Silencing the Self Across Cultures: Depression and Gender in the Social World

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1 Oxford Scholarship Online You are looking at of 526 items for: keywords : stasis psyclin Silencing the Self Across Cultures: Depression and Gender in the Social World Dana C. Jack and Alisha Ali Published in print: 2010 Published Online: May 2010 ISBN: eisbn: Item type: book acprof:oso/ This international volume offers new perspectives on social and psychological aspects of the complex dynamic of depression. The 21 contributors from 13 countries Australia, Canada, Finland, Germany, Haiti, India, Israel, Nepal, Poland, Portugal, Puerto Rico, Scotland, and the United States represent contexts with very different histories, political and economic structures, and gender role disparities. Authors use Silencing the Self theory, which details the negative psychological effects when individuals silence themselves in close relationships and the importance of the social context in precipitating depression. This book breaks new ground by demonstrating that the linkage of depressive symptoms with self-silencing occurs across a range of cultures. Chapters offer evidence regarding why women s depression is more widespread than men s and why the treatment of depression lies in understanding that a person s individual psychology is inextricably related to the social world and to close relationships. Several chapters describe the transformative possibilities of community-driven movements for disadvantaged women that support healing through a recovery of voice, and describe the need for systemic and structural changes to counter violations of human rights as a means of reducing women s risk of depression. Chapters also discuss health-related aspects of self-silencing, including eating disorders, treatment for cardiovascular disease, HIV/ AIDS prevention and treatment, and self-care for women in cancer treatment. Bringing the work of these researchers together in one collection furthers international dialogue about critical social factors that affect the rising rates of depression around the globe. Page 1 of 6

2 Rational and Irrational Beliefs: Research, Theory, and Clinical Practice Daniel David, Steven Lynn, and Albert Ellis (eds) Published in print: 2009 Published Online: September 2009 ISBN: eisbn: Item type: book acprof:oso/ In this book leading scholars, researchers, and practitioners of rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT) and other cognitive-behavioral therapies (CBTs) share their perspectives and empirical findings on the nature of rational and irrational beliefs, the role of beliefs as mediators of functional and dysfunctional emotions and behaviors, and clinical approaches to modifying irrational beliefs, enhancing rational beliefs, and adaptive coping in the face of stressful life events. Offering a cohesive approach to understanding REBT/CBT and its central constructs of rational and irrational beliefs, contributors review a steadily accumulating empirical literature indicating that irrational beliefs are associated with a wide range of problems in living and that exposure to rational selfstatements can decrease anxiety and other psychological symptoms, and play a valuable role in health promotion and disease prevention. Contributors also identify new frontiers of research and theory, including the link between irrational beliefs and other cognitive processes such as memory, psychophysiological responses, and evolutionary and cultural determinants of rational and irrational beliefs. Errors in Lightness acprof:oso/ This chapter argues that the overall pattern of errors in human lightness perception offers a powerful method for identifying the kind of software used by the lightness system. In a systematic survey of lightness errors, it is demonstrated that many of the errors predicted by lightness theories do not occur, and many of the errors that do occur are not predicted by the theories. The computational models fail to account for errors, and error-driven models are proposed here. Page 2 of 6

3 An Anchoring Model of Errors acprof:oso/ This chapter offers a specific error-driven theory of lightness framed in terms of the rules of anchoring. The lightness model described in Gilchrist et al. (1999) is presented in more detail in this chapter. Its principal strength is the wide range of lightness errors it can accommodate. Central to the model is its construction of the relationship between simple and complex images. The discussion starts with a consideration of lightness in simple images. At the heart of the anchoring model lies a critical assumption about the relationship between simple and complex images: the rules of anchoring found in simple images are applicable to frames of reference embedded within complex images. The same anchoring rules are held to apply to both. Theories of Lightness acprof:oso/ This chapter outlines and critiques all the main theories of lightness, laying out the strengths and weaknesses of each. These include the past experience theories, contrast theories, brightness models, decomposition models, and anchoring theory. Concluding Thoughts acprof:oso/ This chapter draws conclusions from the current evidence regarding lightness perception. It is argued that the twin assumptions of raw Page 3 of 6

4 sensations and their cognitive interpretation have undermined progress and should be discarded. Three sources of motivation for theories of lightness are described: physiology, veridicality, and error. The strengths and weaknesses of each are analyzed, and the current challenges for lightness theory are addressed. Introduction acprof:oso/ Color perception requires a distinction between both chromatic colors and achromatic colors. These are funny terms: the first is redundant, the second is an oxymoron colored colors and non-colored colors. This introduction looks at the perception of achromatic colors, sometimes called neutral colors or nonselective colors. By extension, the discussion includes the achromatic dimension of chromatic colors. For example, pink differs from maroon only on this dimension. The emphasis is on the perception of surface color, which is the property of an object, rather than on the perception of light. The perception of objective properties of the real, everyday world, not isolated patches of light in a dark laboratory, is explored. The Classic Period acprof:oso/ Prior to the 19th century one can find references to the problem of lightness and color constancy, but no sustained experimental program. Most notable in this regard are the insightful writings of the Arab scholar Alhazen, a writer of astonishing modernity, though he lived 1,000 years ago. This chapter chronicles the scientific development of lightness theory that has unfolded in the West during the classic period, when great thinkers such as Alhazen, Ernst Mach, Hermann von Helmholtz, and Ewald Hering defined the basic problem of lightness constancy and staked out opposing solutions. Helmholtz, Hering, and Mach had all Page 4 of 6

5 observed the effects of depth on lightness, but none of them gave depth the central role it would later be given by the Gestaltists. The Katz Period acprof:oso/ The second distinct period of lightness work took place between 1911 and In the thirty-five years following Ewald Hering's Outlines of a Theory of the Light Sense, no important theoretical developments in lightness took place until the publication in 1911 of David Katz's book (translated into English in 1935 as The World of Colour). For the next two decades, Katz's work dominated the field of lightness. Katz himself was not a Gestalt psychologist, nor was he a theorist of any note. His theoretical ideas did not deviate substantially from those of Hering and Hermann von Helmholtz. However, Katz broke new ground in phenomenology and experimentation, and he was respected by the Gestaltists on both counts. The Gestalt Period acprof:oso/ The third period of lightness theory saw the arrival of the Gestalt psychologists, with their penetrating insights and dramatic experiments. Rejecting the clumsy two-stage conception of raw sensations and cognitive interpretation, they proposed a single perceptual process that was parsimonious and elegant. The emergence of Gestalt theory is often tied to the 1912 publication of Max Wertheimer's paper on apparent motion. But the Gestaltists did not really turn their attention to lightness until the early 1930s. When they did, they turned the field upside down. In the short space of five years they published a series of devastating crucial experiments. David Katz, who represented the standard view of lightness, was in retreat on every issue on which Gestalt theory Page 5 of 6

6 challenged him. The Gestalt period was cut short by the tragic events surrounding World War II. Page 6 of 6