Epigenetic response to Stress
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1 Epigenetic response to Stress Kappeler, L, Meaney, MJ (2010) Epigenetics and parental effects. Bioessays, 32:
2 Early experiences have life-long effects Deprived environment stress cognitive and behavioral difficulties throughout life Deprived maternal care Stress hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis
3 Hypothalamic-pituitaryadrenal axis Controls reactions to stress Also regulates immune system, digestion, mood, emotions, sexual responses, energy storage
4 Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis HPA is activated by stress: hunger, thirst, trauma in a way that disturbs homeostasis. Psychological stressors may alter but this might be a learned response. Varies between individuals.t What is stress? Anything that causes a rise in ACTH and glucocorticoid concentrations. CRH changes with stress and in a circadian fashion to promote wakefullness Hippocampus Hypothalamus anterior Pituitary gland glucocorticoids Fight or flight, focus attention, regulates immune system, digestion, mood, emotions, sexual responses, energy storage suprachiasmatic nucleus enforces! circadian rhymicity on the animal establishes rhythms high ACTH in early morning corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH) Arginine vasopressin (AVP) adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) Binds ACTH receptors on adrenocortical cells of the adrenal cortex adrenal cortex ACTH stimulates synthesis of glucocorticosteroids and mineralocorticosteroids!! Cortisol is the major! glucocorticoid hormone mineralcoticosteroids receptors in limbic structure (including hippocampus)
5 Anatomy of Stress and Immune Systems Scientific American 1997
6 hypothalamus pituitary Hippocampus suprachiasmatic nucleus enforces! circadian rhymicity on the animal establishes rhythms high ACTH in early morning Hypothalamus corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH Arginine vasopressin (AVP) anterior Pituitary gland adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) Binds ACTH receptors on adrenocortical cells of the adrenal cortex adrenal cortex ACTH stimulates synthesis of glucocorticosteroids mineralocorticostero! Cortisol is the major glucocorticoid hormo glucocorticoids mineralcoticosteroids Fight or flight, focus attention, regulates immune system, digestion, mood, emotions, sexual responses, energy storage receptors in limbic structure (including hippocampus)
7 Cortisol a glucocorticoid secreted by adrenal cortex adrenal cortex glucocorticoids Structure from Wikipedia
8 Increased cortisol secretion Fight or flight, focus attention convert stored energy to usable energy substrates increase blood sugar - promotes hyperglycemia increase rate and strength of the heart contractions sensitizes blood vessels to norepinephrine, blood pressure up anti-inflammatory agent prevents over reaction to injury which could enhance damage inhibit bone formation inhibit sleeping, feeding, digestion, breeding suppress sexual responses stimulates memory of traumatic experience, long term will damage hippocampus
9 Glucocorticoid hormones are a family. Glucocorticoids a class of steroid hormones that includes Cortisol, Corticosterone and others. Family members have similar and overlapping effects (but 100% identical) and bind glucocorticoid receptor. Scientists often manipulate two specific glucocorticoids. They are: Cortisol (hydrocortisone) is a type of glucocorticoid. It is released in response to stress. Increases blood sugar (opposite effect to insulin), suppresses the immune system, is an antidiuretic, stimulates flash bulb memory. Produced by adrenal cortex Cortisone is a type of glucocorticoid hormone. Has similar effects to cortisol. It is released in response to stress. It is structurally similar to cortisol. Produced by andrenal gland. Other family members exists. cortisol cortisone
10 Arginine vasopressin (AVP) increases water reabsorption by the kidneys - antidiuretic affects vascular smooth muscle tone - causes vasoconstriction that raises blood pressure has targets in the brain Enhances pair-bonding (monogamy hormone?)
11 hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and mood disorders Inappropriate responsiveness of HPA axis is associated with post-traumatic stress syndrome, depression, bipolar disorder, alcoholism, anxiety disorders and more.
12 Epigenetic response to Stress - ground breaking papers Weaver, IC, Cervoni, N, Champagne, FA, D Alessio, AC, Sharma, S, Seckl, JR, Dymov, S, Szyf, M, Meaney, MJ (2004) Epigenetic programming by maternal behavior. Nat Neurosci, 7: Weaver, IC, D Alessio, AC, Brown, SE, Hellstrom, IC, Dymov, S, Sharma, S, Szyf, M, Meaney, MJ (2007) The transcription factor nerve growth factor-inducible protein a mediates epigenetic programming: altering epigenetic marks by immediate-early genes. J Neurosci, 27:
13 Two strains of rats. High licking grooming Low licking grooming Brushing pups increases hippocampal GR expression High licking grooming over 1st week of life have reduced adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH) and corticosterone responses to acute stress as adults. Licking grooming reduces response of HPA to stress in adulthood Female children of high licking grooming mothers become high licking grooming mothers and viceversa Cross-fostering shows that this is the product of the experience during the first week of life.
14 High and Low LG rat mothers show different LG only during the first post-natal week. Video courtesy of Frances A. Champagne
15 Cortisol A molecule secreted by adrenal cortex that binds a transcription factor inside the cell. Structure from Wikipedia
16 GR is a Type I Hormonal transcription factor How do the activate transcription? Bind a co-activator complex. Includes CBP/p300 Acetylates histones. glucocorticoid receptor androgen receptor mineralcorticoid receptor progesterone receptor hsp90 GRE Binds as a dimer. Zinc Fingers
17 Change in glucocorticoid receptor expression in the hippocampus Hippocampus Increased expression of Glucocorticoid Receptor Hippocampus Hypothalamus Hypothalamus corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH) corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH) Arginine vasopressin (AVP) Arginine vasopressin (AVP) anterior Pituitary gland anterior Pituitary gland adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) adrenal cortex adrenal cortex glucocorticoids glucocorticoids mineralcoticosteroids mineralcoticosteroids Fight or flight, focus attention, regulates immune system, digestion, mood, emotions, sexual responses, energy storage receptors in limbic structure (including hippocampus) Fight or flight, focus attention, regulates immune system, digestion, mood, emotions, sexual responses, energy storage receptors in limbic structure (including hippocampus) Adult offspring of high licking/grooming mothers Adult offspring of low licking/grooming mothers
18 Glucocorticoid receptor Turner, et al. Transcriptional control of the glucocorticoid receptor: CpG islands, epigenetics and more. (2010) Biochem Pharmacol 80:
19 in hippocampus
20 NGF1-A In high licking & grooming and low licking & grooming animals on day P1 the CpGs of the NGFI-A site are the same. They are both methylated. licking & grooming causes demethylation by P6. Active demethylation! in non-mitotic cells.
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