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1 html/xhtml + css new media web design

2 hyper (dynamic + non linear) text (regular old words) markup (tags marking up the words) language (structured method of communication)

3 html 4.1 vs. xhtml 1.0 XHTML is a family of current and developing document types and modules that reproduce, subset, and extend HTML 4. XHTML is more strict than HTML. There are 5 basic differences to writing valid xhtml. (there are some additional advanced differences you can read more about at if you re interested) 1. Documents must be well-formed CORRECT <p>here is an emphasized <em>paragraph </em>.</p> INCORRECT <p>here is an emphasized <em>paragraph.</p></em> 2. Element and attribute names must be in lower case This difference is necessary because XML is case-sensitive e.g. <li> and <LI> are different tags. 3. For non-empty elements, end tags are required CORRECT <p>here is a paragraph.</p> <p>here is another paragraph.</p> INCORRECT <p>here is a paragraph. <p>here is another paragraph. 4. All attribute values must always be quoted CORRECT <td rowspan= 3 > INCORRECT <td rowspan=3> 5. Empty elements must either have an end tag or the start tag must end with />. For instance, <br/> or <hr></hr> CORRECT <br/><hr/> incorrect <br><hr>

4 basic x/html structure <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC -//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN xhtml1-transitional.dtd > <html> </html> <head> <title> My First HTML Document </title> </head> <body> <p>hello world!</p> </body> 1. a line containing the doctype declaration. 2. a header section (delimited by the <head> element). 3. a body, which contains the document s actual content delimited by the <body> element. Sections 2 and 3 are contained within the <html> element.

5 xhtml elements <p id= main >Hello world!</p> elements are the building blocks of xhtml. <p id= main >Hello world!</p> 1. They are constructed from a start tag. 2. Attributes. 3. content. 4. And an end tag.

6 basic block elements <p> </p> Creates a paragraph, perhaps the most common block level element. Block level elements can be placed directly within the body tags. Generally, block elements will begin on a new line. <hr/> Inserts a horizontal rule. Horizontal rules can also be handled through the CSS properties. <h1> </h1> <h2> </h2> <h3> </h3> <h4> </h4> <h5> </h5> <h6> </h6> Section headings at different levels. Use <h1> for the highest-level heading (the major sections), <h2> for the next level down (sub-section), <h3> for a level below that, and so on. The heading elements are not intended merely for creating large or bold text: they describe something about the document s structure and organization.

7 block elements continued <dl> </dl> Creates a definition list (consisting of definition terms paired with definitions). Can also be used to specify speakers and quoted text. <dt> </dt> Creates a definition term. <dd> </dd> Creates a definition. <ol> </ol> and <ul> </ul> Creates an ordered (enumerated) or unordered (bulleted) list. With ol, the type attribute can be used to specify the kind of ordering, but CSS gives more control: {list-style-type: foo}. The default is Arabic numbering. For ul, CSS can be used to specify the list marker: {list-style-type: foo}. The default marker is a bullet. <li> </li> Creates a list item in ordered and unordered lists.

8 basic inline elements <em> </em> Emphasis (conventionally displayed in italics) <strong> </strong> strong emphasis (conventionally displayed bold). An oral user agent may use different voices for emphasis. Inline elements cannot be placed directly inside the body element; they must be wholly nested within block-level elements <a> </a> Creates an element that becomes a hyperlink with the href attribute set to a URL. <img/> Includes an image with the src attribute. The required alt attribute provides alternative text in case the image cannot be displayed. <br/> Specifies a line-break.

9 <a> <a href= > Google </a> The <a> or anchor tag allows you to create hyperlinks (clickable text) to other html or multimedia documents. 1. The opening <a> tag containing an href attribute. 2. The href attribute defines the location the user will be sent to when the link is clicked. 3. This can be a relative or absolute URL. 4. The element content is what will be displayed as clickable text. 5. The closing </a> tag.

10 <img> <img src= imgs/logo.gif alt= The Taj Mahal /> The <img> or image tag allows you to place images in your html document by calling the file using the src attribute. 1. the img element opens with <img and self-closes with /> 2. The src attribute defines the file path for the image. 3. The file path is where the image file can be found on your server or someone elses. This can be a relative or absolute URL. 4. The alt tag is required and defines alternate text in case the image cannot load. 5. A text description of the image.

11 <div> and <span> <div> <p> Hello World! </p> </div> <p> <span> Hello World! </span> </p> The DIV and SPAN elements, in conjunction with the id and class attributes, offer a generic mechanism for adding structure to documents. These elements define content to be inline (SPAN) or block-level (DIV) but impose no other presentational idioms on the content. Thus, authors may use these elements in conjunction with style sheets, the lang attribute, etc., to tailor HTML to their own needs and tastes.

12 css introduction CSS stands for Cascading Style Sheets Styles define how to display HTML elements Styles are normally stored in Style Sheets Styles were added to HTML 4.0 to solve a problem External Style Sheets are stored in CSS files (.css) Multiple style definitions will cascade into one

13 why css? Styles Solve a Common Problem HTML tags were originally designed to define the content of a document. They were supposed to say This is a header, This is a paragraph, This is a table, by using tags like <h1>, <p>, <table>, and so on. The layout of the document was supposed to be interpreted of by the browser, without using any formatting tags. As the two major browsers - Netscape and Internet Explorer - continued to add new HTML tags and attributes (like the <font> tag and the color attribute) to the original HTML specification, it became more and more difficult to create Web sites where the content of HTML documents was clearly separated from the document s presentation layout. To solve this problem, the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) - the non profit, standard setting consortium, responsible for standardizing HTML - created STYLES in addition to HTML 4.0.

14 the upside All major browsers support Cascading Style Sheets. Styles sheets define HOW HTML elements are to be displayed, just like the font tag and the color attribute in HTML 3.2. Styles are normally saved in external.css files. External style sheets enable you to change the appearance and layout of all the pages in your Web, just by editing one single CSS document! CSS is a breakthrough in Web design because it allows developers to control the style and layout of multiple Web pages all at once. As a Web developer you can define a style for each HTML element and apply it to as many Web pages as you want. To make a global change, simply change the style, and all elements in the Web are updated automatically.

15 cascading Multiple Styles Will Cascade Into One Style sheets allow style information to be specified in many places. Styles can be specified inside a single HTML element, inside the <head> element of an HTML page, or in an external CSS file. Even multiple external style sheets can be referenced inside a single HTML document.

16 cascading order What style will be used when there is more than one style specified for an HTML element? Generally speaking we can say that all the styles will cascade into a new virtual style sheet by the following rules, where number four has the highest priority: 1 Browser default 2 External style sheet 3 Internal style sheet (inside the <head> tag) 4 Inline style (inside an HTML element) So, an inline style (inside an HTML element) has the highest priority, which means that it will override a style declared inside the <head> tag, in an external style sheet, or in a browser (a default value).

17 basic syntax selector {property: value;} body {color: black;} p {font-family: sans serif ;} p {text-align: center; color: red;} p { text-align: center; color: black; font-family: arial; } The CSS syntax is made up of three parts: a selector, a property and a value: The selector is normally the HTML element/tag you wish to define, the property is the attribute you wish to change, and each property can take a value. The property and value are separated by a colon, and surrounded by curly braces. If the value is multiple words, put quotes around the value. If you wish to specify more than one property, you must separate each property with a semicolon. To make the style definitions more readable, you can describe one property on each line.

18 the class selector CSS: p.right {text-align: right;} p.center {text-align: center;}.left {text-align: left;} HTML: <h1 class= left > This headline will be left-aligned. </h1> <p class= right > This paragraph will be rightaligned. </p> With the class selector you can define different styles for the same type of HTML element, or the same style to different elements. In your CSS document, a class selector is denoted by beginning with a period. In your html document, a class is defined as an attribute. Do NOT start a class name with a number! It will not work in Mozilla/Firefox. <p class= center > This paragraph will be centeraligned. </p>

19 the id selector CSS: #para1 {color: green; text-align: left;} HTML: <p id= para1 > This paragraph will be green and left aligned. </p> You can also define styles for HTML elements with the id selector. The id selector is defined as a #. An ID is a unique identifier, and can only be used once in an html document. Do NOT start an ID name with a number! It will not work in Mozilla/Firefox.

20 external style sheets How to Insert a Style Sheet When a browser reads a style sheet, it will format the document according to it. There are three ways of inserting a style sheet: External Style Sheet An external style sheet is ideal when the style is applied to many pages. With an external style sheet, you can change the look of an entire Web site by changing one file. Each page must link to the style sheet using the <link> tag. The <link> tag goes inside the head section: <head> <link rel= stylesheet type= text/css href= mystyle.css /> </head> An external style sheet can be written in any text editor. The file should not contain any html tags. Your style sheet should be saved with a.css extension.

21 internal style sheets Internal Style Sheet An internal style sheet should be used when a single document has a unique style. You define internal styles in the head section by using the <style> tag, like this: <head> <style type= text/css > hr {color: sienna;} p {margin-left: 20px;} body {background-image: url( images/back40.gif );} </style> </head> The browser will now read the style definitions, and format the document according to it.

22 inline styles Inline Styles An inline style loses many of the advantages of style sheets by mixing content with presentation. Use this method sparingly, such as when a style is to be applied to a single occurrence of an element. To use inline styles you use the style attribute in the relevant tag. The style attribute can contain any CSS property. The example shows how to change the color and the left margin of a paragraph: <p style= color: sienna; margin-left: 20px; > This is a paragraph </p>

23 css comments CSS: /* This is a comment */ p { text-align: center; /* This is another comment */ color: black; font-family: arial } Comments are used to explain your code, and may help you when you edit the source code at a later date. A comment will be ignored by browsers. A CSS comment begins with /*, and ends with */, like this:

24 resources This information was adapted from and can be found at the World Wide Web Consortium s web site at

HTML and CSS. Elliot Davies. April 10th, 2013. ed37@st-andrews.ac.uk

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