IRONY ANALYSIS IN STEPHENIE MEYER S NOVEL TWILIGHT. Cicy Julianty Kadir State university of Gorontalo.

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1 As a partial Fulfillments of Requirement for Degree of Sarjana Pendidikan Presented to the English department Letters and culture faculty State University of Gorontalo IRONY ANALYSIS IN STEPHENIE MEYER S NOVEL TWILIGHT Cicy Julianty Kadir Cicyjuliantykadir@yahoo.co.id State university of Gorontalo Abstract BACKGROUND The type of this research is descriptive qualitative research. This research aims to interpret the meaning of kinds of Irony in the novel Twilight. The approach uses in this research are Structural approach. Techniques of analyzing the data based on content analysis are identification, classification and interpretation. The result of this research is novel Twilight contain kinds of irony namely verbal and situational irony. The researcher found 12 verbal irony and 10 situational irony. In verbal irony divides based on the social function and grounded on Abrams and Litmann and May s Theory. Situational irony divided into five different situations namely Situational Irony of Simple incongruity, Situational Irony of Events, Dramatic Irony, Situational Irony of Self-Betrayal, and Situational Irony of Dilemma. In analyze situational irony grounded on Oliveira and Litmann and May s theory. It can be concluding that kinds of irony (Verbal and Situational Irony) use in Stephenie Meyer s novel Twilight. Observing about literature is needed because literature and human doing are relate. Literature in this case figurative language is occurring in pure literary works. Examples of the usage of figurative language in literary works are in novel, book, poem, song s lyric, drama script, movie dialogue. Etc. Within this research, I use novel as an object because novel is one of delegation of the human s life. There are many kinds of figurative language that commonly use in a literary work such as novel like metaphor, simile, irony, personification. Etc, but not all of figurative languages frequently use in literary work depend on habitual of the author. One of the figurative language that usually use by the author is irony. Irony is a rethorical device, literary technique, or situation in which there is an incongruity between the literal and the implied meaning. Irony use when the people do not want to abuse another people directly. Irony not only happens in the novel but also in the real life. For example: You are diligent people; you wake up at o clock.

2 This is the example of irony in the real life. He says diligent people but the real meaning is lazy people. Irony occurs when we say something but the fact it is contrast with the true meaning. In real life, irony has an important function to people. Gibbs (as cited in Stanel 2006, p.25) gave the function of irony Irony is use to be witty, to put someone at ease or to save face. From the explanation of the expert mention I think that irony not only useful to make novel more beautiful but also irony has social function in society. It is one of the reasons why I make analysis about irony in my thesis writing. There are two types of Irony namely verbal irony and situational irony. I choose novel Twilight because this novel is one of novel that popular in the world. Twilight consist of four novel (Twilight, New Moon, Eclipse, and Breaking Dawn).For this research I choose the first novel (Twilight) as object. Since the release of the first novel, Twilight, in 2005, the books have gained immense popularity and commercial success around the world. Novel Twilight wrote by Stephenie Meyer. Stephenie Meyer is an American young adult author and producer, best known for her vampire romance series Twilight. THEORETICAL BASES Definition of Figurative Language According Puttenham (in Childs and Fowler 2006, p.90) gives definition of figurative language as a novelty of language evidently (and yet not absurdly) estranged from the ordinary habit and manner of our daily talk and writing, and figure itself is a certain lively or good grace set upon words, speeches, and sentences some purpose and not in vain, giving them ornament or efficacy by many manner of alterations in shape, in sound, and also in sense, Using figurative language is making imaginative descriptions in fresh ways. It is usually immediately obvious whether a writer is using figurative or literal language. The other expert Holman (1980, p.185) gives definition of figurative language that figurative language is intentional departure from the normal order, construction, or meaning of words in order to gain strength and freshness of expression, to create pictorial effect, to describe by analogy or to discover and to illustrate similarities in other wise dissimilar things. According the explanation of Holman I can say that figurative language is one of the ways to make writing more attractive and descriptive also it is done as a style of writing. There are many figurative language that commonly appear in literary work based on habitual of the author, they are simile, metaphor, metonymy, allegory, synecdoche, personification, symbol, hyperbola, litotes, paradox (oxymoron) and irony. So, there are many kinds of figurative language that the author can use in his/her work. It is depends to author to use which one of figurative language in his/her work. From the definition above it can conclude that figurative language creates the novel to make novel interest to read. The authors of novel always make figurative language to make their novel more beautiful and interest. One of types of figurative language that always use of the author is irony. The Concept of Irony According to Giora (1995, p.1) irony is a figure of speech that communicates the opposite of what is said. By saying "What a lovely party!" in the middle of a lousy party, the speaker communicates "what a lousy party.". Furthermore, Childs and Fowler (2006, p.123) say that

3 irony is a mode of discourse for conveying meanings different from, and usually opposite to, the professed or ostensible ones. There are several kinds of irony, though they fall into two main categories: situational and verbal. According to Littmann and May (as cited in Stanel 2006, p.9) there are two basic form of irony they are: Verbal Irony Verbal irony (which was traditionally classified as one of the tropes) is a statement in which the meaning that a speaker implies differs sharply from the meaning that is ostensibly expressed. (Abrams 1999, p.135) In other words verbal irony is the use of words to express something other than and especially the opposite of the literal meaning. In other words, you say one thing but actually mean the opposite. An example of this is when someone says "Oh, that's beautiful", when what they mean (probably conveyed by their tone) is they find that quite ugly. Situational Irony Situational irony is a discrepancy between the expected result and actual results. It deals with the unexpected and the incoherent situations. This situational irony is embedded in an environment where the universe seems to be against you, in other words, when the unexpected happens. For example: A man who takes a step aside in order to avoid getting sprinkled by a wet dog and falls into a swimming pool. (Oliveira, 2011, p.73) irony: Muecke (as cited in Stanel, 2006, p.18) give distinguishes five different of Situational Irony of Simple Incongruity: This first form is also known as minimal irony because there is incongruity in all ironic situations. Irony of Events: There is an ironic incongruity between the expectation and the event. Dramatic Irony: In contrast to the previous form, dramatic irony is immediately ironic and does not depend on any subsequent reading of the results. Irony of Self-Betrayal: Someone exposes his own ignorance, weaknesses, errors or follies accidentally by what he says or does, not by what happens to him. DATA FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS Data finding explains about the data of irony. It was dividing into two kinds: verbal irony and situational irony. In classification of the data, I find out 22 data when I read the utterances the novel Twilight, they are: 12 verbal irony and 10 situational irony. The example of verbal irony that occurs in novel TWILIGHT is occurs on page It is conversation between Bella and Jessica. Bella think that Dr. Carlisle is a good man because want to adopt five children, and she ask the opinion of Jessica. Jessica agrees with Bella s opinion but her voice indicates different meaning. I guess so it is a statement of Jessica who say agrees but in her heart she does not agree with Bella s opinion. Bella suspect that she is jealous with the Cullen s family because all of them have a handsome and beautiful face. This is verbal irony because Jessica says something that has opposite meaning. Refers to Abrams Theory about verbal irony is ostensibly expressed, so Jessica s statement can include in verbal irony because she ostensibly say agree but the fact she does not agree with Bella s opinion. The other kind of irony is situational irony. It is containing in novel Twilight For example on page 4 show that Bella love Phoenix and she like sun and the baking heat. From

4 her statement she should live in city that has bright weather. But in this novel she must stay in the forks, the city which always rains all the time and the sun shining rarely. She decides leave her lovely city (Phoenix) because she does not want to disturb her mother going to Florida with her new husband. She makes difficult decision for herself. It is situational because Bella love the sun but she must live in the city which rarely impeccable heat of the sun. So this is really something different with her expectation. Also grounded on Karla s theory that say situational irony is unexpected happen, it can include in situational irony. Situational irony divides into five different situations: Irony of Simple Incongruity, Irony of Events, Dramatic Irony, Irony of Self-Betrayal, and Irony of Dilemma. In this novel I find some story that includes in Situational Irony of Simple Incongruity, Situational Irony of Events, Situational Irony of Self-Betrayal and Situational Irony of Dilemma. Dramatic Irony cannot find out in this novel. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION Conclusion Based on the data analysis and the discussion of this research, the researcher concludes that, there are 12 verbal irony and 10 situational irony in Stephenie Meyer s novel Twilight. This research uses structural as the basic instruction in analyzing. After collect the data I am find out 12 verbal irony. Almost all the data of verbal irony always say something which different with reality or it has opposite meaning with our statement. There is one story in novel Twilight contain verbal irony that has function as a humor goals. Also, there are three stories in novel Twilight that categorize into verbal irony that has a function as instructional goals or criticize someone or something. All the data that categorize into verbal irony analyzing by Abrams s theory. The function of verbal irony as a social function grounded on Litmann and May s Theory. There are 10 data in novel Twilight that classify on situational irony. Situational irony divides into five different situations namely Irony of Simple Incongruity, Irony of Events, Dramatic Irony, Irony of Self-Betrayal, and Irony of Dilemma. All of situational irony includes in situational irony of simple incongruity. There are eight stories in novel Twilight includes on Situational Irony of Events. The story that categorize into Situational Irony of Self-Betrayal is one story. There is one story that classify on Situational Irony of Dilemma. There is no Dramatic Irony that contain in novel Twilight. I am as the researcher make conclude that there are verbal irony and situational irony in novel Twilight. In this novel, the author uses more verbal irony than situational irony. Hence, the problem statement in chapter one can be answered. Suggestion In this research I would like to give the present study offers some suggestions. The suggestions will explain below: This study does not include all the elements or kinds of figurative language. This study only focus analyze irony especially the kinds of irony in novel. While, there are many kinds of figurative language that contain in literary work that is still not in the analysis. For that the reader or the students can continue the analysis to other kinds of figurative language as research material. So, students can interest to learn literature. This research can be useful for students and teacher or lecturer. In the content of research study, this research can be references for the students that interest in doing a research about literature. This is present some theory and methodology that can guide the next researcher for doing their research. Then I would like to recommend the students to

5 do a research from other kinds of irony. Also they can be analyzing it in another works of Stephenie Meyer like New Moon, Eclipse, and Breaking Dawn. REFERENCES Childs, P. & Fowler. R.(2006). The Routlegde Dictionary of Literary Terms. London: Taylor and Francis Group Giora, R.(1995). On irony and negation. Discourse processes 19, pp Retrieved from Accessed on March 31, 2013 Holman, C.H. (1980). A Handbook of Literature. United State of America: The Bobbs-Merril Company, Inc. Stanel, Tina.(2006). Linguistic approaches to irony. Chemnitz: Technische Universitat Chemnitz