Climate Drivers. Global Change Ecology Botany 275
|
|
|
- Lenard Page
- 7 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Climate Drivers Global Change Ecology Botany 275
2 External and Internal Drivers of Climate External Drivers -Sunspot Cycles -Orbital Variations Internal Drivers -Plate Tectonics -Volcanic Activity -Albedo -Greenhouse Effect
3 Climate forcing mechanisms Mechanism Time period 1. Solar Forcing Solar intensity (sunspots) (10 s to 100 s of years) Orbital Variations (Thousands of years) 2. Plate Tectonics (Millions of years) Mountain building, continent locations 3. Albedo (all time scales) 4. Aerosols (1-10 years) Volcanoes, pollution 5. Greenhouse Effect (all time scales) CO2, Methane, Water vapor 6. Land use (1 to 100 s of years)
4 Climate Drivers Incoming solar energy
5 Radiative Forcing of Climate Change Measured in units of watts per square meter (watts/m 2 ) Average solar radiation reaching the earth at the top of the atmosphere=1370 watts/m 2 This equates to 343 watts/m 2 when distributed uniformly over the earth s surface. For reference: A doubling of CO 2 from pre-industrial level of 280 ppmv to 560 ppmv results in radiative forcing of about 4 watts/m 2,
6 Estimated solar irradiance variations One way to measure solar intensity is from satellite observations, which are available only since the late 1970 s. These show solar variations of about 0.2 watts/m 2. This graph shows estimates of changes in solar output since
7 Figure 2.17
8 Figure 2.16
9 Sunspots
10 Sunspot Cycles Number of sunspots Maunder
11 Climate Drivers Orbital Variations or Milankovitch Cycles
12
13 Milutin Milankovitch
14
15 Current Eccentricity
16 Variation in Axial Obliquity, 40,000 year cycle Tilt of the axis
17
18 Precession of the equinoxes, ~19,000 to 23,000 year Cycle: Direction of tilt Wobbling top
19 Orbital Variations: Milankovitch Cycles Orbital Eccentricity. Shape of the Earth s orbit (cycles ~100,000 years) changes the distance between the Earth and Sun Axial tilt (cycles over 41,000 years) changes noon day Sun elevation and daylength Precession of the equinoxes (cycles over 19,000-23,000 years) changes when winter and summer occur on Earth.
20 Insolation at 65 degrees north latitude from the present to 1 million years ago Berger 1991
21 Vostok time series and insolation Atm Temp
22 Question: 1. How do Milankovitch cycles (e.g., changes in orbital parameters) lead to the onset and termination of ice ages? (e.g., warm summers & cold winters, cool summers and warm winters, etc.) 2. Propose a sequence of events or processes considering that the overall change in insolation is small (e.g., ~0.25 watts/m 2 ), but that the ice ages are global.
23 -35 per mille VSMOW ppbv 400 ppmv 100 GISP2 (N. Atlantic SSTs) Methane CO2 Sea-Level (Ice Volume) 175 m 50 0 warm July (45 deg. N) W/m2-50 cold Calendar ka Thousands of years ago Insolation January (45 deg. N) 0
24 -35 per mille VSMOW ppbv 400 ppmv 100 Small ice sheets GISP2 (N. Atlantic SSTs) Methane CO2 Sea-Level (Ice Volume) 175 m 50 W/m2 0 Large ice sheets July (45 deg. N) Insolation Calendar ka January (45 deg. N) Thousands of years ago 0
25 -35 per mille VSMOW ppbv 400 ppmv 100 High CO2 GISP2 (N. Atlantic SSTs) Methane CO2 (from ice cores) Sea-Level (Ice Volume) 175 m Low CO July (45 deg. N) W/m Calendar ka Thousands of years ago Insolation January (45 deg. N) 0
26 per mille VSMOW ppbv 400 ppmv 100 warm cold GISP2 (Oxygen isotopes- Measures air temperature) Methane CO2 (from ice cores) Sea-Level (Ice Volume) 175 m 50 0 July (45 deg. N) W/m Calendar ka Thousands of years ago Insolation January (45 deg. N) 0
27 Milankovitch Theory of Ice Ages The Milankovitch (1941) theory of the ice ages assumes that summer insolation anomalies at high latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere (NH) drive the ice ages: minimum summer insolation allows snow and ice accumulated in the cold season to survive, while maximum summer insolation tends to melt the ice sheets. Hansen et al Climate change and trace gases. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A
28 Alternative Theory of Ice Ages Hansen et al suggest that spring is the critical season for terminations, because the albedo feedback works via the large change in absorbed sunlight that begins once the ice/snow surface becomes wet, after which the surface albedo remains low until thick fresh snow accumulates. A spring maximum of insolation anomaly pushes the first melt earlier in the year, without comparable shortening of autumn melt, thus abetting ice sheet disintegration. And an increase of GHGs stretches the melt season both earlier and later, while also increasing midsummer melt. Hansen et al Climate change and trace gases. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A
29 Figure 3. (a) Temperature, CO2, and sea level (SL), (b) late spring (April,May,June) insolation at 60 degrees N and (c) late spring (October, November, December) insolation at 75 degrees S. Hansen et al Climate change and trace gases. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A
30 Could both theories contribute to glacial cycles? Perhaps the Milankovitch theory (summer/winter insolation) could lead to the initial formation of ice sheets, but the Hansen theory leads to the sudden termination.
31 Vostok Ice Core Hansen et al Climate change and trace gases. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A
32 Question: 1. The increase in temperature in the Vostok ice core seems to preceed CO 2 rise by several hundred years. How do you account for this? What does this imply about the role of CO 2? 2. How do would you respond to a sceptic that uses this result to argue that we therefore should not be concerned about rising CO 2 levels?
33 Question: 1. How do would you respond to a sceptic that argues that solar output and sunspot activity control global temperatures (and therefore we should not be concerned about rising CO 2 levels)?
34 Solar forces have affected the climate system 1 Radiative forcing (W/m2)
35 Figure SPM.2
36
37 Question: What is the role of external forcing likely to be in recent warming?
38 Question: 1. What seasonal distribution of insolation do you expect to lead to onset and end of ice ages? (e.g., warm summers & cold winters, cool summers and warm winters, etc.) 2. Why? Propose a sequence of events or processes that explain and support your answer to 1.
39 Variation in Orbital Eccentricity (~100,000 year cycle) perihelion aphelion
40 SPM 3
41 External and Internal Drivers of Climate External -Sunspot Cycles (Decades) -Orbital Variations (Thousands of years) Internal -Plate Tectonics (Millions of years) -Volcanic Activity (1-3 years) -Albedo (All time scales) -Greenhouse Effect (All time scales)
42 What is climate? Climate is average weather and its variability for a particular region over a period of time Climate is what we expect, weather is what we get.
43 What is climate change? Climate change is a shift in climate relative to a given reference time period It is caused by: Natural factors -Solar variability -Volcanic dust levels -Internal variability -Geological change Human factors - Greenhouse gases - Aerosols -Ozone depletion -Land use change
44 Proxy data also indicate that the recent warming is likely unprecedented in at least the past millennium Source: IPCC(2001)
45 Review FAQ 6.1, Figure 1 What are the periodicities associated with each orbital variation?
46 Questions: 1. How do you expect orbital eccentricity and precision to interact to affect seasonal insolation? 2. How about obliquity and precision? 3. Under what conditions might we expect most seasonal variation in insolation?
47 Record of oxygen isotopes in ocean sediment over the last 800,000 years shows several glaciations (The last glaciation was 18,000 years ago) Warm (interglacial) Thousands of Years Ago Cold (glacial)
Orbital-Scale Climate Change
Orbital-Scale Climate Change Climate Needed for Ice Age Warm winter and non-frozen oceans so lots of evaporation and snowfall Cool summer so that ice does not melt Ice Age Model When ice growing ocean
Solar Flux and Flux Density. Lecture 3: Global Energy Cycle. Solar Energy Incident On the Earth. Solar Flux Density Reaching Earth
Lecture 3: Global Energy Cycle Solar Flux and Flux Density Planetary energy balance Greenhouse Effect Vertical energy balance Latitudinal energy balance Seasonal and diurnal cycles Solar Luminosity (L)
FACTS ABOUT CLIMATE CHANGE
FACTS ABOUT CLIMATE CHANGE 1. What is climate change? Climate change is a long-term shift in the climate of a specific location, region or planet. The shift is measured by changes in features associated
ATM S 111, Global Warming: Understanding the Forecast
ATM S 111, Global Warming: Understanding the Forecast DARGAN M. W. FRIERSON DEPARTMENT OF ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES DAY 1: OCTOBER 1, 2015 Outline How exactly the Sun heats the Earth How strong? Important concept
Global Warming. Charles F. Keller
Global Warming Charles F. Keller Smokestacks at an industrial plant. Introduction Global warming is in the news. While scientists agree that temperatures are rising, they disagree as to the causes and
Data Sets of Climate Science
The 5 Most Important Data Sets of Climate Science Photo: S. Rahmstorf This presentation was prepared on the occasion of the Arctic Expedition for Climate Action, July 2008. Author: Stefan Rahmstorf, Professor
The Ice Age By: Sue Peterson
www.k5learning.com Objective sight words (pulses, intermittent, isotopes, chronicle, methane, tectonic plates, volcanism, configurations, land-locked, erratic); concepts (geological evidence and specific
GRAND MINIMUM OF THE TOTAL SOLAR IRRADIANCE LEADS TO THE LITTLE ICE AGE. by Habibullo Abdussamatov
GRAND MINIMUM OF THE TOTAL SOLAR IRRADIANCE LEADS TO THE LITTLE ICE AGE by Habibullo Abdussamatov SPPI ORIGINAL PAPER November 25, 2013 GRAND MINIMUM OF THE TOTAL SOLAR IRRADIANCE LEADS TO THE LITTLE ICE
GETTING TO THE CORE: THE LINK BETWEEN TEMPERATURE AND CARBON DIOXIDE
DESCRIPTION This lesson plan gives students first-hand experience in analyzing the link between atmospheric temperatures and carbon dioxide ( ) s by looking at ice core data spanning hundreds of thousands
Solar energy and the Earth s seasons
Solar energy and the Earth s seasons Name: Tilt of the Earth s axis and the seasons We now understand that the tilt of Earth s axis makes it possible for different parts of the Earth to experience different
ESCI 107/109 The Atmosphere Lesson 2 Solar and Terrestrial Radiation
ESCI 107/109 The Atmosphere Lesson 2 Solar and Terrestrial Radiation Reading: Meteorology Today, Chapters 2 and 3 EARTH-SUN GEOMETRY The Earth has an elliptical orbit around the sun The average Earth-Sun
Are Humans Responsible for Global Warming?
Are Humans Responsible for Global Warming? A REVIEW OF THE FACTS APRIL 2007 AUTHORS James Wang, Ph.D. Bill Chameides, Ph.D. Are Humans Responsible for Global Warming? The case for attributing the recent
Chapter Overview. Seasons. Earth s Seasons. Distribution of Solar Energy. Solar Energy on Earth. CHAPTER 6 Air-Sea Interaction
Chapter Overview CHAPTER 6 Air-Sea Interaction The atmosphere and the ocean are one independent system. Earth has seasons because of the tilt on its axis. There are three major wind belts in each hemisphere.
Chapter 2: Solar Radiation and Seasons
Chapter 2: Solar Radiation and Seasons Spectrum of Radiation Intensity and Peak Wavelength of Radiation Solar (shortwave) Radiation Terrestrial (longwave) Radiations How to Change Air Temperature? Add
Seasonal & Daily Temperatures. Seasons & Sun's Distance. Solstice & Equinox. Seasons & Solar Intensity
Seasonal & Daily Temperatures Seasons & Sun's Distance The role of Earth's tilt, revolution, & rotation in causing spatial, seasonal, & daily temperature variations Please read Chapter 3 in Ahrens Figure
Copyrighted Material. 1 Basics of Climate. The climate s delicate, the air most sweet. William Shakespeare, A Winter s Tale
1 Basics of Climate The climate s delicate, the air most sweet. William Shakespeare, A Winter s Tale To appreciate the role of the ocean in climate, we need to have a basic understanding of how the climate
The Four Seasons. A Warm Up Exercise. A Warm Up Exercise. A Warm Up Exercise. The Moon s Phases
The Four Seasons A Warm Up Exercise What fraction of the Moon s surface is illuminated by the Sun (except during a lunar eclipse)? a) Between zero and one-half b) The whole surface c) Always half d) Depends
The following words and their definitions should be addressed before completion of the reading:
Seasons Vocabulary: The following words and their definitions should be addressed before completion of the reading: sphere any round object that has a surface that is the same distance from its center
Tropical Horticulture: Lecture 2
Lecture 2 Theory of the Tropics Earth & Solar Geometry, Celestial Mechanics The geometrical relationship between the earth and sun is responsible for the earth s climates. The two principal movements of
The Balance of Power in the Earth-Sun System
NASA Facts National Aeronautics and Space Administration www.nasa.gov The Balance of Power in the Earth-Sun System The Sun is the major source of energy for Earth s oceans, atmosphere, land, and biosphere.
Energy Pathways in Earth s Atmosphere
BRSP - 10 Page 1 Solar radiation reaching Earth s atmosphere includes a wide spectrum of wavelengths. In addition to visible light there is radiation of higher energy and shorter wavelength called ultraviolet
Earth-Sun Relationships. The Reasons for the Seasons
Earth-Sun Relationships The Reasons for the Seasons Solar Radiation The earth intercepts less than one two-billionth of the energy given off by the sun. However, the radiation is sufficient to provide
Seasonal Temperature Variations
Seasonal and Daily Temperatures Fig. 3-CO, p. 54 Seasonal Temperature Variations What causes the seasons What governs the seasons is the amount of solar radiation reaching the ground What two primary factors
PHSC 3033: Meteorology Seasons
PHSC 3033: Meteorology Seasons Changing Aspect Angle Direct Sunlight is more intense and concentrated. Solar Incidence Angle is Latitude and Time/Date Dependent Daily and Seasonal Variation Zenith There
Ok, so if the Earth weren't tilted, we'd have a picture like the one shown below: 12 hours of daylight at all latitudes more insolation in the
Ok, so if the Earth weren't tilted, we'd have a picture like the one shown below: 12 hours of daylight at all latitudes more insolation in the tropics, less at higher latitudes Ok, so if the Earth weren't
2. The map below shows high-pressure and low-pressure weather systems in the United States.
1. Which weather instrument has most improved the accuracy of weather forecasts over the past 40 years? 1) thermometer 3) weather satellite 2) sling psychrometer 4) weather balloon 6. Wind velocity is
Sun Earth Relationships
1 ESCI-61 Introduction to Photovoltaic Technology Sun Earth Relationships Ridha Hamidi, Ph.D. Spring (sun aims directly at equator) Winter (northern hemisphere tilts away from sun) 23.5 2 Solar radiation
Graphing Sea Ice Extent in the Arctic and Antarctic
Graphing Sea Ice Extent in the Arctic and Antarctic Summary: Students graph sea ice extent (area) in both polar regions (Arctic and Antarctic) over a three-year period to learn about seasonal variations
CHAPTER 5 Lectures 10 & 11 Air Temperature and Air Temperature Cycles
CHAPTER 5 Lectures 10 & 11 Air Temperature and Air Temperature Cycles I. Air Temperature: Five important factors influence air temperature: A. Insolation B. Latitude C. Surface types D. Coastal vs. interior
Teaching Time: One-to-two 50-minute periods
Lesson Summary Students create a planet using a computer game and change features of the planet to increase or decrease the planet s temperature. Students will explore some of the same principles scientists
California Standards Grades 9 12 Boardworks 2009 Science Contents Standards Mapping
California Standards Grades 912 Boardworks 2009 Science Contents Standards Mapping Earth Sciences Earth s Place in the Universe 1. Astronomy and planetary exploration reveal the solar system s structure,
Noon Sun Angle = 90 Zenith Angle
Noon Sun Angle Worksheet Name Name Date Subsolar Point (Latitude where the sun is overhead at noon) Equinox March 22 nd 0 o Equinox September 22 nd 0 o Solstice June 22 nd 23.5 N Solstice December 22 nd
Jessica Blunden, Ph.D., Scientist, ERT Inc., Climate Monitoring Branch, NOAA s National Climatic Data Center
Kathryn Sullivan, Ph.D, Acting Under Secretary of Commerce for Oceans and Atmosphere and NOAA Administrator Thomas R. Karl, L.H.D., Director,, and Chair of the Subcommittee on Global Change Research Jessica
FIRST GRADE 1 WEEK LESSON PLANS AND ACTIVITIES
FIRST GRADE 1 WEEK LESSON PLANS AND ACTIVITIES UNIVERSE CYCLE OVERVIEW OF FIRST GRADE UNIVERSE WEEK 1. PRE: Describing the Universe. LAB: Comparing and contrasting bodies that reflect light. POST: Exploring
How Do Oceans Affect Weather and Climate?
How Do Oceans Affect Weather and Climate? In Learning Set 2, you explored how water heats up more slowly than land and also cools off more slowly than land. Weather is caused by events in the atmosphere.
Climate Control and Ozone Depletion. Chapter 19
Climate Control and Ozone Depletion Chapter 19 Global Warming and Global Cooling Are Not New Over the past 4.5 billion years the climate has been altered by Volcanic emissions Changes in solar input Movement
Full credit for this chapter to Prof. Leonard Bachman of the University of Houston
Chapter 6: SOLAR GEOMETRY Full credit for this chapter to Prof. Leonard Bachman of the University of Houston SOLAR GEOMETRY AS A DETERMINING FACTOR OF HEAT GAIN, SHADING AND THE POTENTIAL OF DAYLIGHT PENETRATION...
climate science A SHORT GUIDE TO This is a short summary of a detailed discussion of climate change science.
A SHORT GUIDE TO climate science This is a short summary of a detailed discussion of climate change science. For more information and to view the full report, visit royalsociety.org/policy/climate-change
The Greenhouse Effect. Lan Ma Global Warming: Problems & Solutions 17 September, 2007
The Greenhouse Effect Lan Ma Global Warming: Problems & Solutions 17 September, 2007 What to cover today: How do we calculate the Earth s surface temperature? What makes a gas a greenhouse gas and how
Earth, Moon, and Sun Study Guide. (Test Date: )
Earth, Moon, and Sun Study Guide Name: (Test Date: ) Essential Question #1: How are the Earth, Moon, and Sun alike and how are they different? 1. List the Earth, Moon, and Sun, in order from LARGEST to
What Causes Climate? Use Target Reading Skills
Climate and Climate Change Name Date Class Climate and Climate Change Guided Reading and Study What Causes Climate? This section describes factors that determine climate, or the average weather conditions
Paleo-Earth System Modelling
Paleo-Earth System Modelling Paul Valdes School of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol Structure of Talk Introduction: Why do we need a paleoperspective to Earth System Models? Example 1: Palaeoclimate
EDMONDS COMMUNITY COLLEGE ASTRONOMY 100 Winter Quarter 2007 Sample Test # 1
Instructor: L. M. Khandro EDMONDS COMMUNITY COLLEGE ASTRONOMY 100 Winter Quarter 2007 Sample Test # 1 1. An arc second is a measure of a. time interval between oscillations of a standard clock b. time
Examining the Recent Pause in Global Warming
Examining the Recent Pause in Global Warming Global surface temperatures have warmed more slowly over the past decade than previously expected. The media has seized this warming pause in recent weeks,
WEATHER AND CLIMATE practice test
WEATHER AND CLIMATE practice test Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. What role does runoff play in the water cycle? a. It is the process in
2008 Global Surface Temperature in GISS Analysis
2008 Global Surface Temperature in GISS Analysis James Hansen, Makiko Sato, Reto Ruedy, Ken Lo Calendar year 2008 was the coolest year since 2000, according to the Goddard Institute for Space Studies analysis
Shadows, Angles, and the Seasons
Shadows, Angles, and the Seasons If it's cold in winter, why is Earth closer to the Sun? This activity shows the relationship between Earth-Sun positions and the seasons. From The WSU Fairmount Center
5 day Training on Climate Change and Adaptation
Training Programme 5 day Training on and Adaptation Developed by: Bangladesh Centre for Advanced Studies (BCAS) [A comprehensive training module along with guideline for trainers aiming to enhance capacity
We already went through a (small, benign) climate change in The Netherlands
We already went through a (small, benign) climate change in The Netherlands 15-16 October 1987, gusts till 220 km/h, great damage 2004, almost 1400 tornado s December (!!) 2001, Faxai, 879 mbar 27 December
Supporting Online Material for
www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/311/5768/1747/dc1 Supporting Online Material for Paleoclimatic Evidence for Future Ice-Sheet Instability and Rapid Sea- Level Rise Jonathan T. Overpeck,* Bette L. Otto-Bliesner,
For further information, and additional background on the American Meteorological Society s Education Program, please contact:
Project ATMOSPHERE This guide is one of a series produced by Project ATMOSPHERE, an initiative of the American Meteorological Society. Project ATMOSPHERE has created and trained a network of resource agents
Observed Cloud Cover Trends and Global Climate Change. Joel Norris Scripps Institution of Oceanography
Observed Cloud Cover Trends and Global Climate Change Joel Norris Scripps Institution of Oceanography Increasing Global Temperature from www.giss.nasa.gov Increasing Greenhouse Gases from ess.geology.ufl.edu
of Climate Change in Mesoamerica
Technical Series Technical Report No. 383 ABC of Climate Change in Mesoamerica Miguel Cifuentes Jara Tropical Agriculture Research and higher Education Center (CATIE) Climate Change Program Turrialba,
CHAPTER 3 Heat and energy in the atmosphere
CHAPTER 3 Heat and energy in the atmosphere In Chapter 2 we examined the nature of energy and its interactions with Earth. Here we concentrate initially on the way in which energy interacts with the atmosphere
Earth Sciences -- Grades 9, 10, 11, and 12. California State Science Content Standards. Mobile Climate Science Labs
Earth Sciences -- Grades 9, 10, 11, and 12 California State Science Content Standards Covered in: Hands-on science labs, demonstrations, & activities. Investigation and Experimentation. Lesson Plans. Presented
Name Period 4 th Six Weeks Notes 2015 Weather
Name Period 4 th Six Weeks Notes 2015 Weather Radiation Convection Currents Winds Jet Streams Energy from the Sun reaches Earth as electromagnetic waves This energy fuels all life on Earth including the
A Global Warming Primer
Number 420 July 2002 A Global Warming Primer Introduction The purpose of this primer is to help the reader determine whether our understanding of the Earth s climate is adequate to predict the long term
Review 1. Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
Review 1 Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. When hydrogen nuclei fuse into helium nuclei a. the nuclei die. c. particles collide. b. energy
STUDY GUIDE: Earth Sun Moon
The Universe is thought to consist of trillions of galaxies. Our galaxy, the Milky Way, has billions of stars. One of those stars is our Sun. Our solar system consists of the Sun at the center, and all
Geography affects climate.
KEY CONCEPT Climate is a long-term weather pattern. BEFORE, you learned The Sun s energy heats Earth s surface unevenly The atmosphere s temperature changes with altitude Oceans affect wind flow NOW, you
Lab Activity on the Causes of the Seasons
Lab Activity on the Causes of the Seasons 2002 Ann Bykerk-Kauffman, Dept. of Geological and Environmental Sciences, California State University, Chico * Objectives When you have completed this lab you
Reasons for Seasons. Question: TRUE OR FALSE. Question: TRUE OR FALSE? What causes the seasons? What causes the seasons?
Reasons for Seasons Question: TRUE OR FALSE? Earth is closer to the Sun in summer and farther from the Sun in winter. Question: TRUE OR FALSE? Earth is closer to the Sun in summer and farther from the
Phosphorus and Sulfur
Global Change Instruction Program Phosphorus and Sulfur The Important Nutrient Phosphorus Phosphorus is a key nutrient, fueling organic productivity on land and in water. A portion of its cycle is shown
Chapter 3 Earth - Sun Relations
3.1 Introduction We saw in the last chapter that the short wave radiation from the sun passes through the atmosphere and heats the earth, which in turn radiates energy in the infrared portion of the electromagnetic
7613-1 - Page 1. Weather Unit Exam Pre-Test Questions
Weather Unit Exam Pre-Test Questions 7613-1 - Page 1 Name: 1) Equal quantities of water are placed in four uncovered containers with different shapes and left on a table at room temperature. From which
Climate Change. Evidence & Causes. An overview from the Royal Society and the US National Academy of Sciences
Climate Change Evidence & Causes An overview from the Royal Society and the US National Academy of Sciences n summary Foreword CLIMATE CHANGE IS ONE OF THE DEFINING ISSUES OF OUR TIME. It is now more certain
The Atmosphere. Introduction Greenhouse Effect/Climate Change/Global Warming
Introduction Greenhouse Effect/Climate Change/Global Warming The Atmosphere The terms Greenhouse Effect, Climate Change, and Global Warming are often used interchangeably, yet they really refer to three
Curriculum Map Earth Science - High School
September Science is a format process to use Use instruments to measure Measurement labs - mass, volume, to observe, classify, and analyze the observable properties. density environment. Use lab equipment
CHAPTER 6 THE TERRESTRIAL PLANETS
CHAPTER 6 THE TERRESTRIAL PLANETS MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Which of the following is NOT one of the four stages in the development of a terrestrial planet? 2. That Earth, evidence that Earth differentiated.
Climate Change. Evidence & Causes. An overview from the Royal Society and the US National Academy of Sciences
Climate Change Evidence & Causes An overview from the Royal Society and the US National Academy of Sciences n summary Foreword CLIMATE CHANGE IS ONE OF THE DEFINING ISSUES OF OUR TIME. It is now more certain
Blackbody radiation. Main Laws. Brightness temperature. 1. Concepts of a blackbody and thermodynamical equilibrium.
Lecture 4 lackbody radiation. Main Laws. rightness temperature. Objectives: 1. Concepts of a blackbody, thermodynamical equilibrium, and local thermodynamical equilibrium.. Main laws: lackbody emission:
Solar System Fundamentals. What is a Planet? Planetary orbits Planetary temperatures Planetary Atmospheres Origin of the Solar System
Solar System Fundamentals What is a Planet? Planetary orbits Planetary temperatures Planetary Atmospheres Origin of the Solar System Properties of Planets What is a planet? Defined finally in August 2006!
Celestial Observations
Celestial Observations Earth experiences two basic motions: Rotation West-to-East spinning of Earth on its axis (v rot = 1770 km/hr) (v rot Revolution orbit of Earth around the Sun (v orb = 108,000 km/hr)
Answers for the Study Guide: Sun, Earth and Moon Relationship Test
Answers for the Study Guide: Sun, Earth and Moon Relationship Test 1) It takes one day for the Earth to make one complete on its axis. a. Rotation 2) It takes one year for the Earth to make one around
For public information only; not an official document. November 2013
For public information only; not an official document November 2013 1) There is a strong scientific consensus that the global climate is changing and that human activity contributes significantly to this
8.5 Comparing Canadian Climates (Lab)
These 3 climate graphs and tables of data show average temperatures and precipitation for each month in Victoria, Winnipeg and Whitehorse: Figure 1.1 Month J F M A M J J A S O N D Year Precipitation 139
Climate Change: A Local Focus on a Global Issue Newfoundland and Labrador Curriculum Links 2010-2011
Climate Change: A Local Focus on a Global Issue Newfoundland and Labrador Curriculum Links 2010-2011 HEALTH Kindergarten: Grade 1: Grade 2: Know that litter can spoil the environment. Grade 3: Grade 4:
Fundamentals of Climate Change (PCC 587): Water Vapor
Fundamentals of Climate Change (PCC 587): Water Vapor DARGAN M. W. FRIERSON UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON, DEPARTMENT OF ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES DAY 2: 9/30/13 Water Water is a remarkable molecule Water vapor
Unit 12 Earth s Changing Climate
Background Introduction Unit 12 Earth s Changing Climate Earth has been undergoing one of the most extensive experiments in the history of civilization. Today the planet is warmer than it has been for
Climate changes. MED-HYCOS CRP IRD BP 5045 AGROPOLIS 34032 - Montpellier marc.morell@mpl.ird.fr. by Marc Morell
MED-HYCOS CRP IRD BP 5045 AGROPOLIS 34032 - Montpellier marc.morell@mpl.ird.fr Climate changes by Marc Morell after "A Summary for Deciders" (2000, IGCC) and "Climates of the world" (1992, Bruno Voituriez
Where on Earth are the daily solar altitudes higher and lower than Endicott?
Where on Earth are the daily solar altitudes higher and lower than Endicott? In your notebooks, write RELATIONSHIPS between variables we tested CAUSE FIRST EFFECT SECOND EVIDENCE As you increase the time
The Earth System. The geosphere is the solid Earth that includes the continental and oceanic crust as well as the various layers of Earth s interior.
The Earth System The atmosphere is the gaseous envelope that surrounds Earth. It consists of a mixture of gases composed primarily of nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water vapor. The atmosphere and
The Celestial Sphere. Questions for Today. The Celestial Sphere 1/18/10
Lecture 3: Constellations and the Distances to the Stars Astro 2010 Prof. Tom Megeath Questions for Today How do the stars move in the sky? What causes the phases of the moon? What causes the seasons?
SETTING THE RECORD STRAIGHT
SETTING THE RECORD STRAIGHT Responses To Common Challenges To Climate Science January 2009 Climate Leadership Initiative Institute for a Sustainable Environment University of Oregon http://climlead.uoregon.edu
The Reasons for the Seasons
The Reasons for the Seasons (The Active Learning Approach) Materials: 4 Globes, One light on stand with soft white bulb, 4 flashlights, Four sets of "Seasons" Cards, Four laminated black cards with 1 inch
Chapter 3: Climate and Climate Change Answers
Chapter 3: Climate and Climate Change Answers Section A: Climate 1. (a) Explain what each of the following means: (4 x 1 mark) (i) climate the average weather of an area over a 25 30 year period (ii) maritime
Optimum Solar Orientation: Miami, Florida
Optimum Solar Orientation: Miami, Florida The orientation of architecture in relation to the sun is likely the most significant connection that we can make to place in regards to energy efficiency. In
1. In the diagram below, the direct rays of the Sun are striking the Earth's surface at 23 º N. What is the date shown in the diagram?
1. In the diagram below, the direct rays of the Sun are striking the Earth's surface at 23 º N. What is the date shown in the diagram? 5. During how many days of a calendar year is the Sun directly overhead
defined largely by regional variations in climate
1 Physical Environment: Climate and Biomes EVPP 110 Lecture Instructor: Dr. Largen Fall 2003 2 Climate and Biomes Ecosystem concept physical and biological components of environment are considered as single,
Photosynthesis. Grade-Level Expectations The exercises in these instructional tasks address content related to the following grade-level expectations:
GRADE 5 SCIENCE INSTRUCTIONAL TASKS Photosynthesis Grade-Level Expectations The exercises in these instructional tasks address content related to the following grade-level expectations: SI-M-A5 Use evidence
Heat Transfer. Energy from the Sun. Introduction
Introduction The sun rises in the east and sets in the west, but its exact path changes over the course of the year, which causes the seasons. In order to use the sun s energy in a building, we need to
RADIATION (SOLAR) Introduction. Solar Spectrum and Solar Constant. Distribution of Solar Insolation at the Top of the Atmosphere
RADIATION (SOLAR) 1859 Workshop Proceedings, Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy, pp. 45 53. Ulaby FT (1981)Microwave response of vegetation. In Kahle AB, Weill G, Carter WD (eds) Advances in Space Research,
An Introduction to Milankovitch Cycles
An Introduction to Milankovitc Cycles Wat Causes Glacial Cycles? Ricard McGeee kiloyear bp 45 4 35 3 5 15 1 5 4 - -4-6 -8 temperature -1 Note te period of about 1 kyr. Seminar on te Matematics of Climate
Global Seasonal Phase Lag between Solar Heating and Surface Temperature
Global Seasonal Phase Lag between Solar Heating and Surface Temperature Summer REU Program Professor Tom Witten By Abstract There is a seasonal phase lag between solar heating from the sun and the surface
ESCI-61 Introduction to Photovoltaic Technology. Solar Radiation. Ridha Hamidi, Ph.D.
1 ESCI-61 Introduction to Photovoltaic Technology Solar Radiation Ridha Hamidi, Ph.D. 2 The Sun The Sun is a perpetual source of energy It has produced energy for about 4.6 billions of years, and it is
ES 106 Laboratory # 5 EARTH-SUN RELATIONS AND ATMOSPHERIC HEATING
ES 106 Laboratory # 5 EARTH-SUN RELATIONS AND ATMOSPHERIC HEATING 5-1 Introduction Weather is the state of the atmosphere at a particular place for a short period of time. The condition of the atmosphere
The Surface Energy Budget
The Surface Energy Budget The radiation (R) budget Shortwave (solar) Radiation Longwave Radiation R SW R SW α α = surface albedo R LW εσt 4 ε = emissivity σ = Stefan-Boltzman constant T = temperature Subsurface
CHAPTER 2 Energy and Earth
CHAPTER 2 Energy and Earth This chapter is concerned with the nature of energy and how it interacts with Earth. At this stage we are looking at energy in an abstract form though relate it to how it affect
Climate Change. Impacts, answers to common questions about the science of climate change
Climate Change How do we know that Earth has warmed? How do we know that humans are causing greenhouse gas concentrations to increase? How do we know the current warming trend isn t caused by the Sun?
Study Guide: Sun, Earth and Moon Relationship Assessment
I can 1. Define rotation, revolution, solstice and equinox. *Rotation and Revolution Review Worksheet 2. Describe why we experience days and years due to the rotation and r evolution of the Earth around