Zürcher Hochschule Winterthur

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1 ITG Informationstagung "Wireless LAN" WLAN Sicherheit Prof. Dr. Andreas Steffen Zürcher Hochschule Winterthur Zürcher Hochschule Winterthur / WLAN_Security.ppt / Seite 1

2 Contents WLAN Threats WLAN WEP Encryption WLAN WEP Key Derivation WLAN Security: WPA / IEEE 802.1x WLAN Security: Virtual Private Networks VPN Gateways and VPN Clients Summary / WLAN_Security.ppt / Seite 2

3 WLAN War Driving / WLAN_Security.ppt / Seite 3

4 WLAN War Driving using NetStumbler NetStumbler available from Laptop or PDA platform, optionally equipped with GPS device / WLAN_Security.ppt / Seite 4

5 WLAN War Driving Map of Zurich >700 access points, a majority of them with disabled WEP encryption Source: Tages-Anzeiger, Oct / WLAN_Security.ppt / Seite 5

6 Cain Password Recovery Tool Cain available from ARP poisoning, SSH and HTTPS man-in-the-middle attacks / WLAN_Security.ppt / Seite 6

7 Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) / 104 IV Key RC4 PRNG IV Payload CRC32 + Ciphertext Weaknesses in the Key Scheduling Algorithm of RC4 published by S. Fluhrer, I. Mantin & A. Shamir in August 2001 By collecting weak 24 bit Initialization Vectors, 104 bit RC4 keys can be cracked within hours or days depending on throughput. Attack implemented by AirSnort ( Usually straight mapping of ASCII passwords into RC4 keys Weak passwords can be cracked using a brute force dictionary attack written by ZHW students ( WEP is weak and therefore next to useless!!! / WLAN_Security.ppt / Seite 7

8 WEP Key Derivation Usually 5 or 13 ASCII characters are directly mapped into a 40 or 104 bit WEP key. Strong WEP key: 26 HEX symbols. 104 bit WEP key from truncated MD5 hash of arbitrary length passphrase / WLAN_Security.ppt / Seite 8

9 How to secure a WLAN? / WLAN_Security.ppt / Seite 9

10 Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA) Temporal Key Integrity Protocol (TKIP) Increased length of Initialization Vector (IV). Each WLAN packet is cryptographically secured by a Message Integrity Checksum (MIC). Periodic Re-Keying (e.g. every hour) Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP) IEEE 802.1x protocol controls network access. EAP-TLS, and Protected EAP (PEAP) protocols, respectively, authenticate WLAN users via RADIUS authentication server. In the low-end SOHO area security will still be based on passwords stored in the access point Dictionary Attacks! WPA is a Makeshift Solution WPA is a forward-compatible subset of the forthcoming IEEE i WLAN security standard / WLAN_Security.ppt / Seite 10

11 IEEE 802.1x Port Based Network Access Control EAP Over Wireless (EAPOW) Supplicant (WLAN client) uncontrolled port controlled port EAP over RADIUS Authenticator (WLAN AP) Intranet Authentication Server (RADIUS) / WLAN_Security.ppt / Seite 11

12 IEEE 802.1x based on EAP TLS Supported by Windows XP True Security / WLAN_Security.ppt / Seite 12

13 IEEE 802.1x based on PEAP Supported by Windows XP! Dictionary Attacks! / WLAN_Security.ppt / Seite 13

14 Virtual Private Networks VPN Client Wireless Intranet User VPN Tunnel /0 DMZ Interface Wireless VPN clients tunnel 100% of their IP traffic over the insecure air link using the peer network subnet mask /0. Strong encryption and authentication. WLAN Access Point Private Intranet Internet Intranet Server VPN Gateway / Firewall / WLAN_Security.ppt / Seite 14

15 Linux FreeS/WAN as a VPN Gateway Available from / OpenSource IPsec stack for Linux Systems X.509 certificate based authentication developed by ZHW! Easy installation via RedHat/SuSE/Debian/Mandrake RPMs Commercial CD-Firewall version available form Number of VPN tunnels is limited by hardware resources, only. Linux Free/SWAN can also be used as a VPN client Simple configuration: conn wlan right=%any rightrsasigkey=%cert rightsubnetwithin= /16 left=%defaultroute leftsubnet= /0 leftsubnet leftcert=gwcert.pem auto=add gwcert left %cert right / WLAN_Security.ppt / Seite 15

16 Windows 2000/XP VPN Client Windows 2000/XP comes with a built-in IPsec stack Configuration via the mmc management console is tiresome! OpenSource tool from loads text-based configuration directly into Windows registry: conn wlan left=%any # insert client IP right= # gateway IP rightsubnet=* # home network rightca= C=CH,O=ZHW,CN=ZHW CA # certification authority network=lan # lan/ras/auto auto=start WLAN clients can tunnel whole IP traffic to VPN gateway Commercial VPN clients: SSH Sentinel, SafeNet/Soft Remote / WLAN_Security.ppt / Seite 16

17 Summary WLANs are extremely vulnerable, even with WEP encryption! Latest WLAN access point models are equipped with WPA. WPA mends the coarsest WEP security holes. IEEE i WLAN security standard is still a long way off. WPA is secure only in conjunction with a RADIUS infrastructure and EAP-TLS authenticaton. The "poor man's" WPA solution will still be based on [weak] passwords. An efficient and cryptographically secure alternative is the use of an IPsec-based Virtual Private Network on top of WLAN. Low-cost VPN solutions for Linux, Windows and MacOS platforms are readily available. Further information available from / WLAN_Security.ppt / Seite 17

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