4. Subgrade : Foundation Considerations
|
|
- Oliver Dixon
- 7 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 4. Subgrade : Foundation Considerations 1. Introduction The performance of any structure is strongly dependent on the foundations. Road pavements are no exceptions and their foundations need to be fundamentally modelled using sound geotechnical engineering principles. Thus, it is very important to have sufficient information about the subgrade, which is obtained through investigation and accumulation of test results. In this way the risks regarding the subgrade can be estimated. Variation in the subgrade directly below the pavement cannot be prevented (this is a fact of nature), so it is important not to overload the subgrade at any place. The primary structural task of the pavement is to prevent too high stresses in the subgrade as shown in Figure 4.1. Poor pavement Sound pavement Low E Low E HIGH stresses in S/G Surfacing Granular Base Subgrade High E High E LOW stresses in S/G Figure 4.1 Load spreading abilities of different pavements Every pavement design method requires some knowledge of the subgrade quality as an important input parameter in analysis procedure. Until recently the most common design methods were based on the CBR value of the materials in the pavement, as determined in the CBR test. Based on CBR values of succeeding layers design charts were developed. This is called the CBR cover design method, as it aim to identify the thickness and bearing capacity of different layers above the subgrade that are needed to provide enough load-spreading to protect the subgrade. Examples of the CBR cover design are provided in the figures below. Hitchhiker s Guide to Pavement Engineering: Prof Kim Jenkins 1
2 ESALs (80kN x10 6 ) E0 < < E1 < < E2 <3 3 < E3 <12 12 < E4 <50 Figure 4.2 CBR Cover Design Curves adapted for 80kN axles (Freeme, Marais and Walker) The procedure for calculating the CBR is shown below. Material is first compacted to densities that are representative of field density and soaked for 4 days before testing. The name CBR comes from Californian Bearing Ratio because a high quality Californian gravel was used as the reference material. Ironically, California does not use CBR any longer (but many other countries still do). F Force F 0.1 Ref Reference material (Ref) Actual material F 0.1 P Displacement P Figure 4.3. CBR Test Procedure CBR (%) = F 0.1 /F 0.1 Ref x 100 Typical values : Sand CBR = 10 to 15% Crushed stone CBR = 40 to 100% Hitchhiker s Guide to Pavement Engineering: Prof Kim Jenkins 2
3 Researchers have tried to characterise the subgrade stiffness by using a correlation with CBR values. Shell, for example, tested in situ stiffness of sands by measuring wave propagation velocity through the sand and comparing that to laboratory measured stiffness, as shown in the Figure below. They developed an average relation as follows: E [MPa] = 10 x CBR [%] Such a correlation not very reliable, as can be seen by the variability of the relationship. In addition, it is material specific and cannot be applied to other gradations. Figure 4.3 Relationship between CBR and Dynamic Modulus (E DINAMIES ) for sands (Shell) 2. Material depth In TRH4 in South Africa (Technical Recommendations for Highways: Structural design of Flexible Pavements for Interurban and Rural Roads), the subgrade is shown to play a very important role in the structural design of a road (Paragraph ). The catalogue design method in the TRH4 can be used only if CBR of the subgrade is at least 15% for a depth of 150mm and decreasing gradually with depth. This is the depth below which very little influence of the loads on the subgrade can be expected. Hitchhiker s Guide to Pavement Engineering: Prof Kim Jenkins 3
4 Table 4.1 Subgrade Classification for Structural Design (TRH4) Class Subgrade CBR (%) Comment SG1 >15 Good quality material, just rip and recompact SG2 7 to 15 Moderate quality, needs 150mm of CBR>15 above SG3 3 to 7 Fair quality, needs 150mm of CBR> mm of CBR>7 above SG4 < 3 Poor material, special treatment Note: It should be remembered that the standard CBR is determined after specimens have been soaked for 4 days (quite extreme but necessary to ensure that dramatic failure doesn t occur when a material is exposed to moisture). Uniform sections In South Africa Road Categories are used to designate the importance of the road and the level of reliability for the design i.e. Categories A, B, C and D. In order to identify the classification of the subgrade one should first identify the uniform sections. There are two methods that one can use in identifying the uniform sections: a) Graphical method This method uses a graphical plot of CBR values over the centreline distance of the road. Visual distinction can help to identify the uniform sections as shown in the figure below. CBR (%) Section 1 Section 2 Section 3 Centreline Distance (m) Figure 4.4 Graphical Identification of Uniform Sections b) Cumulative Sum Method This method uses the equation below to calculate the cumulative sum value for the CBR data over the length of the road. The cumulative sum values are then plotted against centreline distance and the limits of the uniform sections are identified as the inflection points of the lines. S i = x i x + S i-1 Where S i = cum sum of deviations of mean CBR values x i = CBR at point i x = mean CBR S i-1 = cum sum of previous point Hitchhiker s Guide to Pavement Engineering: Prof Kim Jenkins 4
5 Cum Sum CBR (%) Figure 4.4 Cumulative Sum Identification of Uniform Sections Design Reliability For each of the uniform sections, the CBR design value must be calculated using the reliability of the road category. There are two basic methods that can be followed for such analyses: a) Standard normal distribution method This method uses the assumption that the CBR results in a uniform section are normally distributed. This is a reasonable assumption for most cases of subgrade conditions. Thereafter the method uses a basic statistical approach. CBR design = x k α. S Section 1 Section 2 Section 3 Where CBR design = CBR design value given the reliability of the uniform section x = average CBR value of the subgrade in the uniform section k α = statistical coefficient for a given level of reliability S = standard deviation for the CBR values in the uniform section Table 4.2 Design reliability for Roads in South Africa (TRH4) Category A B C D Description Major Interurban Lightly traffic Light interurban freeways collectors and major rural rds rural roads & strategic rds pavements, rural access Approx design reliability (%) k α b) Cumulative less than frequency method Centreline Distance (m) This method uses the distribution of only the values in the uniform section being evaluated with fitting any standard normal distribution. The reliability value can be read of a plot cumulative frequency versus CBR value, as shown in the example below for a Category B road. Example: CBR values in the uniform section: 5, 6, 7, 7, 8, 5 Hitchhiker s Guide to Pavement Engineering: Prof Kim Jenkins 5
6 Cum Frequency (%) 60 CBR Freq Cum (%) /7 = /7 = /7 = /7 = Cat B CBR design CBR (%) 8 Figure 4.5 Cumulative Less than Frequency Plot (example) From such a plot the CBR design would be identified as 4.4% for the given uniform section. Seasonal Changes The CBR test makes provision for extreme conditions i.e. 4 days of saturation. In reality, the subgrade in the outer wheelpath changes in moisture content with time i.e. from the dry season to the wet season, as shown in the figure below. The influence of climatic effects will be discussed in a separate chapter. wet season dry season Figure 4.6 Seasonal variations in moisture and CBR under a road (TRH4) Hitchhiker s Guide to Pavement Engineering: Prof Kim Jenkins 6
7 3. Compaction In all aspects of material behaviour, the compaction plays a very important role. The process of compaction increases the density of a soil by packing the particles closer together with a reduction in the volume of air. Compaction influences stiffness (load spreading), shear strength, bearing capacity, permeability, porosity etc of a material. How is the compactibility of a material tested and which parameters are important? There are various standard compaction methods used in different parts of the world. Two commonly used methods are Proctor Compaction and Modified AASHTO (or Modified Proctor) Compaction (see method A7 in TMH 1 of SA). These methods are used in a laboratory to provide a benchmark for the levels of compaction that can be achieved in the field. Each method uses a standard amount of energy that is imparted on a material in a special way (a falling weight over a known height for a certain number of blows, and compaction of 5 layers in the mould). From the Modified AASHTO method, density requirements for the material in the field after compaction are determined. One of the reasons for the evolution from Proctor compaction (lower energy) to Modified AASHTO compaction (higher energy) was to keep pace with the developments and improvements in roller technology. In this way the specifications were kept more realistic. The relationship between the moisture content and achievable density during compaction is of particular importance. Based on the results of the Mod AASHTO test, the optimum moisture content necessary to achieve a certain required dry density for the material in the road, is determined. The achievable density and resulting material properties such as stiffness and shear strength etc, will determine the behaviour of the material during service life in a road pavement. Density is specified as ρ dry (dry density) in kg/m 3 so that it is independent of moisture content. But bulk density (aggregate plus moisture) is what is measured, so the moisture content needs to be removed mathematically from the calculation. This can be achieved using the formula below, where w = moisture content represented as a fraction. ρ dry = ρ bulk / (1+w) Hitchhiker s Guide to Pavement Engineering: Prof Kim Jenkins 7
8 Dry Density ρ d (kg/m 3 ) Max ρd Proctor-compaction of 5 layers of equal blows OMC=x% Figure 4.7 Moisture versus density relationship Moisture Content (%) The achievable compaction is dependent on numerous factors including aggregate grading, particle shape, particle angularity, plasticity, moisture content, compaction energy etc. If the compaction energy is increased, not only will the dry density increase but the optimum moisture content reduces. A family of curves can be developed for a specific material that shows the changes in the moisture-density relationship relative to the compaction energy, as shown in the figure below. The influence of material gradation on compaction can be shown in a similar fashion. In Figure 4.9 it is apparent that the highest density is achieved for well graded gravel (GW), followed by well graded sand (SW), then low plasticity silt (ML), followed by low plasticity clay (CL) and then high plasticity clay (CH). Hitchhiker s Guide to Pavement Engineering: Prof Kim Jenkins 8
9 DD=(1-Va/V).1000/(1/Gs+w) Figure 4.8 Influence of Compaction Energy on the Moisture-Density relationship (Craig) From the relationship given in Figure 4.8, it can be seen that the dry density is a function of the aggregate specific gravity (Gs) and moisture content (w) when the air voids are zero (Va = 0%). Improve grading Coarser grained Figure 4.9 Influence of Compaction Energy on the Moisture-Density relationship (Craig) Hitchhiker s Guide to Pavement Engineering: Prof Kim Jenkins 9
10 It can be shown using the compaction moisture curve in an elementary fashion that with increasing density it is possible to maintain the strength of a plastic soil material in certain service conditions. Using Figure 4.10, it can be seen that 2 samples of the same material compacted at 17% moisture content with different compaction efforts, the material at lower density (less compaction) exceeds the plastic limit when saturated and will lose strength-supporting properties. The same material compacted to a higher level will probably remain stable. This also indicates that relationships can be found between CBR, compaction level and void content. Dry density requirements are so very important for practice, therefore. A similar situation can be ascribed to asphalt mixes. Instead of water, bitumen is used in these materials. The bitumen cannot evaporate or leach out of the material as is the case with water in granular materials and soils. However, the same principles in terms of fluids will be used in order to understand what happens during compaction. This is dealt with in another chapter. Dry Density ZAV High Compaction PL Wetting after compaction to saturation Plastic Limit Low Compaction 17% PL 25% Moisture Content Figure 4.10 Advantage of higher compaction in terms of material plasticity (Oglesby) Field Compaction Achieving optimum compaction in the field requires judicious selection of rollers. The roller selection (weight and type) is primarily judged on the gradation of the material and the depth of the layer to be compacted. Figure 4.11 provides a guideline for roller selection. In addition to this selection, rolling techniques for subgrade usually involve high amplitude, low frequency initial compaction to achieve greater depth of penetration followed by low amplitude, high frequency compaction to densify the upper part of the layer. Hitchhiker s Guide to Pavement Engineering: Prof Kim Jenkins 10
11 Figure 4.11 Guide to Roller Selection (Wirtgen) References Oglesby. Highway Subgrade Structure Wirtgen. Cold Recycling Manual. Hitchhiker s Guide to Pavement Engineering: Prof Kim Jenkins 11
HIGHWAYS DEPARTMENT GUIDANCE NOTES ON SOIL TEST FOR PAVEMENT DESIGN
HIGHWAYS DEPARTMENT GUIDANCE NOTES ON SOIL TEST FOR PAVEMENT DESIGN Research & Development Division RD/GN/012 August 1990 HIGHWAYS DEPARTMENT GUIDANCE NOTES (RD/GN/012) SOIL TEST FOR PAVEMENT DESIGN Prepared
More informationSECTION 3.3 - PAVEMENT DESIGN
SECTION 3.3-3.3.1 GENERAL 3.3.2 SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE 3.3.3 DETERMINATION OF DESIGN TRAFFIC 3.3.4 SUBGRADE EVALUATION 3.3.5 PAVEMENT THICKNESS 3.3.5.1 GRANULAR PAVEMENTS WITH THIN BITUMINOUS SURFACING 3.3.5.2
More informationMETHOD A7 THE DETERMINATION OF THE MAXIMUM DRY DENSITY AND OPTIMUM MOISTURE CONTENT OF GRAVEL, SOIL AND SAND
SCOPE METHOD A7 THE DETERMINATION OF THE MAXIMUM DRY DENSITY AND OPTIMUM MOISTURE CONTENT OF GRAVEL, SOIL AND SAND Definition The maximum dry density and optimum moisture content, as defined below, is
More informationPAVEMENT REHABILITATION using BITUMEN STABILISATION STATE OF THE ART
PAVEMENT REHABILITATION using BITUMEN STABILISATION STATE OF THE ART 23 rd Road Pavement Forum Fern Hill Hotel, Tweedie, KZN Wednesday 9 th May 2012 Dave Collings UCD Technology LOUDON INTERNATIONAL THE
More informationGEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING FORMULAS. A handy reference for use in geotechnical analysis and design
GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING FORMULAS A handy reference for use in geotechnical analysis and design TABLE OF CONTENTS Page 1. SOIL CLASSIFICATION...3 1.1 USCS: Unified Soil Classification System...3 1.1.1
More informationGRADATION OF AGGREGATE FOR CONCRETE BLOCK
GRADATION OF AGGREGATE FOR CONCRETE BLOCK Although numerous papers have been written concerning the proper gradation for concrete mixes, they have generally dealt with plastic mixes, and very little published
More informationTHE DETERMINATION OF THE MAXIMUM DRY DENSITY AND OPTIMUM MOISTURE CONTENT OF MATERIALS USING THE VIBRATORY HAMMER COMPACTION
THE DETERMINATION OF THE MAXIMUM DRY DENSITY AND OPTIMUM MOISTURE CONTENT OF MATERIALS USING THE VIBRATORY HAMMER COMPACTION 1. SCOPE The maximum dry density and optimum moisture content, as defined below,
More informationLABORATORY CLASSIFICATION OF SOILS FOR ENGINEERING PURPOSES
Test Procedure for LABORATORY CLASSIFICATION OF SOILS FOR ENGINEERING PURPOSES TxDOT Designation: Tex-142-E Effective Date: August 1999 1. SCOPE 1.1 This method is a system for classifying disturbed and
More informationNOTE: FOR PROJECTS REQUIRING CONTRACTOR MIX DESIGN, THE DESIGN PROCEDURES ARE SPECIFIED IN THE SPECIAL PROVISIONS OF THE CONTRACT.
September 1, 2003 CONCRETE MANUAL 5-694.300 MIX DESIGN 5-694.300 NOTE: FOR PROJECTS REQUIRING CONTRACTOR MIX DESIGN, THE DESIGN PROCEDURES ARE SPECIFIED IN THE SPECIAL PROVISIONS OF THE CONTRACT. 5-694.301
More informationA LABORATORY STUDY ON EFFECT OF TEST CONDITIONS ON SUBGRADE STRENGTH
A LABORATORY STUDY ON EFFECT OF TEST CONDITIONS ON SUBGRADE STRENGTH A REPORT SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF Bachelor of Technology In Civil Engineering By: Rajesh
More informationChapter 8 Design of Concrete Mixes
Chapter 8 Design of Concrete Mixes 1 The basic procedure for mix design is applicable to concrete for most purposes including pavements. Concrete mixes should meet; Workability (slump/vebe) Compressive
More informationSOIL-LIME TESTING. Test Procedure for. TxDOT Designation: Tex-121-E 1. SCOPE 2. APPARATUS 3. MATERIALS TXDOT DESIGNATION: TEX-121-E
Test Procedure for SOIL-LIME TESTING TxDOT Designation: Tex-121-E Effective Date: August 2002 1. SCOPE 1.1 This method consists of three parts. 1.1.1 Part I determines the unconfined compressive strength
More informationLABORATORY DETERMINATION OF CALIFORNIA BEARING RATIO
LABORATORY DETERMINATION OF CALIFORNIA BEARING RATIO STANDARD IS: 2720 (Part 16) 1979. DEFINITION California bearing ratio is the ratio of force per unit area required to penetrate in to a soil mass with
More informationThe AASHO Road Test site (which eventually became part of I-80) at Ottawa, Illinois, was typical of northern climates (see Table 1).
Página 1 de 12 AASHO Road Test The AASHO Road Test, a $27 million (1960 dollars) investment and the largest road experiment of its time, was conceived and sponsored by the American Association of State
More informationSPECIFICATIONS FOR PRECAST MODULAR BLOCK RETAINING WALL SYSTEM (revised 11/5/13)
Page 1 of 7 STONE STRONG SYSTEMS SPECIFICATIONS FOR PRECAST MODULAR BLOCK RETAINING WALL SYSTEM (revised ) PART 1: GENERAL 1.01 Description A. Work includes furnishing and installing precast modular blocks
More informationCONSTANT HEAD AND FALLING HEAD PERMEABILITY TEST
CONSTANT HEAD AND FALLING HEAD PERMEABILITY TEST 1 Permeability is a measure of the ease in which water can flow through a soil volume. It is one of the most important geotechnical parameters. However,
More informationOhio Department of Transportation Division of Production Management Office of Geotechnical Engineering. Geotechnical Bulletin PLAN SUBGRADES
Ohio Department of Transportation Division of Production Management Office of Geotechnical Engineering Geotechnical Bulletin GB 1 PLAN SUBGRADES Geotechnical Bulletin GB1 was jointly developed by the Offices
More informationEvaluation of Properties of Soil Subgrade Using Dynamic Cone Penetration Index A Case Study
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development e-issn: 2278-067X, p-issn: 2278-800X Volume 4, Issue 4 (October 202), PP. 07-5 Evaluation of Properties of Soil Subgrade Using Dynamic Cone
More informationMETHOD OF TEST FOR DETERMINATION OF PERMEABILITY OF GRANULAR SOILS
Laboratory Testing Manual Date: 99 06 21 Page 1 of 7 METHOD OF TEST FOR DETERMINATION OF PERMEABILITY OF GRANULAR SOILS 1. SCOPE 1.1 This method covers the determination of the coefficient of permeability
More informationQuality control: Annex-A.
Quality control: Quality of the constructed work has been checked by our staff as per frequency and provision mentioned section 900 in MoRT&H and as per provision mentioned in Concession Agreement. The
More informationUse of Marginal Materials & Fly ash in Road Works
Use of Marginal Materials & Fly ash in Road Works U.K.Guru Vittal Sr. Principal Scientist Central Road Research Institute New Delhi 110 025 vittal.crri@gmail.com Introduction Issue Development Vs. Environment
More informationJuly 2005 Technical Memorandum: UCPRC-TM-2005-12. Authors: D. Jones and J. Harvey PREPARED FOR: PREPARED BY:
July 2005 Technical Memorandum: UCPRCTM200512 Relationship Between DCP, Stiffness, Shear Strength and RValue Authors: D. Jones and J. Harvey Partnered Pavement Research Program (PPRC) Contract Strategic
More informationFigure 2.31. CPT Equipment
Soil tests (1) In-situ test In order to sound the strength of the soils in Las Colinas Mountain, portable cone penetration tests (Japan Geotechnical Society, 1995) were performed at three points C1-C3
More informationSECTION 32 14 13.19 PERMEABLE INTERLOCKING CONCRETE PAVEMENT
PART 1 GENERAL 1.1 SECTION INCLUDES SECTION 32 14 13.19 PERMEABLE INTERLOCKING CONCRETE PAVEMENT A. The requirements for construction of permeable interlocking concrete pavement: 1. Install the interlocking
More informationStandard Test Procedures Manual
STP 205-13 Standard Test Procedures Manual Section: 1. SCOPE 1.1. Description of Test This method describes the procedure for determining the relationship between the moisture and density of fine-grained
More informationFinal Report Evaluation of I-Pave Low Volume Road Design Software
Final Report Evaluation of I-Pave Low Volume Road Design Software May 2015 Michael I Darter, William R. Vavrik, Dinesh Ayyala 2015 2014 Applied Research Associates, Inc. 1 Objectives 1. Obtain all documentation
More informationSPECIFICATION FOR CONSTRUCTION OF UNBOUND GRANULAR PAVEMENT LAYERS
TNZ B/02:2005 SPECIFICATION FOR CONSTRUCTION OF UNBOUND 1. SCOPE This specification shall apply to the construction of unbound granular pavement layers. The term pavement layer shall apply to any layer
More informationPHYSICAL AND PLASTICITY CHARACTERISTICS
0 PHYSICAL AND PLASTICITY CHARACTERISTICS EXPERIMENTS #1-5 CE 3143 October 7, 2003 Group A David Bennett 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Experiment # 1: Determination of Water Content (August 26, 2003) pp. 1-3
More informationINTRODUCTION TO SOIL MODULI. Jean-Louis BRIAUD 1
INTRODUCTION TO SOIL MODULI By Jean-Louis BRIAUD 1 The modulus of a soil is one of the most difficult soil parameters to estimate because it depends on so many factors. Therefore when one says for example:
More informationINDEX 03010-1 DESCRIPTION 2 03010-2 MATERIALS 2 03010-3 APPROVAL OF SUBBASE COURSE 3 03010-4 CONSTRUCTION 4 03010-5 MEASUREMENT 6 03010-6 PAYMENT 6
03010_Dec22_2009.pdf Page 1 of 5 INDEX Page 03010-1 DESCRIPTION 2 03010-2 MATERIALS 2 03010-3 APPROVAL OF SUBBASE COURSE 3 03010-4 CONSTRUCTION 4 03010-5 MEASUREMENT 6 03010-6 PAYMENT 6 03010_Dec22_2009.pdf
More informationStabilization of Soil with Self-Cementing Coal Ashes
2005 World of Coal Ash (WOCA), April 11-15, 2005, Lexington, Kentucky, USA http://www.flyash.info Stabilization of Soil with Self-Cementing Coal Ashes Scott M. Mackiewicz, 1 E. Glen Ferguson, 2 1 & 2 Kleinfelder,
More informationDIRECT SHEAR TEST SOIL MECHANICS SOIL MECHANICS LABORATORY DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING UNIVERSITY OF MORATUWA SRI LANKA
DIRECT SHEAR TEST SOIL MECHANICS SOIL MECHANICS LABORATORY DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING UNIVERSITY OF MORATUWA SRI LANKA DIRECT SHEAR TEST OBJEVTIVES To determine the shear strength parameters for a
More informationENCE 4610 Foundation Analysis and Design
This image cannot currently be displayed. ENCE 4610 Foundation Analysis and Design Shallow Foundations Total and Differential Settlement Schmertmann s Method This image cannot currently be displayed. Strength
More informationGreening our Roads. Approach
Greening our Roads Approach To create a Sustainable Future for the world, by achieving Resource Extension economically, by reducing usage of limiting resources and extending life cycle Ensuring Green Roads
More informationUsing Accelerated Pavement Testing to Evaluate Permeable Interlocking Concrete Pavement Performance
Using Accelerated Pavement Testing to Evaluate Permeable Interlocking Concrete Pavement Performance Rongzong Wu, David Jones, Hui Li and John Harvey University of California Pavement Research Center Prepared
More informationEngineering Road Note 9 May 2012
Engineering Road Note 9 May 2012 PROCEDURE FOR THE DESIGN OF ROAD PAVEMENTS 1. INTRODUCTION This Note outlines the procedure to be used for the design of road pavements under the control of the Commissioner
More informationSECTION 311 PLACEMENT AND CONSTRUCTION OF CEMENT TREATED SUBGRADESOIL CEMENT BASE COURSE
PLACEMENT AND CONSTRUCTION OF CEMENT TREATED SUBGRADESOIL CEMENT BASE COURSE 311.1 DESCRIPTION: This item shall consist of a cement treated subgrade base course composed of a mixture of local soil, portland
More informationTECHNICAL Summary. TRB Subject Code:62-7 Soil Foundation Subgrades February 2003 Publication No.: FHWA/IN/JTRP-2002/30, SPR-2362
INDOT Research TECHNICAL Summary Technology Transfer and Project Implementation Information TRB Subject Code:62-7 Soil Foundation Subgrades February 3 Publication No.: FHWA/IN/JTRP-2/3, SPR-2362 Final
More informationPAVEMENT STRUCTURE DESIGN GUIDELINES
PAVEMENT STRUCTURE DESIGN GUIDELINES Technical Circular T- 01/15 (Replaces Technical Circular T-01/04) Final Update: Jan. 26, 2015 Geotechnical, Materials and Pavement Engineering TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.0
More informationSpecification Guidelines: Allan Block Modular Retaining Wall Systems
Specification Guidelines: Allan Block Modular Retaining Wall Systems The following specifications provide Allan Block Corporation's typical requirements and recommendations. At the engineer of record's
More informationPROPERTIES AND MIX DESIGNATIONS 5-694.200
September 1, 2003 CONCRETE MANUAL 5-694.200 5-694.210 PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE PROPERTIES AND MIX DESIGNATIONS 5-694.200 Inspectors should familiarize themselves with the most important properties of concrete:
More informationLecture Notes CT 4860 Structural Pavement Design. Design of Flexible Pavements
Lecture Notes CT 4860 Structural Pavement Design Design of Flexible Pavements Prof.dr.ir. A.A.A. Molenaar Delft, March 2007 Table of contents Preface 3 1. Introduction 4 2. Major defect types in flexible
More informationSTUDY OF THE BEHAVIOUR OF BITUMINOUS MIXTURES RESISTANT TO FUEL
STUDY OF THE BEHAVIOUR OF BITUMINOUS MIXTURES RESISTANT TO FUEL INTRODUCTION Evaluation of the performance of asphalt mixtures applied on wearing courses of road and airport pavements when subjected to
More informationMath Matters: Dissecting Hydrometer Calculations
Math Matters: Dissecting Hydrometer Calculations By Jonathan Sirianni, Laboratory Assessor In the 16th century Galileo and the Tower of Pisa made famous the fact that two objects, no matter their mass,
More informationc. Borehole Shear Test (BST): BST is performed according to the instructions published by Handy Geotechnical Instruments, Inc.
Design Manual Chapter 6 - Geotechnical 6B - Subsurface Exploration Program 6B-2 Testing A. General Information Several testing methods can be used to measure soil engineering properties. The advantages,
More informationThe University of Toledo Soil Mechanics Laboratory
1 Grain Size Distribution Sieve Analysis The University of Toledo Soil Mechanics Laboratory Introduction The grain size distribution is a representation of the approximate distribution of soil grain sizes
More informationEffect of grain size, gradation and relative density on shear strength and dynamic cone penetration index of Mahi, Sabarmati and Vatrak Sand
Discovery ANALYSIS The International Daily journal ISSN 2278 5469 EISSN 2278 5450 2015 Discovery Publication. All Rights Reserved Effect of grain size, gradation and relative density on shear strength
More informationHIGHWAYS DEPARTMENT GUIDANCE NOTES ON ROAD SURFACE REQUIREMENTS FOR EXPRESSWAYS AND HIGH SPEED ROADS
HIGHWAYS DEPARTMENT GUIDANCE NOTES ON ROAD SURFACE REQUIREMENTS FOR EXPRESSWAYS AND HIGH SPEED ROADS Research & Development Division RD/GN/032 June 2007 1. Purpose ROAD SURFACE REQUIREMENTS FOR EXPRESSWAYS
More informationSEAUPG Annual Meeting Williamsburg, VA Thursday, November 19, 2015
LADOTD Balanced Mixture Design Samuel Cooper III, Ph.D., P.E. Southeastern Asphalt User Producer Group November 6 9, 25 Williamsburg, Va. Acknowledgements LTRC Asphalt Research Group Jeremy Icenogle, Patrick
More informationproduct manual HS-4210 HS-4210_MAN_09.08 Digital Static Cone Penetrometer
HS-4210_MAN_09.08 product manual HS-4210 Digital Static Cone Penetrometer Introduction This Manual covers the measurement of bearing capacity using the Humboldt Digital Static Cone Penetrometer (DSCP).
More informationThe University of Toledo Soil Mechanics Laboratory
The University of Toledo Soil Mechanics Laboratory 1 Soil Moisture-Density Relationship Standard and Modified Proctor Tests Introduction For earthork construction it is important to compact soils to a
More informationDimensional and Structural Data for Elliptical Pipes. PD 26 rev D 21/09/05
Dimensional and Structural Data for Elliptical Pipes 21/09/05 Page 1 of 15 1. Foreword This document details a method for the structural design of Stanton Bonna Elliptical pipes for the common conditions
More informationAggregates for Path Construction
Aggregates for Path Construction Technical Information Note No. 7 October 2011 About Sustrans Sustrans makes smarter travel choices possible, desirable and inevitable. We re a leading UK charity enabling
More informationOtta Seal BACKGROUND GENERAL DESCRIPTION DESIGN ASPECTS. Category : Technical Information/On-carriageway/
Otta Seal Category : Technical Information/On-carriageway/ BACKGROUND An Otta seal is a thin bituminous seal comprising graded gravel or crushed aggregate containing all sizes and either a cut-back or
More informationWesteros Design Project
CER340: Soil Mechanics and Foundaion Design Ari Perez Westeros Design Project Introduction King Aerys of House Targaryen, First of His Name, King of the Andals and the First Men, Lord of the Seven Kingdoms,
More informationGUIDELINE FOR HAND HELD SHEAR VANE TEST
GUIDELINE FOR HAND HELD SHEAR VANE TEST NZ GEOTECHNICAL SOCIETY INC August 2001 CONTENTS Page 1.0 Introduction 2 2.0 Background 2 3.0 Recommended Practice 3 4.0 Undrained Shear Strength 3 5.0 Particular
More informationCW 3110 SUB-GRADE, SUB-BASE AND BASE COURSE CONSTRUCTION TABLE OF CONTENTS
December 2014 CW 3110 SUB-GRADE, SUB-BASE AND BASE COURSE CONSTRUCTION TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. DESCRIPTION... 1 1.1 General... 1 1.2 Definitions... 1 1.3 Referenced Standard Construction Specifications...
More informationApr 17, 2000 LAB MANUAL 1302.0. 1302 PARTICLE SIZE ANALYSIS OF SOILS AASHTO Designation T 88 (Mn/DOT Modified)
Apr 17, 2000 LAB MANUAL 1302.0 1302 PARTICLE SIZE ANALYSIS OF SOILS AASHTO Designation T 88 (Mn/DOT Modified) 1302.1 SCOPE This method describes a procedure for the quantitative determination of the distribution
More informationAsphalt Institute Technical Bulletin. Laboratory Mixing and Compaction Temperatures
ASPHALT INSTITUTE EXECUTIVE OFFICES AND RESEARCH CENTER Research Park Drive P.O. Box 14052 Lexington, KY 40512-4052 USA Telephone 859-288-4960 FAX No. 859-288-4999 Asphalt Institute Technical Bulletin
More informationSECTION 31 20 00 EARTH MOVING
SECTION 31 20 00 PART 1 - GENERAL 1.01 DESCRIPTION A. This Section describes the requirements for excavating, filling, and grading for earthwork at Parking Structure, new exit stair and as required to
More informationRehabilitation by cracking and seating of concrete pavement optimized by FWD analysis
Rehabilitation by cracking and seating of concrete pavement optimized by FWD analysis H. C. Korsgaard & J. P. Pedersen Carl Bro Pavement Consultants, Kokbjerg 5, DK6000 Kolding M. Rasmussen Copenhagen
More informationTrench Rescue by Buddy Martinette
Trench Rescue by Buddy Martinette SOIL TYPE AND TESTING It is imperative that rescue personnel understand soil types and testing procedures if the want to be competent at trench rescue operations. Determining
More informationPavement Thickness. esign and RCC-Pave Software. Roller-Compacted Concrete Pavement: Design and Construction. October 24, 2006 Atlanta, Georgia
Roller-Compacted Concrete Pavement: Design and Construction Pavement Thickness esign and RCC-Pave Software Gregory E. Halsted, P.E. Pavements Engineer Portland Cement Association October 24, 2006 Atlanta,
More informationTesting and appraisal of Lucobit polymer effect as an additive on asphalt mixture performance
Abstract Testing and appraisal of polymer effect as an additive on asphalt mixture performance Hamid Sabbagh mollahosseini*,golazin Yadollahi**, Ershad Amoosoltani*** *, ***Executive of Engineering and
More informationStandard Test Procedures Manual
STP 206-4 Standard Test Procedures Manual Section: 1. SCOPE 1.1. Description of Test This method describes the procedure for determining the liquid limit, plastic limit and the plasticity index of coarse-grained
More informationMethodology and rules for design and rehabilitation of road pavement using new hot and cold recycled asphalt mixtures
Deliverable 8 Methodology and rules for design and rehabilitation of road pavement using new hot and cold recycled asphalt mixtures CONTRACT N : G1RD-CT2000-00374 PROJECT N : GRD1-2000-25168 ACRONYM: PARAMIX
More informationSECTION 334 (Pages 243-266) is deleted and the following substituted: SECTION 334 SUPERPAVE ASPHALT CONCRETE
334 SUPERPAVE ASPHALT CONCRETE. (REV 12-20-04) (FA 1-6-05) (7-05) SECTION 334 (Pages 243-266) is deleted and the following substituted: SECTION 334 SUPERPAVE ASPHALT CONCRETE 334-1 Description. 334-1.1
More informationSECTION 32 14 13.19 PERMEABLE INTERLOCKING CONCRETE PAVEMENT (1995 MasterFormat Section 02795)
SECTION 32 14 13.19 PERMEABLE INTERLOCKING CONCRETE PAVEMENT (1995 MasterFormat Section 02795) Note: This guide specification for U.S. applications describes construction of permeable interlocking concrete
More information7.2.4 Seismic velocity, attenuation and rock properties
7.2.4 Seismic velocity, attenuation and rock properties Rock properties that affect seismic velocity Porosity Lithification Pressure Fluid saturation Velocity in unconsolidated near surface soils (the
More informationSELECTING REHABILITATION STRATEGIES FOR FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTS IN TEXAS. Andrew J. Wimsatt, Ph.D., P.E. Fort Worth District Pavement Engineer
SELECTING REHABILITATION STRATEGIES FOR FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTS IN TEXAS Andrew J. Wimsatt, Ph.D., P.E. Fort Worth District Pavement Engineer Texas Department of Transportation P.O. Box 6868 Fort Worth, TX
More information1.5 Concrete (Part I)
1.5 Concrete (Part I) This section covers the following topics. Constituents of Concrete Properties of Hardened Concrete (Part I) 1.5.1 Constituents of Concrete Introduction Concrete is a composite material
More informationGeotechnical Characteristics of Two Different Soils and their Mixture and Relationships between Parameters
Geotechnical Characteristics of Two Different Soils and their Mixture and Relationships between Parameters Arpan Laskar Post Graduate Student Civil Engineering Department, National Institute of Technology
More informationHYDRAULIC STRUCTURES, EQUIPMENT AND WATER DATA ACQUISITION SYSTEMS Vol. IV - Testing of Materials and Soils - F. Druyts
TESTING OF MATERIALS AND SOILS F. Druyts Pr. Eng., Department of Water Affairs and Forestry, Pretoria, South Africa Keywords: Materials testing, soil mechanics/properties, construction materials, earth
More informationCHAPTER 2 HYDRAULICS OF SEWERS
CHAPTER 2 HYDRAULICS OF SEWERS SANITARY SEWERS The hydraulic design procedure for sewers requires: 1. Determination of Sewer System Type 2. Determination of Design Flow 3. Selection of Pipe Size 4. Determination
More informationGeotechnical Measurements and Explorations Prof. Nihar Ranjan Patra Department of Civil Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur
Geotechnical Measurements and Explorations Prof. Nihar Ranjan Patra Department of Civil Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur Lecture No. # 28 Last lecture we have covered this Atterberg limit,
More information4-02 Gravel Base. 4-04 Ballast and Crushed Surfacing
Chapter 4 Bases 4-02 Gravel Base GEN 4-02.1 General Instructions Gravel Base is typically used in the construction of the roadway section and provides support for the pavement. For the pavement to provide
More information14.330 SOIL MECHANICS Assignment #4: Soil Permeability.
Geotechnical Engineering Research Laboratory One University Avenue Lowell, Massachusetts 01854 Edward L. Hajduk, D.Eng, PE Lecturer PA105D Tel: (978) 94 2621 Fax: (978) 94 052 e mail: Edward_Hajduk@uml.edu
More informationLight compaction LT rammer
Light compaction LT rammer Quality is easy Customers put their trust in you for great compaction. Our job is to provide the tools that help you deliver. Together we create quality. We are all about making
More informationTechnical Presentation: Follow up on HVS testing of Roller Compacted Concrete and Ultra-thin reinforced concrete test sections
Technical Presentation: Follow up on HVS testing of Roller Compacted Concrete and Ultra-thin reinforced concrete test sections Louw du Plessis 12 Febuary 2015 Objectives UTRCP Previous round of HVS testing
More informationSTABILIZATION OF BLACK COTTON SOIL WITH SAND AND CEMENT AS A SUBGRADE PAVEMENT
International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET) Volume 7, Issue 2, March-April 216, pp. 341 351, Article ID: IJCIET_7_2_3 Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/ijciet/issues.asp?jtype=ijciet&vtype=7&itype=2
More informationPERMEABLE INTERLOCKING CONCRETE PAVEMENT
[NOTE TO SPECIFICATION WRITER: This guide specification for the use of permeable interlocking concrete pavers for pedestrian and vehicular traffic application was developed based on the use of an open-graded
More informationPART TWO GEOSYNTHETIC SOIL REINFORCEMENT. Martin Street Improvements, Fredonia, Wisconsin; Keystone Compac Hewnstone
GEOSYNTHETIC SOIL REINFORCEMENT Martin Street Improvements, Fredonia, Wisconsin; Keystone Compac Hewnstone DESIGN MANUAL & KEYWALL OPERATING GUIDE GEOSYNTHETIC SOIL REINFORCEMENT Keystone retaining walls
More informationSOUTH AFRICAN PAVEMENT ENGINEERING MANUAL. Chapter 3. Materials Testing
SOUTH AFRICAN PAVEMENT ENGINEERING MANUAL Chapter 3 Materials Testing AN INITIATIVE OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN NATIONAL ROADS AGENCY LTD Date of Issue: November 2011 Revision 1.0 2009 South African National
More informationINDIRECT METHODS SOUNDING OR PENETRATION TESTS. Dr. K. M. Kouzer, Associate Professor in Civil Engineering, GEC Kozhikode
INDIRECT METHODS SOUNDING OR PENETRATION TESTS STANDARD PENETRATION TEST (SPT) Reference can be made to IS 2131 1981 for details on SPT. It is a field edtest to estimate e the penetration e resistance
More informationAsphalt Pavement Association Of Michigan Selecting the Right Mix. 2937 Atrium Drive, Suite 202 Okemos, MI 48864 517-323-7800 www.apa-mi.
2937 Atrium Drive, Suite 202 Okemos, MI 48864 517-323-7800 www.apa-mi.org History Performance Graded Binders MDOT Local Agency Guide NAPA Guide Outline Other Considerations For each there are: Right
More informationEVALUATION OF STRUCTURAL PROPERTIES OF LIME STABILIZED SOILS AND AGGREGATES VOLUME 3: MIXTURE DESIGN AND TESTING PROCEDURE FOR LIME STABILIZED SOILS
EVALUATION OF STRUCTURAL PROPERTIES OF LIME STABILIZED SOILS AND AGGREGATES VOLUME 3: MIXTURE DESIGN AND TESTING PROCEDURE FOR LIME STABILIZED SOILS PREPARED FOR THE NATIONAL LIME ASSOCIATION by Dallas
More informationPERFORMANCE TESTING OF BITUMINOUS MIXES USING FALLING WEIGHT DEFLECTOMETER
ABSTRACT NO. 6 PERFORMANCE TESTING OF BITUMINOUS MIXES USING FALLING WEIGHT DEFLECTOMETER Prof Praveen Kumar Dr G D Ransinchung Lt. Col. Mayank Mehta Nikhil Saboo IIT Roorkee IIT Roorkee IIT Roorkee IIT
More informationMETHOD A10 (a) THE DETERMINATION OF THE IN-PLACE DRY DENSITY OF SOIL OR GRAVEL BY THE SAND REPLACEMENT METHOD
METHOD A10 (a) THE DETERMINATION OF THE IN-PLACE DRY DENSITY OF SOIL OR GRAVEL BY THE SAND REPLACEMENT METHOD 1 SCOPE The in-place dry density of compacted soil or gravel, as defined below, is determined
More informationThe Standard & Modified Proctor Density Tests
Revise 2003, WKS Datasheet No. 7 OHAWK COLLEGE OF APPLIED ARTS AND TECHNOLOGY BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION SCIENCES DEPARTENT The Stanar & oifie Proctor Density Tests INTRODUCTION: In placing fill, it is
More informationC. Section 014510 TESTING LABORATORY SERVICE.
SECTION 014500 QUALITY CONTROL PART 1 GENERAL 1.01 RELATED REQUIREMENTS A. Drawings and General Provisions of Contract, including General and Special Conditions and other Division 1 Specification Sections,
More informationresearch report Investigation of Proposed AASHTO Rut Test Procedure Using the Asphalt Pavement Analyzer Virginia Transportation Research Council
Final Report VTRC 07-R11 Virginia Transportation Research Council research report Investigation of Proposed AASHTO Rut Test Procedure Using the Asphalt Pavement Analyzer http:/www.virginiadot.org/vtrc/main/online_reports/pdf/07-r11.pdf
More informationTITLE: DCP analysis and design of low volume roads by new TRL software UK DCP AUTHORS: Piouslin Samuel and Simon Done, TRL
SEMINAR: SUSTAINABLE ACCESS AND LOCAL RESOURCE SOLUTIONS Date : 28 30 November 2005 TITLE: DCP analysis and design of low volume roads by new TRL software UK DCP AUTHORS: Piouslin Samuel and Simon Done,
More informationEstimation of Compression Properties of Clayey Soils Salt Lake Valley, Utah
Estimation of Compression Properties of Clayey Soils Salt Lake Valley, Utah Report Prepared for the Utah Department of Transportation Research Division by Steven F. Bartlett, PhD. P.E. Assistant Professor
More informationT2: Reduce overall transport cost by cost effective road rehabilitation and maintenance
PROJECT REPORT PR/INT/277/04 Dynamic Cone Penetrometer tests and analysis Technical Information Note By Colin Jones Sector: Theme: Project Title: Project Reference: Transport T2: Reduce overall transport
More informationDivision 2 Section 32 14 13.19 Section 02795
Note: The text must be edited to suit specific project requirements. It should be reviewed by a qualified civil or geotechnical engineer, or landscape architect familiar with the site conditions. Edit
More informationProper use of the Rebound Hammer Updated to reflect the changes to ASTM C805
CEMEX USA - Technical Bulletin 2.1 Proper use of the Rebound Hammer Updated to reflect the changes to ASTM C805 The Rebound Hammer has been around since the late 1940 s and today is a commonly used method
More informationDetermination of Thermal Conductivity of Coarse and Fine Sand Soils
Proceedings World Geothermal Congress Bali, Indonesia, - April Determination of Thermal Conductivity of Coarse and Fine Sand Soils Indra Noer Hamdhan 1 and Barry G. Clarke 2 1 Bandung National of Institute
More informationDIVISION 300 BASES SECTION 304 AGGREGATE BASE COURSE DESCRIPTION MATERIALS CONSTRUCTION REQUIREMENTS
304.06 DIVISION 300 BASES SECTION 304 AGGREGATE BASE COURSE DESCRIPTION 304.01 This work consists of furnishing and placing one or more courses of aggregate and additives, if required, on a prepared subgrade.
More informationNOTES TO THE PERFORMANCE BASED SPECIFICATION FOR HOTMIX ASPHALT WEARING COURSE SURFACING
TNZ P/23 NOTES: 2005 FOR HOTMIX ASPHALT WEARING COURSE SURFACING 1. BACKGROUND 1.1 Specification Use The specification is to be used where the Engineer requires a dense graded, open graded (permeable)
More informationPRIMA 100 FWD. Comparative measurements and experience with the portable PRIMA light FWD
PRIMA 100 FWD Comparative measurements and experience with the portable PRIMA light FWD Carl Bro Pavement Consultants 0 CONTENTS 1. Introduction and background Measuring equipment Static plate bearing
More information