Optics for Machine Vision
|
|
- Leo Washington
- 7 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 The Old Barn Grange Court Tongham Surrey GU10 1DW Optics for Machine Vision Photonex 2002 Simon Hickman Firstsight Vision Ltd The purpose of a camera Lens To transmit light onto the camera sensor in a controlled way producing a focused image of a chosen object or objects. 1
2 Lens Quality Lens quality can be crucial when: high quality images are required (sharply focused, undistorted, uniformly illuminated) where measurements need to be extracted when some kind of geometry or pattern matching is to be carried out This is always the case in machine vision applications What factors contribute to Lens quality? Quality Parameters Focal Length/Magnification Relative Aperture (F-number) Depth of Field Resolution (MTF) Light Uniformity (vignetting) Distortion 2
3 Lens Theory Lenses are usually specified in terms of the focal length and aperture Focal Length The focal length of a lens, f, is a measure (usually in mm) of the distance between the optical centre plane of the lens and the image plane. Light originating from an object at infinity intersects the optical axis of a lens at the focal point In the case of CCD cameras, the sensor of the camera is positioned at the image plane (focal point) 3
4 Focal Length Mounting the lens relative to the image plane (CCD) is critical and there are several standards to ensure that lens position is accurate. Lens Mounts The most common standard lens mount for machine vision is Cmount but there are several others: C-Mount CS-Mount 42mm F-Mount 4
5 Extension Tubes Extension tubes may be used to achieve a specific FOV, but this compromises the following: Will no longer focus to infinity Decreased camera sensitivity Depth of field is decreased - sometimes dramatically. Magnification Magnification is the ratio between image size and the object size. For CCD cameras, the magnification is referenced to the sensor size. For example a 1x magnification factor gives a FOV the same size as the sensor of the camera. Thus it is important to know the size of the camera sensor 5
6 CCD sensor size Camera sensor sizes are quoted in inches. Unfortunately this does not directly give the physical dimensions CCD sensors are quoted as a format size' which is a legacy from pre-ccd Vidicon tubes. Common sizes are1/3, 1/2, and 2/3 inches, the actual dimensions are... CCD sensor size 6
7 Relative Aperture Known as the F-stop or F-number. This is calculated by dividing focal length by the diameter of the lens pupil. Can be controlled with an adjustable iris. Lenses with very low F-numbers are usually physically large and are therefore expensive! Depth of Field Depth of field (depth of focus) is a measure of the range of object distances within which the image appears to be sharp and focused. Principally controlled by the lens iris size: The smaller the iris size, the greater the depth of field. 7
8 Lens Resolution (MTF) The resolving power of a lens is classified by the Modulation Transfer Function (MTF) The ideal lens would produce a perfect image but in practice, lenses act as low pass filters. Coarse structures, are transferred with relatively good contrast. Finer structures, such as finely spaced lines, are not transferred as well. MTF 8
9 MTF As the spatial frequency increases there is a point at which the modulation is zero. This is the resolution limit, or the resolving power of the lens and is usually quoted in line-pairs per millimeter (lp/mm). The most important factor is to ensure that the lens is optically capable of resolving the individual pixels on the camera sensor. Lens Resolution 9
10 Light Uniformity (vignetting) All images from lenses suffer from intensity variation between the centre and the edge. This phenomenon, is known as vignetting. Vignetting is caused by light rays being blocked by mechanical parts within the lens. Distortion Lens distortion causes the image to differ geometrically from the object. Pincushion distortion is known as 'positive distortion' and barrel distortion is known as 'negative distortion'. 10
11 Distortion/Chromatic Aberration Distortion is caused by varying light refraction within the glass of the lens. This is usually at a maximum at the edges. Different wavelengths (colours) are refracted by varying amounts Lens Selection Summary What is the field of view (FOV)? What is the working distance (object distance)? What are the camera sensor/pixel sizes? What resolution (MTF) is required? What depth of field (DOF) is required? Will shading at the edges be a problem? Are distortions important? 11
12 Lens Types There are a number of different lens types designed for specific applications: Standard Lenses High Resolution Lenses Macro Lenses Telecentric Lenses Micro-head Lenses Large Format lenses Special (custom) Lenses Standard Lenses Most widely used lenses Available in standard focal lengths to 100mm Optimised for focusing at longer distances Typically rated at MTF of lp/mm, moderately low distortion/vignetting 12
13 High Resolution Lenses A superior version of the standard quality lenses. Typically only available up to 50mm MTF in excess of 120 lp/mm and very low distortion (<0.1%). Essential when using very small pixel cameras for measurement or alignment applications. Macro Lenses Specifically designed for small Fields Of View (FOV) Fixed aperture and working distance High MTF and negligible distortion 13
14 Telecentric Lenses Designed to eliminate perspective projections and incorrect image scaling. Particularly suited for imaging 3D objects Telecentric lenses collimate the light entering the lens. Produces equal magnification independent of object distance Telecentric Lenses 14
15 Micro-head Lenses So-called 'micro-head' lenses are simply small format lenses for use with very small or remote head cameras. Generally suffer more from vignetting and distortion than any other type of lens, but offer a neat, spaceefficient alternative. Large Format Lenses Large format lenses (sometimes referred to as enlargement lenses) are required when the camera sensor dimensions exceed what can be accommodated with standard' lenses. Typically used in linescan applications and with specialist large format cameras 15
16 Custom Lenses Very occasionally, standard lenses cannot satisfy the requirements of an application Some lens manufacturers offer custom services to include: Unusual focal lengths Probing applications Etc. The Old Barn Grange Court Tongham Surrey GU10 1DW Optics for Machine Vision Photonex 2002 Simon Hickman Firstsight Vision Ltd 16
Rodenstock Photo Optics
Rogonar Rogonar-S Rodagon Apo-Rodagon N Rodagon-WA Apo-Rodagon-D Accessories: Modular-Focus Lenses for Enlarging, CCD Photos and Video To reproduce analog photographs as pictures on paper requires two
More informationEndoscope Optics. Chapter 8. 8.1 Introduction
Chapter 8 Endoscope Optics Endoscopes are used to observe otherwise inaccessible areas within the human body either noninvasively or minimally invasively. Endoscopes have unparalleled ability to visualize
More informationUntangling the megapixel lens myth! Which is the best lens to buy? And how to make that decision!
Untangling the megapixel lens myth! Which is the best lens to buy? And how to make that decision! 1 In this presentation We are going to go over lens basics Explain figures of merit of lenses Show how
More informationRodenstock Photo Optics
Apo-Sironar-S Apo-Macro-Sironar Apo-Grandagon Grandagon-N Accessories: Center filters Accessories: Focus-Mount Lenses for Analog Professional Photography Even in the age of digital photography, the professional
More informationLEICA TRI-ELMAR-M 28 35 50 mm f/4 ASPH. 1
LEICA TRI-ELMAR-M 28 35 5 mm f/4 ASPH. 1 This lens combines three of the focal lengths that are most popular among Leica M photographers. The appropriate bright-line frame appears in the viewfinder when
More information2) A convex lens is known as a diverging lens and a concave lens is known as a converging lens. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Var: 1 Page Ref: Sec.
Physics for Scientists and Engineers, 4e (Giancoli) Chapter 33 Lenses and Optical Instruments 33.1 Conceptual Questions 1) State how to draw the three rays for finding the image position due to a thin
More informationDigital Photography. Author : Dr. Karl Lenhardt, Bad Kreuznach
Digital Photography Optics for Digital Photography Author : Dr. Karl Lenhardt, Bad Kreuznach The role of optics in conventional photography (with film materials) is very well known to professional photographers.
More informationGeometric Optics Converging Lenses and Mirrors Physics Lab IV
Objective Geometric Optics Converging Lenses and Mirrors Physics Lab IV In this set of lab exercises, the basic properties geometric optics concerning converging lenses and mirrors will be explored. The
More informationFirst let us consider microscopes. Human eyes are sensitive to radiation having wavelengths between
Optical Differences Between Telescopes and Microscopes Robert R. Pavlis, Girard, Kansas USA icroscopes and telescopes are optical instruments that are designed to permit observation of objects and details
More informationWHITE PAPER. Are More Pixels Better? www.basler-ipcam.com. Resolution Does it Really Matter?
WHITE PAPER www.basler-ipcam.com Are More Pixels Better? The most frequently asked question when buying a new digital security camera is, What resolution does the camera provide? The resolution is indeed
More informationMaster Anamorphic T1.9/35 mm
T1.9/35 mm backgrounds and a smooth, cinematic look, the 35 Close Focus (2) 0.75 m / 2 6 Magnification Ratio (3) H: 1:32.3, V: 1:16.1 Weight (kg) 2.6 Weight (lbs) 5.7 Entrance Pupil (7) (mm) -179 Entrance
More informationTHE COMPOUND MICROSCOPE
THE COMPOUND MICROSCOPE In microbiology, the microscope plays an important role in allowing us to see tiny objects that are normally invisible to the naked eye. It is essential for students to learn how
More informationRevision problem. Chapter 18 problem 37 page 612. Suppose you point a pinhole camera at a 15m tall tree that is 75m away.
Revision problem Chapter 18 problem 37 page 612 Suppose you point a pinhole camera at a 15m tall tree that is 75m away. 1 Optical Instruments Thin lens equation Refractive power Cameras The human eye Combining
More informationAF 70~300 mm F/4-5.6 Di LD Macro 1:2 (Model A17)
AF 70~300 mm F/4-5.6 Di LD Macro 1:2 (Model A17) Thank you for purchasing the Tamron lens as the latest addition to your photographic equipment. Di II lens (Digitally Integrated) series are designed for
More information"Bringing Next Generation Imaging Technologies"
"Bringing Next Generation Imaging Technologies" Complete Colour Sorter Vision Solution BalaJi MicroTechnologies is New Delhi, India based company; We are Multi-Million Million USD turnover company & unit
More informationOptimao. In control since 1995. Machine Vision: The key considerations for successful visual inspection
Optimao In control since 1995 Machine Vision: The key considerations for successful visual inspection There is no such a thing as an off-the-shelf vision system. Just like a drive- or a PLCbased control
More informationHow an electronic shutter works in a CMOS camera. First, let s review how shutters work in film cameras.
How an electronic shutter works in a CMOS camera I have been asked many times how an electronic shutter works in a CMOS camera and how it affects the camera s performance. Here s a description of the way
More informationUnderstanding astigmatism Spring 2003
MAS450/854 Understanding astigmatism Spring 2003 March 9th 2003 Introduction Spherical lens with no astigmatism Crossed cylindrical lenses with astigmatism Horizontal focus Vertical focus Plane of sharpest
More informationLecture 17. Image formation Ray tracing Calculation. Lenses Convex Concave. Mirrors Convex Concave. Optical instruments
Lecture 17. Image formation Ray tracing Calculation Lenses Convex Concave Mirrors Convex Concave Optical instruments Image formation Laws of refraction and reflection can be used to explain how lenses
More informationUnderstanding Line Scan Camera Applications
Understanding Line Scan Camera Applications Discover the benefits of line scan cameras, including perfect, high resolution images, and the ability to image large objects. A line scan camera has a single
More information1. You stand two feet away from a plane mirror. How far is it from you to your image? a. 2.0 ft c. 4.0 ft b. 3.0 ft d. 5.0 ft
Lenses and Mirrors 1. You stand two feet away from a plane mirror. How far is it from you to your image? a. 2.0 ft c. 4.0 ft b. 3.0 ft d. 5.0 ft 2. Which of the following best describes the image from
More informationNikon 70-200 f/2.8g VR II versus Nikon 70-200 f/4g VR
Nikon 70-200 f/2.8g VR II versus Nikon 70-200 f/4g VR Those that read my newsletters, articles and forum posts on EJPhoto.com, Naturescapes.net or Facebook know that I am always looking for no compromise
More informationTelescope Types. 2009 by Keith Beadman
Telescope Types 2009 by Keith Beadman Table of Contents Introduction...2 Telescope Types...2 Refractor...3 How it works...3 Advantages...3 Disadvantages...3 Best Uses...4 Dobsonian...5 How it works...5
More informationA Beginner's Guide to Simple Photography Concepts: ISO, Aperture, Shutter Speed Depth of Field (DOF) and Exposure Compensation
A Beginner's Guide to Simple Photography Concepts: ISO, Aperture, Shutter Speed Depth of Field (DOF) and Exposure Compensation There are 3 things that affect your image quality in photography; ISO, Aperture
More informationLecture 12: Cameras and Geometry. CAP 5415 Fall 2010
Lecture 12: Cameras and Geometry CAP 5415 Fall 2010 The midterm What does the response of a derivative filter tell me about whether there is an edge or not? Things aren't working Did you look at the filters?
More informationThe Wide Field Cassegrain: Exploring Solution Space
The Wide Field Cassegrain: Exploring Solution Space Peter Ceravolo Ceravolo Optical Systems www.ceravolo.com peter@ceravolo.com Abstract This article illustrates the use of an internal aperture stop in
More informationEXPERIMENT #1: MICROSCOPY
EXPERIMENT #1: MICROSCOPY Brightfield Compound Light Microscope The light microscope is an important tool in the study of microorganisms. The compound light microscope uses visible light to directly illuminate
More informationTS-E24mm f/3.5l TS-E45mm f/2.8 TS-E90mm f/2.8 Instructions
TS-E24mm f/3.5l TS-E45mm f/2.8 TS-E90mm f/2.8 ENG Instructions Thank you for purchasing a Canon product. Canon s TS-E lenses are tilt-shift lenses designed for EOS cameras. The tilt-shift mechanism enables
More informationSP AF 90mm F/2.8 Di Macro 1:1 (Model 272E)
SP AF 90mm F/2.8 Di Macro 1:1 (Model 272E) Thank you for purchasing this Tamron lens as the latest addition to your photographic equipment. Before using your new lens, please read the contents of this
More informationwaves rays Consider rays of light from an object being reflected by a plane mirror (the rays are diverging): mirror object
PHYS1000 Optics 1 Optics Light and its interaction with lenses and mirrors. We assume that we can ignore the wave properties of light. waves rays We represent the light as rays, and ignore diffraction.
More informationImaging techniques with refractive beam shaping optics
Imaging techniques with refractive beam shaping optics Alexander Laskin, Vadim Laskin AdlOptica GmbH, Rudower Chaussee 29, 12489 Berlin, Germany ABSTRACT Applying of the refractive beam shapers in real
More informationINDUSTRIAL VISION. Don Braggins, UK Industrial Vision Association
CMM 3_7 PROGRESS_Layout 1 05/11/2010 15:58 Page 45 Don Braggins, UK Industrial Vision Association INDUSTRIAL VISION AND MICRO MANUFACTURING MAIN IMAGE: Figure 4. Effects on an image of varying the angle
More informationDigital Camera Imaging Evaluation
Digital Camera Imaging Evaluation Presenter/Author J Mazzetta, Electro Optical Industries Coauthors Dennis Caudle, Electro Optical Industries Bob Wageneck, Electro Optical Industries Contact Information
More information4. CAMERA ADJUSTMENTS
4. CAMERA ADJUSTMENTS Only by the possibility of displacing lens and rear standard all advantages of a view camera are fully utilized. These displacements serve for control of perspective, positioning
More informationThin Lenses Drawing Ray Diagrams
Drawing Ray Diagrams Fig. 1a Fig. 1b In this activity we explore how light refracts as it passes through a thin lens. Eyeglasses have been in use since the 13 th century. In 1610 Galileo used two lenses
More information9/16 Optics 1 /11 GEOMETRIC OPTICS
9/6 Optics / GEOMETRIC OPTICS PURPOSE: To review the basics of geometric optics and to observe the function of some simple and compound optical devices. APPARATUS: Optical bench, lenses, mirror, target
More informationFlat-Field IR Mega-Pixel Lens
Flat-Field Mega-Pixel Lens Series Flat-Field Mega-Pixel Lens Flat-Field Mega-Pixel Lens 20.ver.02 E Specifications and Lineup Full MP Image Model Imager Size Mount Focal Length Aperture Range Zoom Ratio
More informationMeasuring the Point Spread Function of a Fluorescence Microscope
Frederick National Laboratory Measuring the Point Spread Function of a Fluorescence Microscope Stephen J Lockett, PhD Principal Scientist, Optical Microscopy and Analysis Laboratory Frederick National
More informationBasic Manual Control of a DSLR Camera
Basic Manual Control of a DSLR Camera Naixn 2008 Photographers don t just take photographs - they make them! Produced by Yon Ankersmit for curious-eye.com 2009 Digital Single Lens Reflex Camera The basic
More informationWAVELENGTH OF LIGHT - DIFFRACTION GRATING
PURPOSE In this experiment we will use the diffraction grating and the spectrometer to measure wavelengths in the mercury spectrum. THEORY A diffraction grating is essentially a series of parallel equidistant
More informationTube Control Measurement, Sorting Modular System for Glass Tube
Tube Control Measurement, Sorting Modular System for Glass Tube Tube Control is a modular designed system of settled instruments and modules. It comprises measuring instruments for the tube dimensions,
More informationWHITE PAPER. P-Iris. New iris control improves image quality in megapixel and HDTV network cameras.
WHITE PAPER P-Iris. New iris control improves image quality in megapixel and HDTV network cameras. Table of contents 1. Introduction 3 2. The role of an iris 3 3. Existing lens options 4 4. How P-Iris
More informationFrom Pixel to Info-Cloud News at Leica Geosystems JACIE Denver, 31 March 2011 Ruedi Wagner Hexagon Geosystems, Geospatial Solutions Division.
From Pixel to Info-Cloud News at Leica Geosystems JACIE Denver, 31 March 2011 Ruedi Wagner Hexagon Geosystems, Geospatial Solutions Division What else can I do with my sensor/data? Earth to Image Image
More informationSome Thoughts on View Camera Calculations
Some Thoughts on View Camera Calculations Leonard Evens Department of Mathematics Northwestern University len@math.northwestern.edu February 9, 2003 The purpose of this article is to explore how simple
More informationFisheye lens designs and their relative performance
Fisheye lens designs and their relative performance James Jay Kumler a, Martin Bauer b a Coastal Optical Systems, 4480 South Tiffany Drive, West Palm Beach, FL 33407 b Internet Pictures Corporation, 1009
More informationThe Trade-off between Image Resolution and Field of View: the Influence of Lens Selection
The Trade-off between Image Resolution and Field of View: the Influence of Lens Selection I want a lens that can cover the whole parking lot and I want to be able to read a license plate. Sound familiar?
More information3D TOPOGRAPHY & IMAGE OVERLAY OF PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARD ASSEMBLY
3D TOPOGRAPHY & IMAGE OVERLAY OF PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARD ASSEMBLY Prepared by Duanjie Li, PhD & Andrea Novitsky 6 Morgan, Ste156, Irvine CA 92618 P: 949.461.9292 F: 949.461.9232 nanovea.com Today's standard
More informationFig.1. The DAWN spacecraft
Introduction Optical calibration of the DAWN framing cameras G. Abraham,G. Kovacs, B. Nagy Department of Mechatronics, Optics and Engineering Informatics Budapest University of Technology and Economics
More informationDigital Image Requirements for New Online US Visa Application
Digital Image Requirements for New Online US Visa Application As part of the electronic submission of your DS-160 application, you will be asked to provide an electronic copy of your photo. The photo must
More information18-270mm F/3.5-6.3 Di II VC PZD for Canon, Nikon (Model B008) 18-270mm F/3.5-6.3 Di II PZD for Sony (Model B008)
R 18-270mm F/3.5-6.3 Di II VC PZD for Canon, Nikon (Model B008) 18-270mm F/3.5-6.3 Di II PZD for Sony (Model B008) Thank you for purchasing the Tamron lens as the latest addition to your photographic equipment.
More informationVideo Camera Image Quality in Physical Electronic Security Systems
Video Camera Image Quality in Physical Electronic Security Systems Video Camera Image Quality in Physical Electronic Security Systems In the second decade of the 21st century, annual revenue for the global
More informationSolution Derivations for Capa #14
Solution Derivations for Capa #4 ) An image of the moon is focused onto a screen using a converging lens of focal length (f = 34.8 cm). The diameter of the moon is 3.48 0 6 m, and its mean distance from
More informationLIST OF CONTENTS CHAPTER CONTENT PAGE DECLARATION DEDICATION ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ABSTRACT ABSTRAK
vii LIST OF CONTENTS CHAPTER CONTENT PAGE DECLARATION DEDICATION ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ABSTRACT ABSTRAK LIST OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF NOTATIONS LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS LIST OF APPENDICES
More informationRefractors Give the Best Planetary Images
There are a number of myths which have been prevalent lately that could do with some explanation. Misunderstanding telescope designs can lead to an amateur astronomer purchasing a telescope which is not
More informationMICROSCOPY. To demonstrate skill in the proper utilization of a light microscope.
MICROSCOPY I. OBJECTIVES To demonstrate skill in the proper utilization of a light microscope. To demonstrate skill in the use of ocular and stage micrometers for measurements of cell size. To recognize
More informationWhite paper. In the best of light The challenges of minimum illumination
White paper In the best of light The challenges of minimum illumination Table of contents 1. Introduction 3 2. The puzzle of light sensitivity 3 3. Do not be fooled! 5 4. Making the smarter choice 6 1.
More informationLesson 29: Lenses. Double Concave. Double Convex. Planoconcave. Planoconvex. Convex meniscus. Concave meniscus
Lesson 29: Lenses Remembering the basics of mirrors puts you half ways towards fully understanding lenses as well. The same sort of rules apply, just with a few modifications. Keep in mind that for an
More informationConvex Mirrors. Ray Diagram for Convex Mirror
Convex Mirrors Center of curvature and focal point both located behind mirror The image for a convex mirror is always virtual and upright compared to the object A convex mirror will reflect a set of parallel
More informationLBS-300 Beam Sampler for C-mount Cameras. YAG Focal Spot Analysis Adapter. User Notes
LBS-300 Beam Sampler for C-mount Cameras P/N SP90183, SP90184, SP90185 and SP90186 YAG Focal Spot Analysis Adapter P/N SP90187, SP90188, SP90189, SP90190, SP90191 User Notes Ophir-Spiricon Inc. 60 West
More informationZEISS Compact Prime and Zoom lenses Flexibility and performance in a winning combination.
ZEISS Compact Prime and Zoom lenses Flexibility and performance in a winning combination. // FLEXIBILITY MADE BY ZEISS The moment you shout action! and feel your story come together. This is the moment
More informationDiffraction of a Circular Aperture
Diffraction of a Circular Aperture Diffraction can be understood by considering the wave nature of light. Huygen's principle, illustrated in the image below, states that each point on a propagating wavefront
More informationSecurity camera resolution measurements: Horizontal TV lines versus modulation transfer function measurements
SANDIA REPORT SAND01-077 Unlimited Release Printed January 01 Security camera resolution measurements: Horizontal TV lines versus modulation transfer function measurements Gabriel C. Birch, John C. Griffin
More information1051-232 Imaging Systems Laboratory II. Laboratory 4: Basic Lens Design in OSLO April 2 & 4, 2002
05-232 Imaging Systems Laboratory II Laboratory 4: Basic Lens Design in OSLO April 2 & 4, 2002 Abstract: For designing the optics of an imaging system, one of the main types of tools used today is optical
More informationForensic Science: The Basics. Microscopy
Forensic Science: The Basics Microscopy Chapter 6 Jay A. Siegel,Ph.D. Power point presentation by Greg Galardi, Peru State College, Peru Nebraska Presentation by Greg Galardi, Peru State College CRC Press,
More informationScanners and How to Use Them
Written by Jonathan Sachs Copyright 1996-1999 Digital Light & Color Introduction A scanner is a device that converts images to a digital file you can use with your computer. There are many different types
More informationApo-Nikkor and Process-Nikkor large format lenses by Daniel W. Fromm
Apo-Nikkor and Process-Nikkor large format lenses by Daniel W. Fromm 1 Apo-Nikkors, according to Nikon Nikon made two families of Apo-Nikkor lenses, both intended to be used for, e.g., photoengraving.
More informationWoody s How To: MallinCam MFR-5 Focal-Reducer
Woody s How To: MallinCam MFR-5 Focal-Reducer The MallinCam MFR-5 modular focal-reducer is unique, flexible, can be configured in many ways -- and therefore is potentially confusing. This How-To document
More informationSP AF 17~50 mm F/2.8 XR Di-II LD Aspherical [IF] (Model A16)
SP AF 17~50 mm F/2.8 XR Di-II LD Aspherical [IF] (Model A16) Thank you for purchasing the Tamron lens as the latest addition to your photographic equipment. Di II lens (Digitally Intigrated) series are
More informationChapter 1 Parts C. Robert Bagnell, Jr., Ph.D., 2012
Chapter 1 Parts C. Robert Bagnell, Jr., Ph.D., 2012 Figure 1.1 illustrates the parts of an upright compound microscope and indicates the terminology that I use in these notes. Figure 1.1. Parts of a Compound
More informationEVIDENCE PHOTOGRAPHY TEST SPECIFICATIONS MODULE 1: CAMERA SYSTEMS & LIGHT THEORY (37)
EVIDENCE PHOTOGRAPHY TEST SPECIFICATIONS The exam will cover evidence photography involving crime scenes, fire scenes, accident scenes, aircraft incident scenes, surveillances and hazardous materials scenes.
More informationZEISS Education Program Price Information
ZEISS Education Program Price Information ZEISS Education Program Discount Program for Students and Educators Camera lenses from ZEISS are used by millions of photographers all over the world: in SLR or
More informationPHYS 39a Lab 3: Microscope Optics
PHYS 39a Lab 3: Microscope Optics Trevor Kafka December 15, 2014 Abstract In this lab task, we sought to use critical illumination and Köhler illumination techniques to view the image of a 1000 lines-per-inch
More informationLIGHT REFLECTION AND REFRACTION
QUESTION BANK IN SCIENCE CLASS-X (TERM-II) 10 LIGHT REFLECTION AND REFRACTION CONCEPTS To revise the laws of reflection at plane surface and the characteristics of image formed as well as the uses of reflection
More informationCare and Use of the Compound Microscope
Revised Fall 2011 Care and Use of the Compound Microscope Objectives After completing this lab students should be able to 1. properly clean and carry a compound and dissecting microscope. 2. focus a specimen
More informationWHITE PAPER. Source Modeling for Illumination Design. Zemax A Radiant Zemax Company
Source Modeling for Illumination Design Source Modeling for Illumination Design Authored by: Ronald F. Rykowski and C. Benjamin Wooley Abstract As computation speeds have increased dramatically over the
More informationView of ΣIGMA TM (Ref. 1)
Overview of the FESEM system 1. Electron optical column 2. Specimen chamber 3. EDS detector [Electron Dispersive Spectroscopy] 4. Monitors 5. BSD (Back scatter detector) 6. Personal Computer 7. ON/STANDBY/OFF
More informationRESOLUTION CHARTS AND GRATINGS RESOLUTION CHARTS AND GRATINGS RESOLUTION CHARTS AND GRATINGS RESOLUTION CHARTS AND GRATINGS RESOLUTION CHARTS AND
Optical Resolution Charts, Ronchi Rulings and Grids The optical resolution charts are used to test characteristics such as resolution, contrast, distortion and modulation transfer function (MTF) of lenses,
More informationOptical laser beam scanner lens relay system
1. Introduction Optical laser beam scanner lens relay system Laser beam scanning is used most often by far in confocal microscopes. There are many ways by which a laser beam can be scanned across the back
More informationVision Correction in Camera Viewfinders
Vision Correction in Camera Viewfinders Douglas A. Kerr Issue 2 March 23, 2015 ABSTRACT AND INTRODUCTION Many camera viewfinders are equipped with a lever or knob that controls adjustable vision correction,
More informationPhysics 441/2: Transmission Electron Microscope
Physics 441/2: Transmission Electron Microscope Introduction In this experiment we will explore the use of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to take us into the world of ultrasmall structures. This
More informationOpto Engineering catalog. www.opto-engineering.com. www.opto-engineering.com
Opto Engineering catalog 2015 1 Index 2015 catalog 4 Telecentric lenses 6 TC series Bi-telecentric lenses for matrix detectors up to 2/3 8 TCLWD series Long working distance telecentric lenses for 2/3
More informationTo measure an object length, note the number of divisions spanned by the object then multiply by the conversion factor for the magnification used.
STAGE MICROMETERS Introduction Whenever there is a need to make measurements with an eyepiece graticule, there is also a need to ensure that the microscope is calibrated. The use of a stage micrometer
More informationPDF Created with deskpdf PDF Writer - Trial :: http://www.docudesk.com
CCTV Lens Calculator For a quick 1/3" CCD Camera you can work out the lens required using this simple method: Distance from object multiplied by 4.8, divided by horizontal or vertical area equals the lens
More informationHandheld USB Digital Endoscope/Microscope
Handheld USB Digital Endoscope/Microscope ehev1-usbplus User s Manual INTRODUCTION FUNCTIONS AND APPLICATIONS The USB Digital Endoscope/Microscope is a new electronic product for the micro observations.
More informationProduct Range Overview
Product Range Overview Stereo Optical Inspection Microscopes Non-Contact Measurement Systems Laboratory Microscopes Metallurgical Microscopes FM 557119 Vision Engineering Ltd has been certificated for
More informationLight and its effects
Light and its effects Light and the speed of light Shadows Shadow films Pinhole camera (1) Pinhole camera (2) Reflection of light Image in a plane mirror An image in a plane mirror is: (i) the same size
More informationDigital Photography Composition. Kent Messamore 9/8/2013
Digital Photography Composition Kent Messamore 9/8/2013 Photography Equipment versus Art Last week we focused on our Cameras Hopefully we have mastered the buttons and dials by now If not, it will come
More informationBuying Your First Telescope By Mike Usher
Buying Your First Telescope By Mike Usher The first thing to understand is that a telescope is a high quality optical device and high quality optical devices are not inexpensive. Second mortgages are not
More informationIntroduction to Video 101 Second Edition By Ken MacDonald
Introduction to Video 101 Second Edition By Ken MacDonald JAI Introduction to Video 101, Second Edition 1 Table of Contents Introduction... 3 Video Imaging... 3 Light Sensitivity of Solid-State Cameras...
More informationC) D) As object AB is moved from its present position toward the left, the size of the image produced A) decreases B) increases C) remains the same
1. For a plane mirror, compared to the object distance, the image distance is always A) less B) greater C) the same 2. Which graph best represents the relationship between image distance (di) and object
More informationSchneider Kreuznach PC Tilt/Shift Lenses
User Manual PC-TS SUPER-ANGULON 2.8/50 HM PC-TS MAKRO-SYMMAR 4.5/90 HM with interchangeable bayonet mount for Canon EOS, Nikon, Pentax K or Sony Alpha PC-TS APO-DIGITAR 5.6/120 HM Aspheric with bayonet
More informationOptical Systems Design with Zemax OpticStudio. Lecture 1
Optical Systems Design with Zemax OpticStudio Lecture 1 Why Optical Systems Design Optical system design is no longer a skill reserved for a few professionals. With readily available commercial optical
More informationOPTICAL IMAGES DUE TO LENSES AND MIRRORS *
1 OPTICAL IMAGES DUE TO LENSES AND MIRRORS * Carl E. Mungan U.S. Naval Academy, Annapolis, MD ABSTRACT The properties of real and virtual images formed by lenses and mirrors are reviewed. Key ideas are
More informationUser Guide LUXXOR VIDEO MICROSCOPE. 2 Luxxor Video Microscope Set Up
2 Luxxor Video Microscope Set Up User Guide LUXXOR VIDEO MICROSCOPE Column When removed from its packaging, the Luxxor Video Microscope will be configured as shown, with the Vertical Slide and Slide Stop
More informationK Service Source. Video Conferencing. QuickTime Conferencing Kit, QuickTime Conferencing ISDN Kit
K Service Source Video Conferencing QuickTime Conferencing Kit, QuickTime Conferencing ISDN Kit K Service Source Basics Video Conferencing Basics Introduction - 1 Introduction QuickTime Conferencing (QTC)
More informationThe Kaps SOM -Series. Stereo Examination Microscopes for ENT Specialists. The variable space-saving system for every ENT practice
The Kaps SOM -Series Stereo Examination Microscopes for ENT Specialists The variable space-saving system for every ENT practice The Kaps SOM -Series The economical modern version for ENT practice and minor
More informationBeam shaping to generate uniform Laser Light Sheet and Linear Laser Spots
Beam shaping to generate uniform Laser Light Sheet and Linear Laser Spots Alexander Laskin, Vadim Laskin AdlOptica GmbH, Rudower Chaussee 29, 12489 Berlin, Germany ABSTRACT Generation of Laser Light Sheet
More informationAPPLICATION NOTE. Basler racer Migration Guide. Mechanics. www.baslerweb.com. Flexible Mount Concept. Housing
62 62 APPLICATION NOTE www.baslerweb.com Basler racer Migration Guide This paper describes what to consider when replacing the Basler L100 Camera Link or the Basler runner Gigabit Ethernet (GigE) line
More informationExperiment 3 Lenses and Images
Experiment 3 Lenses and Images Who shall teach thee, unless it be thine own eyes? Euripides (480?-406? BC) OBJECTIVES To examine the nature and location of images formed by es. THEORY Lenses are frequently
More informationHow to Read MTF Curves
How to Read MTF Curves by H. H. Nasse Carl Zeiss Camera Lens Division December 28 Preface The rules of optics are complex and nasty! This is a nice, honest sentence from an internet discussion about How
More information