Any major vascular event (3.2) (4.0) 0.78 ( )
12 Proportional effects on MAJOR VASCULAR EVENTS per mmol/l LDL-C reduction, by baseline prognostic factors RR (CI) per mmol/l LDL-C reduction Previous vascular disease: CHD Non-CHD vascular None Diabetes: Type 1 diabetes 8395 (4.5) 674 (3.1) 1904 (1.4) 145 (4.5) (5.6) 802 (3.7) 2425 (1.8) 192 (6.0) 0.79 ( ) 0.81 ( ) 0.75 ( ) 0.77 ( ) Type 2 diabetes No diabetes Sex: Male Female Age (years): 65 > 65, 75 > 75 Body mass index (kg/m 2 ): < 25 25,< (3.0) 3688 (3.7) 0.79 ( ) 30 Smoking status: Current smokers Non-smokers 2494 (4.2) 2920 (5.1) 0.80 ( ) 8272 (3.2) (4.0) 0.78 ( ) 8712 (3.5) (4.4) 0.77 ( ) 2261 (2.5) 2625 (2.9) 0.83 ( ) 6056 (2.9) 7455 (3.6) 0.78 ( ) 4032 (3.7) 4908 (4.6) 0.78 ( ) 885 (4.8) 987 (5.4) 0.84 ( ) 5033 (3.3) 6125 (4.1) 0.78 ( ) 2732 (3.3) 3331 (4.1) 0.78 ( ) 2268 (3.6) 2896 (4.7) 0.78 ( ) 8703 (3.1) (3.9) 0.78 ( ) Total (3.2) (4.0) 0.78 ( ) Lancet 2010; 376:
13 Proportional effects on MAJOR VASCULAR EVENTS per mmol/l LDL-C reduction, by baseline prognostic factors RR (CI) per mmol/l LDL-C reduction Treated hypertension: Yes No 6176 (3.7) 4543 (2.7) 7350 (4.5) 5707 (3.5) 0.80 ( ) 0.76 ( ) Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg): < ,< Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg): < 80 80,< HDL-C (mmol/l): 1.0 >1.0, 1.3 > (3.2) 6500 (3.8) 0.80 ( ) 3145 (3.0) 4049 (3.9) 0.75 ( ) 2067 (3.6) 2473 (4.5) 0.79 ( ) 4558 (3.5) 5306 (4.2) 0.81 ( ) 3670 (3.0) 4587 (3.8) 0.77 ( ) 2452 (3.0) 3128 (3.9) 0.77 ( ) 5032 (4.0) 6165 (5.0) 0.78 ( ) 3656 (3.1) 4452 (3.9) 0.77 ( ) 2199 (2.4) 2633 (2.9) 0.80 ( ) Estimated GFR (ml/min/1.73m 2 ): < 60 60,< (4.1) 6161 (3.2) 1315 (2.5) 3354 (5.1) 7540 (4.0) 1571 (3.0) 0.77 ( ) 0.78 ( ) 0.77 ( ) Total (3.2) (4.0) 0.78 ( ) Lancet 2010; 376:
14 More vs less trials: Proportional effects on MAJOR VASCULAR EVENTS per mmol/l reduction in LDL-C, by baseline LDL-C Baseline LDL-C (mmol/l) More statin Less statin RR (CI) per mmol/l LDL-C reduction < ,< , < , < (4.6) 795 (5.2) 0.71 ( ) 1189 (4.2) 1317 (4.8) 0.77 ( ) 1065 (4.5) 1203 (5.0) 0.81 ( ) 517 (4.5) 633 (5.8) 0.61 ( ) 303 (5.7) 398 (7.8) 0.64 ( ) T otal 3837 (4.5) 4416 (5.3) 0.72 ( ) More statin Less statin Lancet 2010; 376:
15 Cause of death Vascular causes: Proportional effects on CAUSE-SPECIFIC MORTALITY per mmol/l LDL-C reduction RR (CI) per mmol/l LDL-C reduction CHD Other cardiac All cardiac 1887 (0.5) 1446 (0.4) 3333 (0.9) 2281 (0.6) 1603 (0.4) 3884 (1.1) 0.82 ( ) 0.90 ( ) 0.85 ( ) Ischaemic stroke Haemorrhagic stroke Unknown stroke Stroke 153 (0.0) 102 (0.0) 228 (0.1) 483 (0.1) 139 (0.0) 89 (0.0) 273 (0.1) 501 (0.1) 1.10 ( ) 1.14 ( ) 0.83 ( ) 0.96 ( ) Other vascular 404 (0.1) 409 (0.1) 0.99 ( ) Any vascular 4220 (1.2) 4794 (1.3) 0.88 ( ) Any non-vascular 2943 (0.8) 2994 (0.8) 0.98 ( ) Unknown 479 (0.1) 539 (0.1) 0.89 ( ) Any death 7642 (2.1) 8327 (2.3) 0.91 ( ) Lancet 2010; 376:
16 Expected reduction in MAJOR VASCULAR EVENT risk from lowering LDL-C with STATIN therapy Five year risk of a major vascular event, % More statin Statin Combined evidence: 34% relative risk reduction per 1.5 mmol/l (since 0.78 x 0.85 = 0.66) Control 22% relative risk reduction per mmol/l 15% relative risk reduction per 0.5 mmol/l Or: ~40% relative risk reduction per 2 mmol/l (0.78 x 0.78) LDL cholesterol, mmol/l
17 Effects on MAJOR VASCULAR EVENTS per mmol/l reduction in LDL-C at different levels of risk 5-year MVE risk at baseline RR (CI) per mmol/l LDL-C reduction < 5% 167 (0.38) 254 (0.56) 0.62 ( ) 5%,<10% 604 (1.10) 847 (1.57) 0.69 ( ) 10%,<20% 3614 (2.96) 4195 (3.50) 0.79 ( ) 20%,<30% 4108 (4.74) 4919 (5.80) 0.81 ( ) 30% 2787 (7.64) 3458 (9.82) 0.79 ( ) Overall (3.27) (4.04) 0.79 ( ) p< Lancet 2012; 380:
18 Effects on MAJOR CORONARY EVENTS per mmol/l reduction in LDL-C at different levels of risk 5-year MVE risk at baseline RR (CI) per mmol/l LDL-C reduction < 5% 50 (0.11) 88 (0.19) 0.57 ( ) 5%,<10% 276 (0.50) 435 (0.79) 0.61 ( ) 10%,<20% 1644 (1.29) 1973 (1.57) 0.77 ( ) 20%,<30% 1789 (1.93) 2282 (2.49) 0.77 ( ) 30% 1471 (3.73) 1887 (4.86) 0.78 ( ) Overall 5230 (1.45) 6665 (1.87) 0.76 ( ) p< Lancet 2012; 380:
19 Effects on ANY STROKE per mmol/l reduction in LDL-C at different levels of risk 5-year MVE risk at baseline RR (CI) per mmol/l LDL-C reduction < 5% 71 (0.16) 90 (0.20) 0.74 ( ) 5%,<10% 190 (0.34) 240 (0.43) 0.77 ( ) 10%,<20% 797 (0.62) 907 (0.71) 0.86 ( ) 20%,<30% 781 (0.84) 900 (0.97) 0.86 ( ) 30% 571 (1.45) 661 (1.68) 0.86 ( ) Overall 2410 (0.67) 2798 (0.78) 0.85 ( ) p< Lancet 2012; 380:
20 Effects on ANY CORONARY REVASCULARISATION per mmol/l reduction in LDL-C at different levels of risk 5-year MVE risk at baseline RR (CI) per mmol/l LDL-C reduction < 5% 73 (0.16) 135 (0.30) 0.52 ( ) 5%,<10% 224 (0.40) 342 (0.62) 0.63 ( ) 10%,<20% 1706 (1.36) 2061 (1.67) 0.75 ( ) 20%,<30% 2206 (2.46) 2717 (3.08) 0.79 ( ) 30% 1260 (3.28) 1655 (4.40) 0.76 ( ) Overall 5469 (1.55) 6910 (1.98) 0.76 ( ) p< Lancet 2012; 380:
21 Effects on VASCULAR MORTALITY per mmol/l LDL-C reduction at different levels of risk 5-year MVE risk at baseline RR (CI) per mmol/l LDL-C reduction < 5% 79 (0.18) 92 (0.20) 0.87 ( ) 5%,<10% 310 (0.55) 330 (0.59) 0.92 ( ) 10%,<20% 1473 (1.14) 1591 (1.23) 0.88 ( ) 20%,<30% 1596 (1.67) 1833 (1.92) 0.88 ( ) 30% 1340 (3.23) 1533 (3.69) 0.87 ( ) Overall 4798 (1.30) 5379 (1.47) 0.88 ( ) p< Lancet 2012; 380:
22 Effects on ALL CAUSE MORTALITY per mmol/l LDL-C reduction at different levels of risk 5-year MVE risk at baseline RR (CI) per mmol/l LDL-C reduction < 5% 232 (0.52) 244 (0.54) 0.97 ( ) 5%,<10% 639 (1.14) 710 (1.27) 0.89 ( ) 10%,<20% 2651 (2.04) 2827 (2.19) 0.91 ( ) 20%,<30% 2683 (2.80) 2903 (3.04) 0.92 ( ) 30% 2165 (5.22) 2403 (5.78) 0.89 ( ) Overall 8370 (2.27) 9087 (2.47) 0.91 ( ) p< Lancet 2012; 380:
23 MAJOR VASCULAR EVENTS avoided per 1,000 treated over 5 years LDL cholesterol reduction (mmol/l) with statin treatment <5% 30% 20%,<30% 10%,<20% 5%,<10% Lancet 2012; 380:
24 VASCULAR DEATHS avoided per 1,000 treated over 5 years <5% LDL cholesterol reduction (mmol/l) with statin treatment % 20%,<30% 10%,<20% 5%,<10% Lancet 2012; 380:
25 Proportional effects on SITE SPECIFIC CANCER per mmol/l LDL-C reduction Primary site No. of first cancers (% per annum) RR (CI) per mmol/l LDL-C reduction Gastrointestinal 1166 (0.3%) 1194 (0.3%) 0.97 ( ) Genitourinary 1596 (0.5%) 1645 (0.5%) 0.97 ( ) Respiratory 813 (0.2%) 814 (0.2%) 1.00 ( ) Female breast 267 (0.3%) 241 (0.3%) 1.07 ( ) Haematological 305 (0.1%) 291 (0.1%) 1.04 ( ) Melanoma 159 (0.0%) 142 (0.0%) 1.14 ( ) Other/unknown 754 (0.2%) 737 (0.2%) 1.04 ( ) Any cancer 5060 (1.4%) 5064 (1.4%) 1.00 ( ) Lancet 2010; 376:
26 Effects of statin therapy on CANCER MORTALITY by duration of treatment Year RR (CI) Trend test 22 Statin vs. control trials (1.08 mmol/l LDL cholesterol difference) 0-1 year 131 (0.2) 159 (0.2) 0.82 ( ) 1-2 years 308 (0.5) 278 (0.4) 1.11 ( ) 2-3 years 320 (0.6) 279 (0.5) 1.14 ( ) 3-4 years 269 (0.6) 295 (0.7) 0.90 ( ) 4-5 years 210 (0.7) 202 (0.7) 1.03 ( ) >5 years 127 (0.7) 145 (0.9) 0.86 ( ) Total 1365 (0.5) 1358 (0.5) 1.00 ( ) 5 More vs. less statin trials (0.51 mmol/l LDL cholesterol difference) 0-1 year 1-2 years 2-3 years 3-4 years 4-5 years >5 years 24 (0.1) 73 (0.4) 83 (0.5) 82 (0.6) 81 (0.6) 104 (0.8) 38 (0.2) 87 (0.5) 71 (0.5) 80 (0.5) 85 (0.7) 120 (1.0) 0.64 ( ) 0.84 ( ) 1.17 ( ) 1.03 ( ) 0.95 ( ) 0.87 ( ) Total 447 (0.5) 481 (0.5) 0.93 ( ) 2 c = (p=0.51) 2 c 1 = 0.18 (p=0.67) PLoS ONE 7(1): e29849.doi: /journal.pone
27 Effects of statin therapy on CANCER MORTALITY by baseline LDL cholesterol Baseline LDL-C, mmol/l 22 Statin vs. control trials (1.08 mmol/l LDL cholesterol difference) < 2 49 (0.7) 54 (0.7) 2,< (0.5) 99 (0.6) 2.5,< (0.5) 203 (0.6) 3.0,< (0.6) 313 (0.6) (0.4) 670 (0.4) Total 1365 (0.5) 1358 (0.5) 5 More vs. less statin trials (0.51 mmol/l LDL cholesterol difference) < 2 73 (0.4) 107 (0.6) 2,< (0.5) 151 (0.5) 2.5,< ,< (0.5) 139 (0.5) 49 (0.4) 39 (0.3) (0.6) 38 (0.6) Total 447 (0.5) 481 (0.5) RR (CI) 0.86 ( ) 0.73 ( ) 0.89 ( ) 1.06 ( ) 1.04 ( ) 1.00 ( ) 0.68 ( ) 1.04 ( ) 0.96 ( ) 1.22 ( ) 0.92 ( ) 0.93 ( ) Trend test c 2 1 = 5.02 (p=0.03) c = (p=0.14) PLoS ONE 7(1): e29849.doi: /journal.pone
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