Optics for Machine Vision

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1 The Old Barn Grange Court Tongham Surrey GU10 1DW Optics for Machine Vision Photonex 2002 Simon Hickman Firstsight Vision Ltd The purpose of a camera Lens To transmit light onto the camera sensor in a controlled way producing a focused image of a chosen object or objects. 1

2 Lens Quality Lens quality can be crucial when: high quality images are required (sharply focused, undistorted, uniformly illuminated) where measurements need to be extracted when some kind of geometry or pattern matching is to be carried out This is always the case in machine vision applications What factors contribute to Lens quality? Quality Parameters Focal Length/Magnification Relative Aperture (F-number) Depth of Field Resolution (MTF) Light Uniformity (vignetting) Distortion 2

3 Lens Theory Lenses are usually specified in terms of the focal length and aperture Focal Length The focal length of a lens, f, is a measure (usually in mm) of the distance between the optical centre plane of the lens and the image plane. Light originating from an object at infinity intersects the optical axis of a lens at the focal point In the case of CCD cameras, the sensor of the camera is positioned at the image plane (focal point) 3

4 Focal Length Mounting the lens relative to the image plane (CCD) is critical and there are several standards to ensure that lens position is accurate. Lens Mounts The most common standard lens mount for machine vision is Cmount but there are several others: C-Mount CS-Mount 42mm F-Mount 4

5 Extension Tubes Extension tubes may be used to achieve a specific FOV, but this compromises the following: Will no longer focus to infinity Decreased camera sensitivity Depth of field is decreased - sometimes dramatically. Magnification Magnification is the ratio between image size and the object size. For CCD cameras, the magnification is referenced to the sensor size. For example a 1x magnification factor gives a FOV the same size as the sensor of the camera. Thus it is important to know the size of the camera sensor 5

6 CCD sensor size Camera sensor sizes are quoted in inches. Unfortunately this does not directly give the physical dimensions CCD sensors are quoted as a format size' which is a legacy from pre-ccd Vidicon tubes. Common sizes are1/3, 1/2, and 2/3 inches, the actual dimensions are... CCD sensor size 6

7 Relative Aperture Known as the F-stop or F-number. This is calculated by dividing focal length by the diameter of the lens pupil. Can be controlled with an adjustable iris. Lenses with very low F-numbers are usually physically large and are therefore expensive! Depth of Field Depth of field (depth of focus) is a measure of the range of object distances within which the image appears to be sharp and focused. Principally controlled by the lens iris size: The smaller the iris size, the greater the depth of field. 7

8 Lens Resolution (MTF) The resolving power of a lens is classified by the Modulation Transfer Function (MTF) The ideal lens would produce a perfect image but in practice, lenses act as low pass filters. Coarse structures, are transferred with relatively good contrast. Finer structures, such as finely spaced lines, are not transferred as well. MTF 8

9 MTF As the spatial frequency increases there is a point at which the modulation is zero. This is the resolution limit, or the resolving power of the lens and is usually quoted in line-pairs per millimeter (lp/mm). The most important factor is to ensure that the lens is optically capable of resolving the individual pixels on the camera sensor. Lens Resolution 9

10 Light Uniformity (vignetting) All images from lenses suffer from intensity variation between the centre and the edge. This phenomenon, is known as vignetting. Vignetting is caused by light rays being blocked by mechanical parts within the lens. Distortion Lens distortion causes the image to differ geometrically from the object. Pincushion distortion is known as 'positive distortion' and barrel distortion is known as 'negative distortion'. 10

11 Distortion/Chromatic Aberration Distortion is caused by varying light refraction within the glass of the lens. This is usually at a maximum at the edges. Different wavelengths (colours) are refracted by varying amounts Lens Selection Summary What is the field of view (FOV)? What is the working distance (object distance)? What are the camera sensor/pixel sizes? What resolution (MTF) is required? What depth of field (DOF) is required? Will shading at the edges be a problem? Are distortions important? 11

12 Lens Types There are a number of different lens types designed for specific applications: Standard Lenses High Resolution Lenses Macro Lenses Telecentric Lenses Micro-head Lenses Large Format lenses Special (custom) Lenses Standard Lenses Most widely used lenses Available in standard focal lengths to 100mm Optimised for focusing at longer distances Typically rated at MTF of lp/mm, moderately low distortion/vignetting 12

13 High Resolution Lenses A superior version of the standard quality lenses. Typically only available up to 50mm MTF in excess of 120 lp/mm and very low distortion (<0.1%). Essential when using very small pixel cameras for measurement or alignment applications. Macro Lenses Specifically designed for small Fields Of View (FOV) Fixed aperture and working distance High MTF and negligible distortion 13

14 Telecentric Lenses Designed to eliminate perspective projections and incorrect image scaling. Particularly suited for imaging 3D objects Telecentric lenses collimate the light entering the lens. Produces equal magnification independent of object distance Telecentric Lenses 14

15 Micro-head Lenses So-called 'micro-head' lenses are simply small format lenses for use with very small or remote head cameras. Generally suffer more from vignetting and distortion than any other type of lens, but offer a neat, spaceefficient alternative. Large Format Lenses Large format lenses (sometimes referred to as enlargement lenses) are required when the camera sensor dimensions exceed what can be accommodated with standard' lenses. Typically used in linescan applications and with specialist large format cameras 15

16 Custom Lenses Very occasionally, standard lenses cannot satisfy the requirements of an application Some lens manufacturers offer custom services to include: Unusual focal lengths Probing applications Etc. The Old Barn Grange Court Tongham Surrey GU10 1DW Optics for Machine Vision Photonex 2002 Simon Hickman Firstsight Vision Ltd 16

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