Preserving Oamaru Stone Structures
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- Prosper Baker
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1 M Wainwright & Co Traditional Stonemasonry (Dunedin, New Zealand) Dove Cottage 9 King George Street Broad Bay Dunedin 9014 Tel: Mob: mrw157@me.com Preserving Oamaru Stone Structures 1. Introduction 2. Main Issues 3. Historic Evidence of Protective Coatings 4. Abrasive Cleaning and Unprotected Oamaru Stone 5. Determining the Causes of Erosion 6. Ideas and Solutions 1. Introduction Since I have been working on heritage buildings, constructed with the use of Oamaru stone it has been quite concerning to me how fast these can erode. In extreme cases I have seen whole lengths of carved stone needing replacing in less then 25 years of the restoration work being carried out. For this reason I have been questioning what would be the best practice for preserving this material and slowing down the speed of erosion. One of the biggest questions is: should stone be protected in any way, such as with a breathable water- repellent or even receive a protective plastering or lime coating? Image: A shell is left protruding from the otherwise eroded Oamaru stone once surrounding it. Restoration work carried out in 1995, picture taken in Hunterbuilding, Victoria University, Wellington 1
2 2. Main Issues Oamaru stone belongs to the softest stones used as a building material. It was and is easy to source, and it is easy to shape but very prone to erosion. Untreated and exposed to the elements, many Oamaru stone features will hardly survive a hundred years. This applies mainly to capping stones, protruding or ornate carvings and north east to north west facing corners. Exchanging these blocks of stones becomes therefore a necessity after 100 to 150 years. This is not only a very costly undertaking, but defies the idea of retaining heritage by gradually replacing it with a replica building. Image: Destruction through restoration? Hunterbuilding, Victoria University, Wellington, 2008 Image: The arrow indicates the strong erosion on a recently inserted stone. Restoration work carried out in Otago Girls High, Dunedin (The new stone is easy to distinguish by the changed joints and the different material). A further complication is that the grade of newly quarried Oamaru stone differs from the original stone and it cannot always be guarantied that this will last as good as the previous stone. As a great number of buildings, memorials and monuments were built from Oamaru stone between 100 to 150 years ago, we are now facing an increasing amount of Oamaru stone buildings that need ever- greater maintenance work. Further more a lot of these structures are loosing their finely carved details beyond recognition, which unfortunately are the first to go. 2
3 Image: Whilst this memorial is still standing strong, the most valubale feature, the inscription has nearly disapiered. Northern Cemetery, Dunedin Painting Oamaru stone can protect it initially - providing no damp gets into the stone. If moisture gets behind the paint, which in general happens around the base or where the paint is broken or when the roof leaks it will 'rot' or blow off large areas of stone. Repeated applications of paint covering over the decades will also mean that detailed carving work will become unrecognisable. Image: Another sad example of the first features to errode on the exterior of a building. Archway West, Otago University. 3
4 3. Historic evidence of protective coatings It was first in the specifications for the building of Larnach's Tomb that I read of lime dust and linseed oil being specified as a final coating to be applied on the Oamaru stone. This would have giving the stone a water repelling coating and prevented it from growing moss and accumulating dirt within a short time. Whilst to most parts this coating has been eroded from the tomb, it is often visible on Oamaru stone buildings as a hard yellowish coating. Just recently I also discovered on the Otago University Geology building the actual brush marks from applying such or similar coating. Image: the pictured pillar and molded stone section still retain a slightly smudged over appearance from the brushed on surface coating. These stones are part of a door entrance and are well protected from the weather. Registry Building, Otago University. Image: a clear difference is visible on this window lintel after being steam cleaned, between linseed covered (dark) and non- covered (eroded and white) areas. Capsc Building, Otago University. 4
5 Following are some examples depicting the linseed covered Oamaru stones in comparison to stones where it has eroded away: Images: The right head/grotesque still retains most of its linseed oil covering and has also experienced very little erosion. The left head in comparison has gradually lost its protective covering and erosion is following fast. 5
6 Images: Where the original stone has been well protected from the elements, not only is the linseed oil covering clearly visible but also the high level of stone carvers craftsmanship. The details are crisp with sharp edges still remaining. These original undamaged works can easily be used for determining the amount of erosion on other exposed stone. Above Image: Marama Hall, Otago University Left Image: Registry, OtagoUniversity 6
7 Images: It might appear as if sunlight is striking the above pictured capitals, but it is erosion that has removed the grimy linseed oil covering and is now exposing the white Oamaru stone. Note also that these three (of dozens of) capitals display a different design. These and the below pictured heraldry are some of few Oamaru stone carved features that have survived with all their detail up to date due to their protective coating and the absence of abrasive cleaning or painting. These items are in urgent need of protection before the erosion sets in any further. Registry, Otago University 7
8 4. Abrasive Cleaning and Unprotected Oamaru Stone Over the decades historic buildings have become very dirty, especially from coal fires and vehicle fumes. This layer of dirt combined with the linseed oil is extremely hard to remove (if not impossible) wihout damaging or removing any stone. It has therefore been common praxis to clean a building by abbrasivly removing the top layer. How many milimeters this requires depends on the level of dirt or errosion, but in all cases it removes the original finish of the stone and slightly changes the apperance. It is best conservation praxis to remove all coating to a natural stone (paint, bitumen, plaster, sealers...) and allow for the stone to breath again. This is because time has shown that covering a stone with for example paint, could cause greater problems further down the track, due to trapping moisture. In the case of our Oamaru stone structures the abrasive cleaning also meant that the protective linseed oil coating was removed. This leaves the stone open again to the elements. On the historic Dunedin Courthouse that was abrasivly cleaned approximately 15 years ago the disadvanteges of this are very visible: not only have the moisture absorbing sufaces become quite dirty again, but in some local areas erosion is also setting in at a much faster pace then would have been seen over the past century. Left Image: This image depicts heavily tooled surfaces created during restoration work. Unfortunately the life and crispness has been somewhat knocked out of the ornamental leaves and features. Dunedin Courthouse 8
9 Image below: The arrow indicates an area where erosion is occuring since the restoration work was carried out. The acanthus leaves within the ornamenbtal band have not been abresivly cleaned and the original detail of the work is still visible. Further note the strong discoloring and moss/lichen growth on the hood. 5. Determining the Cause of Erosion Pictured is an Oamaru stone hood and roll. Whilst the hood protrudes out into the weather and elements it shows little erosion compared with the well protected roll just below. Hunter Building, Victoria University, Wellington 9
10 The previous image depicts an interesting scenario that led me to the belief that salts are the main source of erosion: The hood would receive a more or less regular intake of rainwater. This would most likely include a certain amount of salts from the sea. The moisture will then naturally travel towards the dryer roll below from where it could easily evaporate again, thus leaving the dissolved salts behind to cristilise and blow the Oamaru stone grains apart. Once the stone surface becomes pitted and eroded it will increase the surface area, water evaporation and erosion. Another similar scenario is depicted below, Larnach s Tomb Dunedin. Again stones that are in areas that are more likely to be dried out and also next to stones that absorb more moisture, are the ones with the highest level of erosion. On the interior side, erosion with rings of crystalline salts could be detected. The above images depicts high levels of erosion on Larnach s Tomb, Northern Cemetery, Dunedin The left image shows the erosion on the interior of the above pictured tomb with a ring of salt around the edge. 10
11 Pictured above and right are images from a window on the Geology Building, Otago University. Here large areas of spalling are visible. I have included the previous two images to show that erosion can differ in many ways. The reason of why the stone is spalling and not eroding as previously depicted, is unknown to me. 6. Ideas and Solutions My observations so far, have mainly been visual and based on my experience as a stonemason and at current fall short of peers reviews or scientific backup. Below are questions that I believe will need further research to find out what we are dealing with: Are salts the source of erosion? Was it truly linseed oil that had been historically used? And if, has linseed oil been a successful coating for preserving Oamaru stone? Does linseed oil allow for water vapors and air to pass? What is the cause for Oamaru stone to spall? 11
12 The subsequent questions and actions would be: Is a modern day sealer beneficial for the stone? Does Oamaru stone need poulticing? Run long- term trials with different processes and applications. Monitor buildings where certain processes were applied. Consult with professionals inland and oversees. In New Zealand the stone restoration and conservation industry is small and faces unique challenges due to the local environment and types of stone used. It also faces challenges due to some services and products being non available or hard to source. For this reason I (inspired by others in the industry) believe a central platform should be created where this information can be stored and easily found. This platform would also collate any research and trialing projects, but if well organized could be far more extensive (data base for quarries, materials, expert advice and services). At this stage I would like to hear back from people interested in this field, that either have knowledge to share or would benefit from having access to this information. This will hopefully be enough to loosely start an interest group that can make the first steps in tackling issues such as preserving Oamaru stone. So I apologies to those people reading this paper in the belief that the outlined issue would be well solved by this chapter, but I do hope it will create enough interest to here back from you. Dunedin Railway Station, cleaned and sealed in A prime example of a product being applied that now could well be monitored and the information made available for interested. Product used: Silac from Fraser Brown & Stratmore Ltd 12
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