put the apple on the towel, , ( refer2 ential context) [2 ], Tanenhaus ,, ( garden - path , put the apple on the towel in the box,

Transcription

1 2002,34 (2) : Acta Psychologica Sinica 3 1, ( 1,100871) ( 2,100875), VP + N1 + + N2,,, 1,,,,,,,, B842 1 [1 ], ential context) [2 ], Tanenhaus,, [3 ],,,, [4 ],,, ( garden - path, model) [5 ],,,,, put the apple on the towel in the box,, put the apple on the towel, (referential theory) [6 ] (constraint,, Tanenhaus, on the,,,,, put the apple on the towel,,, ( refer2 - based models) [7 ],,, VP + N1 + + N2, : ( ) ( : ) 126

2 1 : 127,,, / [8 ] /,, [8 ],,, (referen2,,, tial presuppositions) ;, [6, 9 ],VP, + N1 + + N2 N2, ;,, (),,, VP + N1 + + N2, N2, N2 VP + N1 + N2,,,,,,, N2 N2 ( N2, N2, 1a),,, N2 ( 1),N2 ( (1,2R < 1R), N2, 1b),,,, 1a /,1,,/ / / / / / / / / / (: ) 1b /,/ / / / / / / / / / (: ) 1, 2 5 1, 1 ( 1a 1b ) VP N1 N R = 1R 3 2R = 1R 2R = 1R 2R = 1R 2R < 1R / / / / / 3 3 2R < 1R 2R < 1R 2R < 1R 2R < 1R / / / / : 3 2R, 1R ; 3 3 /,, ( conceptual expectations ) [10 12 ] 1a, (N2),,,, N2, VP + N1 + ( ) N2 ( ),,,, ( ),,,,, ( ),,,,

3 VP + N1 + ( ), ( N1 ), (1),, N2 (1) 1,1,,,, 1,,,, 1, Spivey - Knowlton, Trueswell Tanenhaus,,, [11 ],,, Spivey - Knowlton Sedivy [10 ],,,,( 1) (2),,,N2,, ,, ( : ) 2 ( : ), ( 16 ) [8 ] 7,,,, 7, ( ) a 5. 0 b ( ) :a., 1. 0, 7. 0, 4. 0 ; b., 2 ( 1a 1b) 3, N2, N2,,,,12,,,, 9 (1a 1b),( 1a 1b ), 24, 48 24, 24 24,8 16,, 9, 3 48,24

4 1 : , 50cm,,,, ( 24 24),,, 6,4 72, %, %, , % () ( ) 2 ( ) 3 : N1,, F1 (1, 19) = 5167, p < 0 105,, F2 (1, 22) = 3160, p < 0 110, N2, N1,, F1 (1, 19) = 3161, p < 0110, F2 (1, 22) = 3105, p < 0110, N2, N2,, F1 (1, 19) = 4111, p < 0110, N2,N2 1,, F1 (1, 19) = 9157, p < 0101,, F2 (1, 22) = 3174, p < 0 110, N2, 1,,,, N1,1,,, 1,,,,,,,2, 3 2 2, 1,2 5,(1) ; (2), ( 3,,,,,,

5 ), ; (3) ; (4), ; (5), ,, 31112, SR Research Ltd. EyeLink ( Eye2 tracker) Ethernet Pentium 350,,, Eyetracker 4, , 50 %,( 75 %), 31114, 60cm,,,,,,1,, 40,,,,,, (2 75 %,2 ) %, (ms)

6 1 : :,,, F1 (1, 11) = 3191, p < 0 110, N2,,,,,,,,,, N1, (1),, F1 (1, 11) = 3120, p < 0110,, F1 (1, 11) = 4100, p < 0110, F2 (1, 21) = 2191, p < 0110,,, F < 110,,, F1 (1, 11) = 10128, p < 0 101,, F2 (1, 22) = 3163, p < 0 110, N2, N1,,, N1,,,N1,,,, 1 ( ), N1, ; (2),, F1 (1, 11) = 4133, p < 0 110,, F2 (1, 22) = 5156, p < 0105, N2, N1, N2,,, F1 (1, 11) = 5129, p < 0 105, N2, N2,,,, N2 (1), N2, N2,,,, N2, N2 N2, N2,,, N2,

7 132 34,,N2,, 3 4,, N2, N2,, (1) 3,,, F1 (1, 11) = 3117, p < 0 110,, F2 (1, 22) = 5136, p < 0105, N2, 3 ; (2) 4,,, F2 (1, 22) = 3118, p < 0 110, N2, 4,N2,, N2 N2,,N2, N2, 3 4,,,,, 3 4, , N1, 1,,,,, 1, 2,,,(1) N1 ; (2) N1,,2,, N2, N2,, N2,,,1, N2, N2,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,1,2, N2 1,,,,,,,,2,,, 3 4, ( 3),,,,,,,, [6 ] [7 ],

8 1 : 133 [5 ],,, 2 N1, 3 4,,,,,,,,, [10, 11 ] 1 Zhang Y, Shu H, Zhang H. A review of researches on syntactic ambiguity resolution and sentence comprehension(in Chines). Psy2 chological science ( ), 2000, 23 (1) : Altmann G. Ambiguity in sentence processing. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 1998, 2 : Tanenhaus M K. et al. Integration of visual and linguistic informa2 tion in spoken language comprehension. Science, 1995, 268 : Ni W, Crain S, Shankweiler D. Sidestepping garden paths : As2 sessing the contributions of syntax, semantics and plausibility in re2 solving ambiguities. Language and Cognitive Processes, 1996, 11 (3) : Frazier L. Sentence processing : A tutorial review. In : M Colt2 heart ed. The psychology of reading. Hillsdale, NJ : Lawrence Erl2 baum Associates Inc, Altmann G, Steedman M. Interaction with context during human sentence processing. Cognition, 1988, 30 : MacDonald M C, Pearlmutter N J, Seidenberg M S. Lexical na2 ture of syntactic ambiguity resolution. Psychological Review, 1994, 101 : Zhang Y, Zhang H, Shu H. A study on the processing of ambigu2 ous phrases in Chinese (in Chinese). Acta Psychologica Sinica ( ), 2000, 32 (1) : Crain S, Steedman M. On not being led up the garden path : the use of context by the psychological parser. In :D Dowty, L Kartun2 nen, H Zwicky ed. Natural language parsing. Cambridge, U K: Cambridge University Press, Spivey - Knowlton M, Sedivy J C. Resolving attachment ambigui2 ties with multiple constraints. Cognition, 1995, 55 : Spivey - Knowlton M, Trueswell J, Tanenhaus M. Context ef2 fects in syntactic ambiguity resolution : Discourse and semantic in2 fluences in parsing reduced relative clauses. Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology : Special Issue, 1993, 47 (2) : Spivey - Knowlton M. Another context effect in sentence process2 ing : Implications for the principle of referential support. In Pro2 ceedings of the 14 th Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Soci2 ety. Hillsdale, NJ : Erlbaum,

9 THE PROCESSING OF AMBIGUOUS PHRASES IN REFERENTIAL DISCOURSE CONTEXT IN CHINESE Zhang Yaxu 1, 2, Shu Hua 2, Zhang Houcan 2, Zhou Xiaolin 1 ( 1 Department of Psychology, Peking U niversity, Beijing ) ( 2 Department of Psychology, Beijing Normal U niversity, Beijing ) Abstract In Chinese language, there are some phrases, which are orderly composed of one verb ( VP), one noun (N1), one auxiliary, and anot her noun ( N2). They are temporarily ambiguous between modifier - noun con2 struction (MNC) and narrative - object structure (NOS). Some of them are balanced between MNC and NOS (named Balanced Phrases). The ot hers bias towards eit her MNC ( named MNC - biased Phrases) or NOS (named NOS - biased Phrases). Both balanced and NOS - biased phrases were used to investigate the mecha2 nisms underlying t he effect of referential discourse context on t he parsing of t hese ambiguous p hrases. Twenty undergraduate students participated in Experiment 1, they were asked to read short passages word - by - word as quickly as possible, wit hout sacrificing t heir comprehension of each passage. Anot her sixteen undergraduate students participated in Experiment 2, where their eye movements were recorded when they read the same pas2 sages. It was found that the referential discourse context, in both experiments, had its influenced on the parsing of the ambiguous phrases even at the very beginning of these phrases. These results indicate that the specific mechanism t hat drives t he context ual influence may not be att ributable solely to referential presuppositions. In ot her words, informational or concept ual expectations can be, at least partly, responsible for t he referential con2 text ual effect s observed. In addition, very early influence of discourse context was found in Experiment 2, which was not predicted by garden - path models that suppose initial parsing decision is context - independent. Key words syntactic ambiguity resolution, parsing, discourse context, concept ual expectations, Chinese.