VIOLATION BEHAVIOR RESPONSE AND CONTINGENCY MANAGEMENT

Transcription

1 VIOLATION BEHAVIOR RESPONSE AND CONTINGENCY MANAGEMENT Courtney Kramer DCJ Office of Community Corrections Chrystal Owin DCJ Office of Community Corrections

2 Behavior is a function of its Responses In other words PEOPLE DO WHAT THEY DO BECAUSE OF WHAT HAPPENS TO THEM WHEN THEY DO IT.

3 Change Offender Behavior Change Response to Behavior

4 SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY Voluntary behavior is learned and therefore can be unlearned Behavior that is reinforced will continue unless the reinforcement is either: Withdrawn or An alternative reinforced behavior is learned in its place

5 BEHAVIOR RESPONSES Responses that increase the likelihood of behavior happening again 1. Positive Reinforcement Turning on a Positive 2. Negative Reinforcement Turning off a Negative Responses that decrease the likelihood of behavior happening again 1. Punishment 2. Penalty Turning on a Negative Turning off a Positive

6 DISCRETIONARY EFFORT Positive Reinforcement generates more behavior than minimally required. Negative reinforcement generates only enough of the desired behavior to escape or avoid a negative consequence.

7 SANCTIONS ACTIVITY Scale the following scenarios on a scale from 0-9 depicting the level of punishment deserved. 0=no punishment 9=extreme punishment

8 SCENARIOS John and his wife have been using prescription fertility drugs, in an effort to have a baby. Unbeknownst to either of them, their houseguest placed a syringe of heroin in the refrigerator, near the fertility drugs. That night, John mistakenly injects his wife with heroin, instead of the fertility drug. John plans to be a gangster for a Halloween office party. His friend offered to lend John a gangster costume, complete with a gun, and John accepted. John assumes the gun is a harmless toy, but it is actually real and loaded. John playfully shoots it at a co-worker, who then dies of the injuries. John attends a part hosted by a hypnotist. Under hypnosis, John does uncharacteristic and comical deeds, until something goes wrong. Attempting to demonstrate that hypnotized people are harmless, the hypnotist tells John to strike a nearby woman. John grabs a lamp and hits the woman, who dies of the injuries. When brought out of hypnosis, John has no recollection.

9 SCENARIOS CONTINUED John has a license to hunt deer with his licensed rifle. One day, he sees a deer, takes aim, and shoots missing the deer but killing a distant hunter. The deceased hunter had not complied with important state safety regulations. In particular, he was not wearing hunter orange to distinguish himself from target animals. Angry after overhearing the derogatory remarks made by the coach towards his son during a little league soccer game, John approaches the coach, grabs him, knocks him down, then kicks him several times while he is on the ground. This knocks the man unconscious for several minutes and causes cuts that require five stitches. Unbeknownst to John and his doctors, his new prescription interacts with his other medications to induce severe acute psychoses. During that interaction, John returns home to his 60-year old invalid mother, who he has always adored. John lights her oxygen mask with a cigarette, and watches as his mother catches fire, screams, and burns to death.

10 EMOTIONAL BIAS V S

11 Risk and Need Use Risk as a Main Factor and Adjust Responses to Need Parsimony Response should not be more severe or gratuitous than needed to effect the behavior Celerity Reduce Time Delay between Behavior and Response: Respond Quickly Seven (7) Principles for Managing Offender Behavior Certainty Respond to Every Violation Consistency Similar Decision in Similar Circumstances Proportionality Severity of Response is Congruent with Severity of Behavior Neutrality Inform Offenders How Responses are Determined

12 CONDITIONS OF PUNISHMENTS/PENALTIES MUST BE PERFECT FOR THEM TO WORK Immediate If not, people will take the benefits over the consequence (immediate gratification) e.g. eating a donut or fast food Certain/Consistent If not, people will take the gamble and accept the consequence as an exception to the rule e.g. speeding ticket Fair If not, people will attribute the punishment to the punisher rather than the behavior e.g. He just doesn t like me and has it out for me Transparent If not, people do not know what behavior is expected to avoid punishment e.g. speed limit signs

13 WHO DOES PUNISHMENT/PENALTIES NOT WORK FOR? People with addictive disorders People with low impulse control People with long histories of punishment

14 SEVEN PRINCIPLES OF MOTIVATIONAL INCENTIVES Target Behavior Choice of Target Population Choice of Reinforcer Incentive Magnitude Frequency of Incentive Distribution Timing of Incentive Duration of Incentive

15 TARGET BEHAVIOR Meaningful criminogenic needs Observable Measurable Proper level of difficulty

16 CHOICE OF TARGET POPULATION Determine which population would respond to and need incentives most New clients Clients struggling with program/sobriety/etc. Specific problem behaviors/substances

17 CHOICE OF REINFORCER Client driven rewards Privileges Tangible rewards Vouchers/token economy

18 INCENTIVE MAGNITUDE The reward should be large enough to compete with the reason for engaging in the undesired behavior. Clients may not respond to low-magnitude responses Escalating point systems helps to increase magnitude

19 SILVERMAN ET. AL STUDY (1996) Cocaine using, heroine dependent clients in the study Randomized assignment to 3 conditions No Reinforcement Low Magnitude Reinforcement High Magnitude Reinforcement All patients cycled through all 3 conditions

20 SILVERMAN ET. AL STUDY (1996) % w/ Negative Cocaine Samples % w/ 4+ Weeks of Abstinence No Reinforcement Low Magnitude High Magnitude

21 FREQUENCY OF INCENTIVE DISTRIBUTION AKA schedule of reinforcement Fixed versus variable ratio reinforcement Fish bowl

22 TIMING OF THE INCENTIVE Timing is more important than the reward itself Early and often

23 DURATION OF THE INCENTIVE NIDA Clinical Trials Project including 3 months of reinforcement Findings: three months appears to be an insufficient amount of intervention time to create lasting change. Motivational Incentives supplements rather than supplants cognitive-behavioral treatment. The period of incentives must last long enough to let the treatment process take its course Research suggests tapering clients off the incentives program after some successful gains in formal therapeutic interventions (Kirby et al., 1999).

24 Study on Effect of Rewards to Punishments Sample of 283 probationers and parolees on ISP Research Questions 1. Do sanctions for violations influence the likelihood of successful completion? 2. Do rewards for compliant behavior influence the likelihood of successful completion? 3. Does a ratio of rewards to sanctions influence the likelihood of successful completion? Wodahl, E., Garland, B., Culhane, S., and McCarty, W. (2011) Utilizing Behavioral Interventions to Improve Supervision and Outcomes in Community-Based Corrections. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 38:

25 STUDY OUTCOMES Sanctions alone explained a small portion (27%) of why offenders successfully completed ISP. Rewards alone explained a larger portion (46%) of why offenders successfully completed ISP As ratio of rewards to sanctions increased, the probability of success grew: 1:2 (reward:punishment) = 19% probability of success 2:1 (reward:punishment) = 57% probability of success 4:1 (reward:punishment) = 71% probability of success

26 WODAHL STUDY CON T

27 BEWARE AND BE AWARE What may be some personal biases of criminal justice staff in utilizing incentives for clients? What obstacles do you see in implementing an incentives program in a criminal justice setting?

28 Thank you! Courtney Kramer Chrystal Owin