(A) Bats will have less energy available since humans interfere with their ability to hunt for

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1 1. Many North American bat species hibernate (a state of inactivity and reduced metabolism) in caves during the winter. In caves that are disturbed by humans, hibernating bats often rouse from hibernation and become active for periods of time. Which statement best predicts how bats will be affected by human activity in caves? (A) Bats will have less energy available since humans interfere with their ability to hunt for food. This answer suggests the student may understand that bats hibernate when less food is available, but does not understand the role of hibernation in lowering metabolism so an organism can live off of stored free energy. (B) Bats will be unable to maintain a low metabolic rate and will deplete more of their fat reserves upon awakening. This answer suggests the student understands the role of hibernation in reducing the demand for free energy by lowering an animal s metabolism and that free energy is stored in the body in different locations and amounts. (C) Bats will spend more energy avoiding capture and will have less energy available to hunt for food. This answer suggests the student may understand the role of activity in increasing free energy demands, but does not understand that less food is available during times when bats typically hibernate and that the bats energy resources will be used up faster during hunting than during hibernation. (D) Bats will use less energy to maintain body temperature because human activity in the caves raises the ambient temperature. Page 1 of 5

2 This answer suggests the student may understand that free energy is required to maintain a higher body temperature relative to the environment, but does not understand how hibernation reduces the demand for free energy by lowering body temperature and metabolism or how waking from hibernation raises body temperature and increases the demand for free energy. 2. Which statement best predicts how a ground squirrel will respond to a longer seasonal period of decreased free energy? (A) A ground squirrel will hibernate for longer intervals to reduce its rate of metabolism and conserve energy. This answer suggests the student understands that hibernation is a behavioral adaptation to periods of decreased free energy because it reduces an animal s need for free energy by lowering the animal s metabolism. (B) A ground squirrel will convert more energy from food into fat to ensure its body has ample energy reserves. This answer suggests the student may understand that animals store extra free energy that is obtained from food as fat (energy reserves), but does not understand that only excess free energy beyond what the organism needs for metabolism is stored as fat. (C) A ground squirrel will shed its fur coat to decrease the energy demands needed to maintain body temperature and hair growth. This answer suggests the student may understand that shedding fur is an adaptation to seasonal changes, but does not understand that shedding fur does not reduce an animal s need for free energy and may even increase the need for free energy because fur helps to maintain body temperature. (D) A ground squirrel will produce more offspring in fewer litters to minimize the investment of energy needed for reproduction. Page 2 of 5

3 This answer suggests the student may understand that having fewer litters reduces the amount of free energy needed for reproduction, but does not understand that producing more offspring in fewer litters does not decrease the demand for free energy and is not a response to periods of reduced free energy. 3. The graph below shows the relationship between the internal body temperature of a rabbit and a snake and the external ambient temperature. Assuming that the rabbit and the snake have the same body mass, which statement best describes the difference in the free energy requirements that the rabbit and the snake have for thermoregulation? (A) The snake requires more free energy than the rabbit because the snake is in a higher trophic level than the rabbit. This answer suggests the student may understand that the snake is in a higher trophic level than the rabbit, but does not understand that the rabbit converts more free energy to thermal energy to maintain a stable body temperature regardless of the environmental temperature. Page 3 of 5

4 (B) The rabbit requires less free energy than the snake because the rabbit s fur reduces the amount of thermal energy that is transferred to the environment. This answer suggests the student may understand that fur helps reduce the transfer of thermal energy from the body to the environment, but does not understand that the rabbit must generate more thermal energy to maintain a constant body temperature regardless of the environmental temperature. (C) The rabbit requires more free energy than the snake because most free energy in the rabbit is transformed into thermal energy inside cells. This answer suggests the student understands that the rabbit requires more free energy than the snake because the rabbit must maintain a constant body temperature (homeostasis) regardless of environmental conditions, and free energy is transformed into thermal energy in order to do so. (D) The snake requires less free energy than the rabbit because the energy transformations that take place in the snake prevent the release of thermal energy to the environment. This answer suggests the student may understand that the snake transforms less free energy into thermal energy than the rabbit, but does not understand that all energy transformations result in the transfer of some free energy into thermal energy that is released to the environment, and that there are fewer energy transformations in the snake than in the rabbit because the snake does not need to maintain a constant body temperature. 4. Which statement explains how an organism will most likely respond to a period of reduced free energy? (A) A plant leaf will open its stomata because this increases the rate at which gases can be exchanged with the environment. Page 4 of 5

5 This answer suggests the student may understand that a plant opens its stomata in response to environmental conditions, but does not understand that stomata open so that photosynthesis can occur, and that photosynthesis uses free energy rather than conserving it. (B) A tree will reduce the rate at which glucose is metabolized in the citric acid (Krebs) cycle because this extends the amount of time glucose reserves can be utilized. This answer suggests the student understands that a plant cell will slow down metabolism (become dormant) and reduce the rate at which cellular respiration occurs in order to conserve free energy during periods of reduced free energy. (C) A plant cell will split more water molecules because this will release electrons that can be used to generate ATP in the light reaction. This answer suggests the student may understand that water molecules are split to release electrons as an initial step in photosynthesis, but does not understand that free energy from the environment is required for the excitation of photons in the light reactions in photosynthesis. (D) A tree will move sap from the roots through the phloem in early spring because sap is needed to nourish new bud growth and leaf formation. This answer suggests the student may understand that sap flows to leaves and buds to stimulate new growth, but does not understand that the movement of sap requires free energy and is not likely to occur during periods of low free energy. Page 5 of 5

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