The performance of the S&P Global Luxury Index compared to the MSCI World Index, during the financial crisis.

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "The performance of the S&P Global Luxury Index compared to the MSCI World Index, during the financial crisis."

Transcription

1 The performance of the S&P Global Luxury Index compared to the MSCI World Index, during the financial crisis. An analysis of 80 luxury goods companies around the world Name: Laura van Ballegooijen Student number: Programme: BSc Economie en Bedrijfskunde Track: Finance and Organization Supervisor: Philippe Versijp Date: February Abstract This study considers the outperformance of the stocks that form the S&P Luxury Goods Index, which consists of 80 companies worldwide, versus the MSCI World index. The outperformance is measured by using the Carhart (1997) four-factor model to adjust for firm characteristics and to obtain risk adjusted abnormal returns. During the heights of the financial crisis from July 2007 till July 2009 using daily datasets there are no significant abnormal returns. The Fama and French (1993) three-factor model and the CAPM are also used to measure the outperformance during this time period, also resulting in non-significant abnormal returns. The time period of July 2007 till July 2011 and monthly data sets are also used later in this study. Resulting in only a few statistically significant abnormal returns. From the results it can be concluded that there is not enough empirical evidence for an outperformance of the luxury industry during the financial crisis, thereby making arguments regarding the source of any outperformance based on the specific nature of this industry, moot.

2 Statement of originality I hereby declare that this thesis is my own work. Laura van Ballegooijen 1

3 Table of Contents 1. Introduction 3 2. Literature Review 4 3. Hypotheses and Empirical Test Design Hypotheses Sample Data Methodology Empirical Results Conclusion 24 References 26 Appendix 28 2

4 1. Introduction The global luxury industry is an industry not often discussed in academic literature, hence there is little empirical research available for this industry. There are several reasons to believe that the performance of the luxury industry is different from that of the market. Therefore, it is interesting to fill this gap in the literature. Particularly interesting is the performance of the luxury industry during the financial crisis. Several theories suggest that the luxury industry would perform better than other industries during the financial crisis, because the luxury industry was less affected by the impacts of the financial crisis. According to Zhan and He (2012), the luxury industry reported strong sales in China, during the financial crisis. Resulting from a report by Goldman Sachs, China s consumers account for 25% of the global luxury goods consumption (Zhan & He 2012). Zhan and He (2012) study the motivation behind the consumption of the growing Chinese upper middle class. The upper middle class in China is growing rapidly, even during the financial crisis, so therefore it can be explained that Chinese consumers are still interested in luxury products and services, despite the global recession. This strongly suggests, that during the financial crisis, the luxury goods industry could have a better performance compared with other industries due to the interests of Chinese consumers. However, from a financial perspective there are no existing studies regarding the performance of the luxury industry and providing evidence for an outperformance, due to amongst others, the high sales in China. Furthermore, consumers of the luxury industry pertain largely to the top richest percent of the world. Despite the economic downturns during the financial recession, the top richest percent of the world still is still wealthy enough to keep consuming these luxury goods. Therefore, it is expected the luxury industry is less severely affected by the financial crisis. Following these expectations the research question studied in this paper is: Did the S&P Global Luxury Index outperform the MSCI World Index during the financial crisis, if so can this be explained? The outperformance from the above research question could be explained due to a low beta of the luxury industry. When the beta is one, it means that the stock returns of the company move according to the market. If this beta is lower than one, the stock returns are less sensitive than the returns of the market (Fama & French, 2004). Therefore, it is also tested whether the average beta of the S&P Global Luxury Index differs from one. According to the theory studied, a low beta would be expected, as the luxury industry would then be less 3

5 sensitive to the effects of the financial crisis and therefore would have shown less negative returns during the downturn in the market. Regarding the possible motivations for an outperformance of the luxury industry it is relevant to test this empirically and to give empirical evidence for these motivations. The outperformance can be tested using different financial models. The first model used for the regressions is the Carhart (1997) four-factor model, as this model takes into account most different firm characteristics and can measure reliable risk adjusted returns. Afterwards, when the risk-adjusted returns are measured, the next step is to empirically explain how abnormal returns can exist. Initially, during this study the next step was to use the resulted abnormal returns and to use these as dependent variables to regress against independent factors that might explain these out performances. Control variables, used in the second regression, would have been the sales in China, the exchange rate effect of the yen compared to the dollar and to the euro and the concentration of wealth. All these variables can explain a possible outperformance of the luxury industry. However, not enough significant abnormal returns followed from the regressions and the second part of the research question could not be answered in this way. Therefore, another method is used. To ascertain whether the sales and consumption of the luxury industry in China and the constant growth of wealth have influence on the overall luxury industry, it is tested whether there is a correlation between these two occurrences and the luxury industry during the financial crisis. 2. Literature Review According to a report by Goldman Sachs, next to Japan, China has the highest luxury consumption worldwide. China accounts for 25% of the global luxury industry consumption. Even though, during the financial crisis, the rest of the world faced large economic downturns, the luxury industry reported strong sales in China (Zhan & He, 2012). This could be one of the explanations for the luxury goods industry to outperform the MSCI World index during the financial crisis. Zhan and He (2012) study the motivation of the growing Chinese upper middle class for luxury consumption. Their findings suggest that Chinese consumers have a strong tendency to buy luxury goods, as they experience social pressure from important standards established within particular groups. Therefore, they treat luxury products as very valuable. Next to that, Chinese middle class consumers value good quality products and therefore Chinese consumers attach more value to luxury products (Zhan & He 2012). 4

6 This paper studies the outperformance of the luxury industry. It uses the motivation of the Chinese upper middle class for luxury consumption, as one of the potential explanations for a possible outperformance. On the contrary, a study considering the entertainment tourism industry in Macao shows that the entertainment tourism industry correlates highly with the performance of the global market during the financial crisis (Chan, 2011). According to Chan (2011), the entertainment tourism industry is usually seen as part of the luxury industry. He believes the luxury industry can be highly affected by economic recession. The S&P Global luxury index includes fourteen companies that are active in the casinos and gaming industry, as Chan (2011) describes to be the entertainment tourism industry. Therefore the study of Chan could be a relevant explanation for the performance of the luxury industry. Chan (2011) concludes, that the GDP earned from Macao s entertainment tourism industry, closely follows the patterns of the global financial crisis. Chan (2011) studies the correlation of the entertainment tourism industry with the following financial markets; DAX index, S&P500, Hang Seng Index and Shanghai Stock Exchange Composite Index. This paper will study the performance of the luxury industry compared to the MSCI World Index, which is a better proxy than the one used by Chan (2011), as it covers the entire worldwide market and is therefore more representable for the course of the world market during the global financial crisis. The outperformance of an index can be measured using several models. In the literature the accuracy of different models are discussed. The most basic model is the capital asset pricing model (CAPM) constructed by Sharpe (1964) and Lintner (1965). The CAPM can be used to predict the relationships between risk and the expected returns of, amongst others, the stock price of an asset, which will be used during this study. The expected return of an asset is composed of the risk free interest rate, plus the asset s market beta times the expected value of the excess market return, known as the risk premium (Fama & French, 2004). To obtain the abnormal performance of an asset, the intercept, Jensen s alpha (1968), is measured using the CAPM time-series regression. The CAPM forecasts that the asset s expected excess return is fully explained by the expected risk premium. This would suggest that the intercept term, Jensen s alpha, is zero for all assets (Jensen, 1968). However, there exists evidence that the relationship between the beta and the average return is too weak (Fama & French, 2004). Friend and Blume (1970), Black, Jensen and Scholes (1972) and Stambaugh (1982) all carried out time-series tests supporting this evidence. The alphas in time-series regressions, in which the excess returns of the assets are regressed on the excess market returns, are positive for assets with low betas and negative for assets with high betas 5

7 (Fama & French, 2004). Therefore, during this study the companies are expected to have low betas, as positive alphas are predicted. It can be concluded that market betas do not fully explain expected returns. Following from this evidence, assets can outperform the market and therefore in this study it can be tested whether this is the case for luxury assets and the global market as well. However, evidence challenging the CAPM has grown. The market betas do not have enough information regarding stock prices, to completely explain expected returns. The following empirical studies explain some of the missing information. First, stocks with high earnings-price ratios have higher future returns than predicted by the CAPM (Basu, 1977). Second, there exists a size effect, when market capitalization is taken into consideration, smaller stocks have higher returns than predicted by the CAPM (Banz, 1981). Finally, stocks with high book-to-market equity ratios have higher average returns than captured by the CAPM (Statman, 1980 & Rosenberg, Reid & Lanstein, 1985). The last one arises because, investors overreact to good and bad states (Fama and French, 2004). Fama and French (1993) construct a three-factor model for expected returns including the missing challenges of the CAPM. In their paper they study the cross-section of average returns on NYSE, Amex and NASDAQ stocks from 1963 to They conclude, that if the two variables size and bookto-market equity are added to the CAPM, which results in the three-factor model, it explains average returns more accurately (Fama & French 1993). The premium factors used to obtain stock returns in the three-factor model explain a large part of the predictability of an asset s return more accurately than only using the market beta (Carhart, 1997). However, another effect missing is that of the momentum constructed by Jegadeesh and Titman (1993). The momentum effect denotes that stocks that have performed relatively well compared to the market during the last three to twelve months usually continue to do so in the coming months, and stocks that perform bad continue to do so as well (Fama & French, 2004). Carhart (1997) therefore constructs a new model in which it adds the momentum factor to the three-factor model of Fama and French. Concluding from the literature and the evidence that follows from it, the Carhart four-factor model is the most accurate model to use for the regressions, during this study, to measure the performance of the luxury industry, as it takes the most important risk factors into account. 6

8 3. Hypotheses and Empirical Test Design 3.1 Hypotheses Following from the literature review there seem to be plausible theoretical explanations that the luxury industry may have outperformed the rest of the market during the financial crisis. The reverse evidence of Chan (2011) does not necessarily imply underperformance. He gives evidence to the fact that the performance of the casinos and gaming industry within the luxury industry correlates highly with the bad performances of the market during the financial crisis. However, this can also be due to the fact that the companies used in Chan s study have high positive betas, which could lead to more negative returns in a downward market. The following hypotheses will therefore be tested: During the financial crisis, the luxury goods industry outperforms the MSCI World market. To test this empirically, two hypotheses are set-up: H0: The luxury goods industry did not outperform or underperform the global market. α = 0 H1: The luxury goods industry outperformed or underperformed the global market. α 0 These hypotheses are used to answer the research question. Therefore, the risk adjusted abnormal returns that are earned by each individual stock are tested. If the null hypothesis is not rejected, the risk adjusted abnormal returns are equal to zero. Meaning, the luxury goods industry did not outperform or underperform the global market. On the contrary if the null hypothesis is rejected and the alternative hypothesis is true, the risk adjusted abnormal returns will either be lower or higher than zero. Which implies the luxury goods industry either outperforms or underperforms the global market. For investors this can provide valuable insight if investments in the luxury industry would have resulted in abnormal returns. This both holds for potential outperformance and underperformance. Underperformance would only provide insight in investment decisions if there is the possibility to take a short position in the portfolio of luxury companies. This might only be achieved on the individual stock level which makes it more costly for investors to exploit the potential underperformance. Furthermore, using the results of these hypotheses tested, the betas will be tested using a student t-test to measure whether the average beta of the luxury industry is different from one. 7

9 The following hypotheses will be tested: H0: Beta = 1 (β=1) and H1: Beta 1 (β 1) 3.2 Sample Data The proxy used for the luxury goods industry is the S&P Global Luxury Index. The S&P Global Luxury Index is composed by the S&P Dow Jones Indices. The S&P Global Luxury Index consists of the eighty largest publically traded luxury companies. They are active in either the production or distribution of luxury goods or in the luxury services industries. The index comprises companies active around the world. Therefore, the MSCI World index is a good proxy to measure the outperformance. The stock prices of each individual company are collected from the CapitalIQ database. According to Curran and Zignago (2010), who analyze the impact of the financial crisis on key clothing markets and suppliers, the largest impact of the financial crisis can be seen in the period from July 2007 to July The index is largely composed of companies engaged in the apparel, accessories and luxury goods industry. Therefore, the data for this period will be used. As this is a relatively short time period, the daily share prices will be used, to obtain enough observations. In this way the results will be less biased and therefore more accurate. Not every company included in the S&P Global Luxury Index was trading publicly during this time period, therefore these companies are left out of the regression as there are no stock returns for this time period. There are however several companies that became public during this time period, these companies are taken into the regression from the moment they are trading publicly. Ultimately, there are 67 companies either listed before or during the time period of July 2007 till July 2009, so therefore these 67 companies are used in the regressions. The largest industry in the S&P Global Luxury Index, consisting of 24% of all the companies, is the Apparel, Accessories and Luxury Goods industry. The second and third largest industries, consisting of 18% and 13% are Casinos and Gaming industry and the Hotels, Resorts and Cruise Lines industry. Furthermore, the index consists of smaller industries accounting for one to eight percent of all companies. By far the most companies have their headquarters in the United States and are listed on either the New York Stock Exchange or the Nasdaq, together 44% of all companies are listed on US stock markets. Next to that, the Stock Exchange of Hong Kong has the largest percentage of companies listed (14%). The rest of the companies are spread quite equally across the world ranging from France to Australia and Japan. For further details see table 1. 8

10 Furthermore, the proxy used for the market is the MSCI World Index. Usually, in the literature, the S&P500 is used as a proxy. This is an index constituting 500 of the largest companies in the United States. However, the industry tested is active globally and not only in the United States, therefore, the MSCI World Index is a better proxy. The MSCI World Index consists of 1636 large and mid cap companies in twenty-three developed market countries (MSCI). The MSCI World Index accounts for almost 85% of the free float-adjusted market capitalization in all of the twenty-three countries (MSCI). The daily performance of the Index is downloaded from the CapitalIQ database. To analyze the risk adjusted abnormal returns of every company the Carhart (1997) four-factor model will be used. The premiums for the daily factors and the risk free rates are obtained from the Applied Quantitative Research website. These premiums are based on global factors and not only on US factors. Which will give a more meaningful outcome of the regressions as it matches the global nature of the luxury industry and the benchmark used. The premiums included are the size risk factor Small Minus Big (SMB), the value risk factor High Minus Low (HML) and the momentum risk factor (MOM). Finally, to give evidence for the motivations of the luxury industry to outperform the market during the financial crisis, data for these motivations will be downloaded. To give evidence to the motivation of the growing Chinese upper middle class who spend more and more on luxury goods, even during the financial crisis, as strong sales in China reported, data for the consumer confidence will be used. This data is obtained from Bloomberg. The 9

11 consumer confidence index is an index comprised by the bank of China, which measures the spending and saving behaviour of consumers, which can be seen by how these consumers pertain their personal finances and how they think of general economical conditions, during a specific time period. For this study monthly indices will be used to calculate the correlation between Chinese consumer confidence and the S&P Global Luxury Industry. Furthermore, the same consumer confidence indices are obtained from Bloomberg, for American and European consumers. The three consumer indices are compared, and from this it can be seen whether Chinese consumer confidence is indeed higher during the financial crisis. 3.3 Methodology To test the hypotheses following from the research question, the Carhart four-factor model will be used. According to the literature the Carhart four-factor model will give the most accurate results, adjusting for the risks in the returns (Fama & French, 2004). Carhart four-factor model: EXR t = α + β mkt EXMKT t + β HML HML t + β SMB SMB t + β MOM MOM t + ε t To be able to use the datasets explained in the sample data chapter of this paper, the data needs to be adjusted before the regressions can be done. The trading days of each of the companies listed in the S&P Global Luxury Index will be checked using the daily trade volume, and the stock prices of these days will be used for the regressions. This includes, adjusting for weekends when there is no trading and other non-trading days, which is different for every market. First the daily stock returns will be calculated for each firm. All stock prices will be left in local currencies. In this way currency fluctuation do not influence the stock returns calculated. Furthermore, the stock returns need to be calculated in excess of the riskfree rate to obtain excess returns used for the regressions as the dependent variable that needs to be explained. The same method is applied to the market price of the MSCI World Index. The regressions are performed separately for each company using a daily time-series regression. The dependent variable is the excess return of a company s stock price (EXR). The independent variables are the factors adjusting for risk. These factors are: the risk premium of the market, in this study the daily MSCI World Index return minus the risk free rate (EXMKT), small minus big (SMB) which is the difference between the returns on diversified portfolios of small and big stocks, high minus low (HML) which is the difference between the returns on diversified portfolios of high and low book-to-market stocks (Fama & 10

12 French, 1993) and finally the Momentum factor (MOM) which is the difference between the returns on diversified portfolios of short-term winners and losers (Carhart, 1997). Furthermore, the β s are the exposures of a firm to the premiums and ε is the error term. The regressions are performed using Statplus, an excel plug-in with which linear regressions can be performed. It performs linear regression analysis by using the least squares method, to fit a line through a set of observations. With this it can be analysed how the dependent variable is affected by the values of the independent variables. The resulting intercept is the alpha (α), which shows the abnormal performance of a particular company over the tested time period. This method is applied to all 67 companies for the daily time period of July till June In the next section the results will be presented and discussed. 4. Empirical Results The most important results of the regressions are the intercepts, otherwise known as the alphas. To see if these are significantly different from zero the results need to be interpreted using a significance level. The significance is calculated by dividing the coefficient of the intercept by its standard deviation, which results in the t-statistic. It can be seen from the t- statistic whether the intercept is significant or not. First using the degrees of freedom, in this study more than thirty observations are used, therefore the degrees of freedom can be seen as infinitely many. Second a two-sided test, which is used in this study, as the alphas are tested on outperformance and underperformance. For instance, with an infinite degrees of freedom and a two-sided test the t-statistic should be larger than 1.96 for the alpha to be significantly different from zero using five percent as the significance level (Stock & Watson, 2012). Using the Carhart four-factor model and data on a daily basis, none of the companies in the S&P Global Luxury Index have significant alphas, not even using a five or ten percent significance level. Meaning there is no company that outperformed or underperformed the market during the financial crisis on a risk-adjusted basis. It can be concluded that during the financial crisis the movement in the stock prices can be explained by the four risk factors, used in the model. 11

13 The momentum factor might not have an effect in these regressions, as the number of companies used is very low and possibly not very diversified regarding differences in good and bad performance. Therefore, next the three-factor model (Fama & French, 2004) is used. Using only the excess market return, SMB and HML as independent variables for the regression. Again the results show no significant alphas. Lastly, the basic capital asset pricing model is used to do the regressions using daily returns and risk factors. Here only the excess market return is used as the independent variable, allowing only the market beta to explain the expected excess returns. Again resulting in zero significant alphas. Concluding, on a daily basis there are no significant results. See table 2 for all the results regarding these regressions. 12

14 13

15 14

16 The time period of the financial crisis differs across theories in the literature. For instance, Zhan and He (2012) use the period of 2007 to 2010 in their studies. Other researchers believe that the effects of the crisis can be seen even at a later time. Therefore, the next step, to obtain results is to use a wider time span, to be sure to capture all the effects of the financial crisis. The same regressions will be performed, using daily share price data and risk factors, using the period of July 2007 till July 2011 instead of July There were four companies listed during the time period of July 2009 till July 2011, so these companies are now also taken into the empirical tests, resulting in 71 companies that are now regressed. The regressions are all performed in the same way described as above, first using the Carhart four-factor model, then the Fama and French three-factor model and lastly the CAPM. For all three models Luk Fook Holdings International Limited, a company listed on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange, showed a significant positive abnormal return at a one percent significance level. Furthermore, at a five percent significance level using the CAPM and the Fama and French (1993) three-factor model, SJM Holdings Limited, a company also listed on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange and YOOX, an Internet Retail Company listed on the Borsa Italiana stock exchange, show a positive abnormal return. Finally, there are a few companies with positive abnormal returns at a ten percent significance level, which can be seen from table 3. However, given the amount of companies tested, resulting in a few false positives would not be unrealistic. Concluding, there is not enough empirical evidence for an outperformance or underperformance of the luxury industry. 15

17 16

18 17

19 Due to the low number of significant alphas found under the methods used above, monthly data is used instead, to reduce the noise that might be present using data on a daily basis. The returns of stock prices are converted to monthly returns using the first day of every month. New risk factors were downloaded from Kenneth French s library. These included the global monthly risk factors, SMB, HML, MOM and the risk free rate. Monthly excess returns were calculated, for the asset s stocks and the market index, using French s risk free rate, based on monthly t-bill rates. The regressions were performed in the same way, first using the Carhart (1997) four-factor model, next the Fama and French (1993) three-factor model and lastly the basic CAPM using Jensen s (1967) alpha with a monthly time period from July 2007 till July Extra two years were added to obtain enough observations. For all three models, using a significance level of one percent, Luk Fook Holdings International Limited showed a positive significant return. Which shows the same results using daily data from Only using the CAPM there is one more company with a significant alpha at a one percent level. Furthermore, at a five percent significance level there are two companies that show positive abnormal returns using all three models. It can be seen from table 4, that at a ten percent significance level there are fourteen companies with positive significant abnormal returns using the CAPM, sixteen companies using the three-factor model and 13 companies using the four-factor model. 18

20 19

21 20

22 Overall, the results of the empirical analyses are clear. We cannot observe sufficient statistically significant positive abnormal returns so the hypothesis, that during the financial crisis, the luxury goods industry outperforms the MSCI World market, should be rejected. Statistically the null hypothesis, that the risk adjusted abnormal returns are equal to zero, is not rejected. To depict the course of the S&P Global Luxury Index compared to the MSCI World Index the daily returns of both indices are indexed starting one day before the time period used in the regressions, June , as the base 100. From figure 1 it can be seen that during the first time period used they moved together closely, as accordance to the regressions where there is seen to be no under or outperformance. However from mid 2009 onwards it can be seen that the S&P Global Luxury Index grows much faster and higher than the MSCI World Index. This is also in accordance with the daily and monthly regressions done from the time period of July 2007 till July There are more significant results during this time period. Also most abnormal returns are positive, however they are mostly not significant enough to give empirical evidence of an outperformance. Figure 1 S&P Global Luxury versus MSCI World Index 21

23 Furthermore, to be able to interpret the betas, a t-test is conducted. From the betas it can be seen whether the stock returns of the companies listed on the S&P Global Luxury Index are sensitive to the market or not. Following from theory, since there are almost no significant abnormal returns, it would be expected that the betas be close to one. The t-test is conducted by testing the null hypothesis H0: β=1 and the alternative hypothesis H1: β 1. To see whether the S&P Global Luxury Index is sensitive as a whole, the average beta of all the companies is calculated and tested. This is done by using the following t-test. t = (x-u) / (s/ n) The x stands for the average beta calculated and the u stands for the beta expected from the null hypothesis, so one here. When subtracted, it is divided by the standard deviation, which is divided by the square root of the number of observations used, which is 67 from 2007 till 2009 and 71 from 2007 till From table 5 it can be seen that with using daily data from 2007 till 2009 and daily data from 2007 till 2011 all average betas using all three models are not significantly different from one except for the average beta of the daily data from 2007 till 2009 using the Fama and French three-factor model. These results are expected as according to theory. The S&P Global Luxury Index is indeed sensitive to the changes of the market. However, the average betas from the monthly data used do show significant betas that are higher than one, as you can see from table 5. Which is also in line with the theory, as there are more significant abnormal returns present in this time period on a monthly basis. 22

24 The results of the second part of the research question, on whether the outperformance can be explained show the same results. The correlation between China s consumer confidence index and the S&P Global Luxury Index is Meaning there is almost no correlation between the consumer spending and saving behavior with regard to the consumption of the luxury industry. However, comparing the consumer confidence index of China with those of the United States and the European union, it can be seen from figure 2, that during the financial crisis China s consumer confidence was much higher and more stable. It can be interpreted from these results that the consumption was much higher in China during the financial crisis. However, the very small correlation with the luxury industry could be due to the fact that there are billions of consumers in China, on which this consumer confidence index is based. The upper middle class whom allegedly buys luxury products and services is only a very small percentage of all consumers in China. Figure 2 Consumer Confidence Index 23

25 5. Conclusion Concluding, the empirical results obtained are not significant enough to give a evidence for the outperformance of the S&P Global Luxury Index compared to the MSCI World market. Therefore, it can be concluded that the luxury industry did not outperform the world market during the financial crisis on a risk-adjusted basis. The theories suggesting the luxury industry did perform better than other industries during this time period are evidently not significant enough. The high sales of the luxury industry in China were not high enough to prevent the luxury industry to fall during the financial crisis. However, the results of the monthly regressions done using the three different financial models, did result in more companies who showed to have risk-adjusted abnormal returns during the financial crisis. Two of the companies with a positive significant alpha, Luk Fook Holdings International Limited and SJM Holdings Limited are listed on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange. These results together with the higher consumer confidence of China compared to the United States and the European Union, during the financial crisis, still give a limited direction to the strong economy of China while the rest of the world faced financial distress. Another interesting observation is that both companies retail or service Chinese products. Luk Fook is a jewellery retailer specialized in Chinese traditional jewellery and gemstones. SJM is a company active in the casino and gaming industry of Macao. One of the motivations of Zhan and He (2012) for Chinese consumers to consume luxury goods is the social pressure of carrying these products. These are merely based on western brands, which give the consumers a better status in social groups. Therefore, it is interesting to see that it is not the western brands that outperformed the market but the traditional Chinese brands. The study of Chan (2011) in which he considers the entertainment tourism industry in Macao, shows that the entertainment tourism industry correlates highly with the performance of the global market during the financial crisis. However, in this study it can be seen that there still is a company active in the entertainment tourism industry of Macao that performed better during the financial crisis. However, this could also be due to a higher beta. On the other hand, these significant alphas could be false positives, as the index used exists out of a limited number of companies. For further research it can be suggested to study the performance of the luxury fashion industry alone. As from most research it is usually the apparel, accessories and luxury goods industry, in the luxury industry, that is said to perform better than the market during the financial crisis. Furthermore, it can be seen that there is a difference in the two time periods used, adding two extra years resulted in more significant results. It can therefore be suggested to test the outperformance using only those extra years, or to use a longer time period. 24

26 Lastly, it can be suggested to study the luxury industry using the sales of this industry with regard to different regions instead of using a global index. Especially, the Asian region could be interesting to study separately. 25

27 References Aït- sahalia, Y., Parker, J. A., & Yogo, M. (2004). Luxury goods and the equity premium. Journal of Finance, 59(6), Banz, R. W. (1981). The Relationship Between Return and Market Value of Common Stocks. Journal of Financial Economics, 9(1), Basu, S. (1977). Investment Performance of Common Stocks in Relation to Their Price- Earnings Ratios: A Test of the Efficient Market Hypothesis. Journal of Finance, 12(3), Black, F., Jensen, M. C., & Scholes, M. (1972). The Capital Asset Pricing Model: Some Empirical Tests in Studies in the Theory of Capital Markets. New York: Praeger, Blume, M. (1970). Portfolio Theory: A Step Towards its Practical Application. Journal of Business, 43(2), Carhart, M. M. (1997). On persistence in mutual fund performance. The Journal of Finance, 52(1), Chan, V. K. Y. (2011). The impact of the global financial crisis on the entertainment tourism industry: A financial engineering case study of Macao from 2007 to Systems Engineering Procedia, 1(0), Curran, L., & Zignago, S. (2010). The financial crisis: Impact on key clothing markets and suppliers. Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management, 14(4), Fama, E. F., & French, K. R. (1993). Common risk factors in the returns on stocks and bonds. Journal of Financial Economics, 33(1), Fama, E. F., & French, K. R. (1996). Multifactor Explanations of Asset Pricing Anomalies. Journal of Finance 51, Fama, E. F., & French, K. R. (1997). Industry costs of equity. Journal of Financial Economics, 43(2),

28 Fama, E. F., & French, K. R. (2004). The capital asset pricing model: Theory and evidence. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 18(3), Fama, E. F., & French, K. R. (2006). The value premium and the CAPM. Journal of Finance, 61(5), Fama, E. F., & French, K. R. (2008). Average returns, B/M, and share issues. Journal of Finance, 63(6), Fama, E. F., & French, K. R. (2012). Size, value, and momentum in international stock returns. Journal of Financial Economics, 105(3), Jegadeesh, N., & Titman, S. (1993). Returns to Buying Winners and Selling Losers: Implications for Stock Market Efficiency. Journal of Finance, 48(1), Jensen, M. C. (1968). The performance of mutual funds in the period The Journal of Finance, 23(2), Lintner, J. (1965). The Valuation of Risk Assets and the Selection of Risky Investments in Stock Portfolios and Capital Budgets. Review of Economics and Statistics, 47(1), Rosenberg, B., Reid K., & Lanstein, R. (1985). Persuasive Evidence of Market Inefficiency. Journal of Portfolio Management, 11, Sharpe, W. F. (1964). Capital Asset Prices: A Theory of Market Equilibrium under Conditions of Risk. Journal of Finance, 19(3), Stambaugh, R. F. (1982). On The Exclusion of Assets from Tests of the Two-Parameter Model: A Sensitivity Analysis. Journal of Financial Economics, 10(3), Stattman, D. (1980). Book Values and Stock Returns. The Chicago MBA: A Journal of Selected Papers, 4, Stulz, R. (1981). A model of international asset pricing. Journal of Financial Economics, 9(4), Zhan, L., & He, Y. (2012). Understanding luxury consumption in china: Consumer perceptions of best-known brands. Journal of Business Research, 65(10),

29 Appendix 28

30 29

LIQUIDITY AND ASSET PRICING. Evidence for the London Stock Exchange

LIQUIDITY AND ASSET PRICING. Evidence for the London Stock Exchange LIQUIDITY AND ASSET PRICING Evidence for the London Stock Exchange Timo Hubers (358022) Bachelor thesis Bachelor Bedrijfseconomie Tilburg University May 2012 Supervisor: M. Nie MSc Table of Contents Chapter

More information

Review for Exam 2. Instructions: Please read carefully

Review for Exam 2. Instructions: Please read carefully Review for Exam Instructions: Please read carefully The exam will have 1 multiple choice questions and 5 work problems. Questions in the multiple choice section will be either concept or calculation questions.

More information

What Level of Incentive Fees Are Hedge Fund Investors Actually Paying?

What Level of Incentive Fees Are Hedge Fund Investors Actually Paying? What Level of Incentive Fees Are Hedge Fund Investors Actually Paying? Abstract Long-only investors remove the effects of beta when analyzing performance. Why shouldn t long/short equity hedge fund investors

More information

Active Management in Swedish National Pension Funds

Active Management in Swedish National Pension Funds STOCKHOLM SCHOOL OF ECONOMICS Active Management in Swedish National Pension Funds An Analysis of Performance in the AP-funds Sara Blomstergren (20336) Jennifer Lindgren (20146) December 2008 Master Thesis

More information

THE ANALYSIS OF AN INVESTMENT RISK WITHIN EMERGING CAPITAL MARKETS. THE CASE OF THE WARSAW STOCK EXCHANGE

THE ANALYSIS OF AN INVESTMENT RISK WITHIN EMERGING CAPITAL MARKETS. THE CASE OF THE WARSAW STOCK EXCHANGE THE ANALYSIS OF AN INVESTMENT RISK WITHIN EMERGING CAPITAL MARKETS. THE CASE OF THE WARSAW STOCK EXCHANGE Mieczysław Kowerski 1 Abstract The purpose of the paper is to show that the three-factor Fama-French

More information

Best Styles: Harvesting Risk Premium in Equity Investing

Best Styles: Harvesting Risk Premium in Equity Investing Strategy Best Styles: Harvesting Risk Premium in Equity Investing Harvesting risk premiums is a common investment strategy in fixed income or foreign exchange investing. In equity investing it is still

More information

Market Efficiency and Behavioral Finance. Chapter 12

Market Efficiency and Behavioral Finance. Chapter 12 Market Efficiency and Behavioral Finance Chapter 12 Market Efficiency if stock prices reflect firm performance, should we be able to predict them? if prices were to be predictable, that would create the

More information

Asian Economic and Financial Review THE CAPITAL INVESTMENT INCREASES AND STOCK RETURNS

Asian Economic and Financial Review THE CAPITAL INVESTMENT INCREASES AND STOCK RETURNS Asian Economic and Financial Review journal homepage: http://www.aessweb.com/journals/5002 THE CAPITAL INVESTMENT INCREASES AND STOCK RETURNS Jung Fang Liu 1 --- Nicholas Rueilin Lee 2 * --- Yih-Bey Lin

More information

Appendices with Supplementary Materials for CAPM for Estimating Cost of Equity Capital: Interpreting the Empirical Evidence

Appendices with Supplementary Materials for CAPM for Estimating Cost of Equity Capital: Interpreting the Empirical Evidence Appendices with Supplementary Materials for CAPM for Estimating Cost of Equity Capital: Interpreting the Empirical Evidence This document contains supplementary material to the paper titled CAPM for estimating

More information

Luck versus Skill in the Cross Section of Mutual Fund Returns. Eugene F. Fama and Kenneth R. French * Forthcoming in the Journal of Finance.

Luck versus Skill in the Cross Section of Mutual Fund Returns. Eugene F. Fama and Kenneth R. French * Forthcoming in the Journal of Finance. First draft: October 2007 This draft: December 2009 Not for quotation: Comments welcome Luck versus Skill in the Cross Section of Mutual Fund Returns Eugene F. Fama and Kenneth R. French * Forthcoming

More information

Equity Risk Premium Article Michael Annin, CFA and Dominic Falaschetti, CFA

Equity Risk Premium Article Michael Annin, CFA and Dominic Falaschetti, CFA Equity Risk Premium Article Michael Annin, CFA and Dominic Falaschetti, CFA This article appears in the January/February 1998 issue of Valuation Strategies. Executive Summary This article explores one

More information

New Zealand mutual funds: measuring performance and persistence in performance

New Zealand mutual funds: measuring performance and persistence in performance Accounting and Finance 46 (2006) 347 363 New Zealand mutual funds: measuring performance and persistence in performance Rob Bauer a,rogér Otten b, Alireza Tourani Rad c a ABP Investments and Limburg Institute

More information

Performance of UK Pension Funds. - Luck or Skill?

Performance of UK Pension Funds. - Luck or Skill? Performance of UK Pension Funds - Luck or Skill? Emelie Jomer Master Thesis, Department of Economics, Uppsala University June 7, 2013 Supervisor: Mikael Bask, Associate Professor of Economics, Uppsala

More information

Luck versus Skill in the Cross-Section of Mutual Fund Returns

Luck versus Skill in the Cross-Section of Mutual Fund Returns THE JOURNAL OF FINANCE VOL. LXV, NO. 5 OCTOBER 2010 Luck versus Skill in the Cross-Section of Mutual Fund Returns EUGENE F. FAMA and KENNETH R. FRENCH ABSTRACT The aggregate portfolio of actively managed

More information

Selection of Investment Strategies in Thai Stock Market.

Selection of Investment Strategies in Thai Stock Market. CMRI Working Paper 05/2014 Selection of Investment Strategies in Thai Stock Market. โดย ค ณธนะช ย บ ญสายทร พย สถาบ นบ ณฑ ตบร หารธ รก จ ศศ นทร แห งจ ฬาลงกรณ มหาว ทยาล ย เมษายน 2557 Abstract This paper examines

More information

The capital asset pricing model (CAPM) of William Sharpe (1964) and John

The capital asset pricing model (CAPM) of William Sharpe (1964) and John Journal of Economic Perspectives Volume 18, Number 3 Summer 2004 Pages 25 46 The Capital Asset Pricing Model: Theory and Evidence Eugene F. Fama and Kenneth R. French The capital asset pricing model (CAPM)

More information

The Effect of Closing Mutual Funds to New Investors on Performance and Size

The Effect of Closing Mutual Funds to New Investors on Performance and Size The Effect of Closing Mutual Funds to New Investors on Performance and Size Master Thesis Author: Tim van der Molen Kuipers Supervisor: dr. P.C. de Goeij Study Program: Master Finance Tilburg School of

More information

EVALUATION OF THE PAIRS TRADING STRATEGY IN THE CANADIAN MARKET

EVALUATION OF THE PAIRS TRADING STRATEGY IN THE CANADIAN MARKET EVALUATION OF THE PAIRS TRADING STRATEGY IN THE CANADIAN MARKET By Doris Siy-Yap PROJECT SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER IN BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION Approval

More information

The performance of mutual funds during the financial crisis

The performance of mutual funds during the financial crisis The performance of mutual funds during the financial crisis Abstract The performance of mutual funds has been an interesting topic of research in the last few decades. The most common measurements for

More information

The Case For Passive Investing!

The Case For Passive Investing! The Case For Passive Investing! Aswath Damodaran Aswath Damodaran! 1! The Mechanics of Indexing! Fully indexed fund: An index fund attempts to replicate a market index. It is relatively simple to create,

More information

Portfolio Performance Measures

Portfolio Performance Measures Portfolio Performance Measures Objective: Evaluation of active portfolio management. A performance measure is useful, for example, in ranking the performance of mutual funds. Active portfolio managers

More information

Disentangling value, growth, and the equity risk premium

Disentangling value, growth, and the equity risk premium Disentangling value, growth, and the equity risk premium The discounted cash flow (DCF) model is a theoretically sound method to value stocks. However, any model is only as good as the inputs and, as JASON

More information

A Panel Data Analysis of Corporate Attributes and Stock Prices for Indian Manufacturing Sector

A Panel Data Analysis of Corporate Attributes and Stock Prices for Indian Manufacturing Sector Journal of Modern Accounting and Auditing, ISSN 1548-6583 November 2013, Vol. 9, No. 11, 1519-1525 D DAVID PUBLISHING A Panel Data Analysis of Corporate Attributes and Stock Prices for Indian Manufacturing

More information

B.3. Robustness: alternative betas estimation

B.3. Robustness: alternative betas estimation Appendix B. Additional empirical results and robustness tests This Appendix contains additional empirical results and robustness tests. B.1. Sharpe ratios of beta-sorted portfolios Fig. B1 plots the Sharpe

More information

How To Explain Momentum Anomaly In International Equity Market

How To Explain Momentum Anomaly In International Equity Market Does the alternative three-factor model explain momentum anomaly better in G12 countries? Steve Fan University of Wisconsin Whitewater Linda Yu University of Wisconsin Whitewater ABSTRACT This study constructs

More information

The Tangent or Efficient Portfolio

The Tangent or Efficient Portfolio The Tangent or Efficient Portfolio 1 2 Identifying the Tangent Portfolio Sharpe Ratio: Measures the ratio of reward-to-volatility provided by a portfolio Sharpe Ratio Portfolio Excess Return E[ RP ] r

More information

Why are Some Diversified U.S. Equity Funds Less Diversified Than Others? A Study on the Industry Concentration of Mutual Funds

Why are Some Diversified U.S. Equity Funds Less Diversified Than Others? A Study on the Industry Concentration of Mutual Funds Why are Some Diversified U.S. Equity unds Less Diversified Than Others? A Study on the Industry Concentration of Mutual unds Binying Liu Advisor: Matthew C. Harding Department of Economics Stanford University

More information

Tax-Loss Selling and the Year-End Behavior of Dow Jones Stocks

Tax-Loss Selling and the Year-End Behavior of Dow Jones Stocks Tax-Loss Selling and the Year-End Behavior of Dow Jones Stocks Max Gold BlackRock Alternative Advisors Seattle, WA 98101 Tel: 1-206-613-6772 E-mail: Max.Gold@blackrock.com Jeff Levere Department of Economics

More information

CHAPTER 11: THE EFFICIENT MARKET HYPOTHESIS

CHAPTER 11: THE EFFICIENT MARKET HYPOTHESIS CHAPTER 11: THE EFFICIENT MARKET HYPOTHESIS PROBLEM SETS 1. The correlation coefficient between stock returns for two non-overlapping periods should be zero. If not, one could use returns from one period

More information

Chapter 5. Conditional CAPM. 5.1 Conditional CAPM: Theory. 5.1.1 Risk According to the CAPM. The CAPM is not a perfect model of expected returns.

Chapter 5. Conditional CAPM. 5.1 Conditional CAPM: Theory. 5.1.1 Risk According to the CAPM. The CAPM is not a perfect model of expected returns. Chapter 5 Conditional CAPM 5.1 Conditional CAPM: Theory 5.1.1 Risk According to the CAPM The CAPM is not a perfect model of expected returns. In the 40+ years of its history, many systematic deviations

More information

Fama-French and Small Company Cost of Equity Calculations. This article appeared in the March 1997 issue of Business Valuation Review.

Fama-French and Small Company Cost of Equity Calculations. This article appeared in the March 1997 issue of Business Valuation Review. Fama-French and Small Company Cost of Equity Calculations This article appeared in the March 1997 issue of Business Valuation Review. Michael Annin, CFA Senior Consultant Ibbotson Associates 225 N. Michigan

More information

FADE THE GAP: ODDS FAVOR MEAN REVERSION

FADE THE GAP: ODDS FAVOR MEAN REVERSION FADE THE GAP: ODDS FAVOR MEAN REVERSION First Draft: July 2014 This Draft: July 2014 Jia-Yuh Chen and Timothy L. Palmer Abstract When a stock opens a day s trading at a lower price than its previous day

More information

Benchmarking Low-Volatility Strategies

Benchmarking Low-Volatility Strategies Benchmarking Low-Volatility Strategies David Blitz* Head Quantitative Equity Research Robeco Asset Management Pim van Vliet, PhD** Portfolio Manager Quantitative Equity Robeco Asset Management forthcoming

More information

CHAPTER 11: THE EFFICIENT MARKET HYPOTHESIS

CHAPTER 11: THE EFFICIENT MARKET HYPOTHESIS CHAPTER 11: THE EFFICIENT MARKET HYPOTHESIS PROBLEM SETS 1. The correlation coefficient between stock returns for two non-overlapping periods should be zero. If not, one could use returns from one period

More information

Absolute Strength: Exploring Momentum in Stock Returns

Absolute Strength: Exploring Momentum in Stock Returns Absolute Strength: Exploring Momentum in Stock Returns Huseyin Gulen Krannert School of Management Purdue University Ralitsa Petkova Weatherhead School of Management Case Western Reserve University March

More information

Discussion of Momentum and Autocorrelation in Stock Returns

Discussion of Momentum and Autocorrelation in Stock Returns Discussion of Momentum and Autocorrelation in Stock Returns Joseph Chen University of Southern California Harrison Hong Stanford University Jegadeesh and Titman (1993) document individual stock momentum:

More information

DOES IT PAY TO HAVE FAT TAILS? EXAMINING KURTOSIS AND THE CROSS-SECTION OF STOCK RETURNS

DOES IT PAY TO HAVE FAT TAILS? EXAMINING KURTOSIS AND THE CROSS-SECTION OF STOCK RETURNS DOES IT PAY TO HAVE FAT TAILS? EXAMINING KURTOSIS AND THE CROSS-SECTION OF STOCK RETURNS By Benjamin M. Blau 1, Abdullah Masud 2, and Ryan J. Whitby 3 Abstract: Xiong and Idzorek (2011) show that extremely

More information

Review for Exam 2. Instructions: Please read carefully

Review for Exam 2. Instructions: Please read carefully Review for Exam 2 Instructions: Please read carefully The exam will have 25 multiple choice questions and 5 work problems You are not responsible for any topics that are not covered in the lecture note

More information

WEB APPENDIX. Calculating Beta Coefficients. b Beta Rise Run Y 7.1 1 8.92 X 10.0 0.0 16.0 10.0 1.6

WEB APPENDIX. Calculating Beta Coefficients. b Beta Rise Run Y 7.1 1 8.92 X 10.0 0.0 16.0 10.0 1.6 WEB APPENDIX 8A Calculating Beta Coefficients The CAPM is an ex ante model, which means that all of the variables represent before-thefact, expected values. In particular, the beta coefficient used in

More information

Stock Return Momentum and Investor Fund Choice

Stock Return Momentum and Investor Fund Choice Stock Return Momentum and Investor Fund Choice TRAVIS SAPP and ASHISH TIWARI* Journal of Investment Management, forthcoming Keywords: Mutual fund selection; stock return momentum; investor behavior; determinants

More information

Broker-Dealer Leverage and the Cross-Section of Stock Returns 1

Broker-Dealer Leverage and the Cross-Section of Stock Returns 1 Broker-Dealer Leverage and the Cross-Section of Stock Returns 1 Tobias Adrian, Erkko Etula and Tyler Muir Federal Reserve Bank of New York and Northwestern University Bank of England, January -5, 11 1

More information

The problems of being passive

The problems of being passive The problems of being passive Evaluating the merits of an index investment strategy In the investment management industry, indexing has received little attention from investors compared with active management.

More information

The Risk-Free Rate s Impact on Stock Returns with Representative Fund Managers

The Risk-Free Rate s Impact on Stock Returns with Representative Fund Managers School of Economics and Management Department of Business Administration FEKN90 Business Administration- Degree Project Master of Science in Business and Economics Spring term of 2013 The Risk-Free Rate

More information

Fama and French Three-Factor Model: Evidence from Istanbul Stock Exchange

Fama and French Three-Factor Model: Evidence from Istanbul Stock Exchange Volume 4 Number 2 2013 pp. 11-22 ISSN: 1309-2448 www.berjournal.com Fama and French Three-Factor Model: Evidence from Istanbul Stock Exchange Veysel Eraslan a Abstract: This study tests the validity of

More information

Illiquidity frictions and asset pricing anomalies

Illiquidity frictions and asset pricing anomalies Illiquidity frictions and asset pricing anomalies Björn Hagströmer a, Björn Hansson b, Birger Nilsson,b a Stockholm University, School of Business, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden b Department of Economics and

More information

Journal of Emerging Trends Economics and Management Sciences (JETEMS) 4(2):217-225 (ISSN: 2141-7016)

Journal of Emerging Trends Economics and Management Sciences (JETEMS) 4(2):217-225 (ISSN: 2141-7016) Journal of Emerging Trends in Economics and Management Sciences (JETEMS) 4(2):217-225 Scholarlink Research Institute Journals, 2013 (ISSN: 2141-7024) jetems.scholarlinkresearch.org Journal of Emerging

More information

The Performance of Thai Mutual Funds: A 5-Star Morningstar Mutual Fund Rating

The Performance of Thai Mutual Funds: A 5-Star Morningstar Mutual Fund Rating The Performance of Thai Mutual Funds: A 5-Star Morningstar Mutual Fund Rating Chollaya Chotivetthamrong Abstract Due to Tax-benefit from Thai government s regulation, most of investors are interested in

More information

Mutual Fund Performance

Mutual Fund Performance Mutual Fund Performance When measured before expenses passive investors who simply hold the market portfolio must earn zero abnormal returns. This means that active investors as a group must also earn

More information

Chapter 11, Risk and Return

Chapter 11, Risk and Return Chapter 11, Risk and Return 1. A portfolio is. A) a group of assets, such as stocks and bonds, held as a collective unit by an investor B) the expected return on a risky asset C) the expected return on

More information

NorthCoast Investment Advisory Team 203.532.7000 info@northcoastam.com

NorthCoast Investment Advisory Team 203.532.7000 info@northcoastam.com NorthCoast Investment Advisory Team 203.532.7000 info@northcoastam.com NORTHCOAST ASSET MANAGEMENT An established leader in the field of tactical investment management, specializing in quantitative research

More information

Tilted Portfolios, Hedge Funds, and Portable Alpha

Tilted Portfolios, Hedge Funds, and Portable Alpha MAY 2006 Tilted Portfolios, Hedge Funds, and Portable Alpha EUGENE F. FAMA AND KENNETH R. FRENCH Many of Dimensional Fund Advisors clients tilt their portfolios toward small and value stocks. Relative

More information

Are Mutual Fund Shareholders Compensated for Active Management Bets?

Are Mutual Fund Shareholders Compensated for Active Management Bets? Are Mutual Fund Shareholders Compensated for Active Management Bets? Russ Wermers Department of Finance Robert H. Smith School of Business University of Maryland at College Park College Park, MD 2742-1815

More information

Pursuing a Better Investment Experience

Pursuing a Better Investment Experience Pursuing a Better Investment Experience Last updated: March 2015 1. Embrace Market Pricing World Equity Trading in 2014 Daily Average Number of Trades 60 million Dollar Volume $302 billion The market is

More information

INCORPORATION OF LIQUIDITY RISKS INTO EQUITY PORTFOLIO RISK ESTIMATES. Dan dibartolomeo September 2010

INCORPORATION OF LIQUIDITY RISKS INTO EQUITY PORTFOLIO RISK ESTIMATES. Dan dibartolomeo September 2010 INCORPORATION OF LIQUIDITY RISKS INTO EQUITY PORTFOLIO RISK ESTIMATES Dan dibartolomeo September 2010 GOALS FOR THIS TALK Assert that liquidity of a stock is properly measured as the expected price change,

More information

FOREIGN SMALL CAP EQUITIES

FOREIGN SMALL CAP EQUITIES MEKETA INVESTMENT GROUP FOREIGN SMALL CAP EQUITIES ABSTRACT International equity investing is widely accepted by institutional investors as a way to diversify their portfolios. In addition, expanding the

More information

Cash Holdings and Mutual Fund Performance. Online Appendix

Cash Holdings and Mutual Fund Performance. Online Appendix Cash Holdings and Mutual Fund Performance Online Appendix Mikhail Simutin Abstract This online appendix shows robustness to alternative definitions of abnormal cash holdings, studies the relation between

More information

Deutsche Alternative Asset Allocation VIP

Deutsche Alternative Asset Allocation VIP Alternative Deutsche Alternative Asset Allocation VIP All-in-one exposure to alternative asset classes : a key piece in asset allocation Building a portfolio of stocks, bonds and cash has long been recognized

More information

Returns of high dividend yield stocks in the Dutch market

Returns of high dividend yield stocks in the Dutch market Master Thesis (20 ects) Returns of high dividend yield stocks in the Dutch market Author: R.C.M. Mosch Student number: 5621151 Master s in Business Economics, Faculty of Economics and Business, University

More information

HARVARD UNIVERSITY Department of Economics

HARVARD UNIVERSITY Department of Economics HARVARD UNIVERSITY Department of Economics Economics 970 Behavioral Finance Science Center 103b Spring 2002 M, W 7-8:30 pm Mr. Evgeny Agronin Teaching Fellow agronin@fas.harvard.edu (617) 868-5766 Course

More information

The Value Effect and the Market For Chinese Stocks by Burton G. Malkiel, Princeton University Derek Jun, Old Square Capital Advisors CEPS Working

The Value Effect and the Market For Chinese Stocks by Burton G. Malkiel, Princeton University Derek Jun, Old Square Capital Advisors CEPS Working The Value Effect and the Market For Chinese Stocks by Burton G. Malkiel, Princeton University Derek Jun, Old Square Capital Advisors CEPS Working Paper No. 188 July 2009 Abstract: A long literature in

More information

Models of Risk and Return

Models of Risk and Return Models of Risk and Return Aswath Damodaran Aswath Damodaran 1 First Principles Invest in projects that yield a return greater than the minimum acceptable hurdle rate. The hurdle rate should be higher for

More information

Evaluation of European Mutual funds Performance

Evaluation of European Mutual funds Performance Evaluation of European Mutual funds Performance Romana Bangash To cite this version: Romana Bangash. Evaluation of European Mutual funds Performance. Cahier de recherche du CERAG 2011-01 E2. 2011.

More information

Navigator Global Equity ETF

Navigator Global Equity ETF Portfolio Allocation Portfolio Overview Clark Capital Management Group is an employee-owned, independent Investment Advisory firm providing institutional-quality investment solutions to individuals, corporations,

More information

THE NUMBER OF TRADES AND STOCK RETURNS

THE NUMBER OF TRADES AND STOCK RETURNS THE NUMBER OF TRADES AND STOCK RETURNS Yi Tang * and An Yan Current version: March 2013 Abstract In the paper, we study the predictive power of number of weekly trades on ex-post stock returns. A higher

More information

The Success of Long-Short Equity Strategies versus Traditional Equity Strategies & Market Returns

The Success of Long-Short Equity Strategies versus Traditional Equity Strategies & Market Returns Claremont Colleges Scholarship @ Claremont CMC Senior Theses CMC Student Scholarship 2011 The Success of Long-Short Equity Strategies versus Traditional Equity Strategies & Market Returns Lauren J. Buchanan

More information

Financial Intermediaries and the Cross-Section of Asset Returns

Financial Intermediaries and the Cross-Section of Asset Returns Financial Intermediaries and the Cross-Section of Asset Returns Tobias Adrian - Federal Reserve Bank of New York 1 Erkko Etula - Goldman Sachs Tyler Muir - Kellogg School of Management May, 2012 1 The

More information

Financial Evolution and Stability The Case of Hedge Funds

Financial Evolution and Stability The Case of Hedge Funds Financial Evolution and Stability The Case of Hedge Funds KENT JANÉR MD of Nektar Asset Management, a market-neutral hedge fund that works with a large element of macroeconomic assessment. Hedge funds

More information

Investment Research: How Much is Enough?

Investment Research: How Much is Enough? Copyright Oxford Management Publishing 2009 Investment Research: How Much is Enough? Bradford Cornell Abstract Aside from the decision to enter the equity market, the most fundamental question an investor

More information

FIN 432 Investment Analysis and Management Review Notes for Midterm Exam

FIN 432 Investment Analysis and Management Review Notes for Midterm Exam FIN 432 Investment Analysis and Management Review Notes for Midterm Exam Chapter 1 1. Investment vs. investments 2. Real assets vs. financial assets 3. Investment process Investment policy, asset allocation,

More information

Is the Forward Exchange Rate a Useful Indicator of the Future Exchange Rate?

Is the Forward Exchange Rate a Useful Indicator of the Future Exchange Rate? Is the Forward Exchange Rate a Useful Indicator of the Future Exchange Rate? Emily Polito, Trinity College In the past two decades, there have been many empirical studies both in support of and opposing

More information

Do Direct Stock Market Investments Outperform Mutual Funds? A Study of Finnish Retail Investors and Mutual Funds 1

Do Direct Stock Market Investments Outperform Mutual Funds? A Study of Finnish Retail Investors and Mutual Funds 1 LTA 2/03 P. 197 212 P. JOAKIM WESTERHOLM and MIKAEL KUUSKOSKI Do Direct Stock Market Investments Outperform Mutual Funds? A Study of Finnish Retail Investors and Mutual Funds 1 ABSTRACT Earlier studies

More information

A Review of Cross Sectional Regression for Financial Data You should already know this material from previous study

A Review of Cross Sectional Regression for Financial Data You should already know this material from previous study A Review of Cross Sectional Regression for Financial Data You should already know this material from previous study But I will offer a review, with a focus on issues which arise in finance 1 TYPES OF FINANCIAL

More information

What Determines Chinese Stock Returns?

What Determines Chinese Stock Returns? What Determines Chinese Stock Returns? Fenghua Wang and Yexiao Xu * Abstract Size, not book-to-market, helps to explain cross-sectional differences in Chinese stock returns from 1996-2002. Similar to the

More information

Exploration of the Cross-Sectional Return Distributions of Socially Responsible Investment Funds

Exploration of the Cross-Sectional Return Distributions of Socially Responsible Investment Funds Exploration of the Cross-Sectional Return Distributions of Socially Responsible Investment Funds Jianan Du a,1, Brandon Thomas a,2, Jānis Zvingelis a,3, a Envestnet Asset Management 35 East Wacker Drive,

More information

Pension Plan Funding and Stock Market Efficiency

Pension Plan Funding and Stock Market Efficiency Pension Plan Funding and Stock Market Efficiency FRANCESCO FRANZONI and JOSÉ M. MARÍN ABSTRACT The paper argues that the market significantly overvalues firms with severely underfunded pension plans. These

More information

Understanding Currency

Understanding Currency Understanding Currency Overlay July 2010 PREPARED BY Gregory J. Leonberger, FSA Director of Research Abstract As portfolios have expanded to include international investments, investors must be aware of

More information

Industry Affects Do Not Explain Momentum in Canadian Stock Returns

Industry Affects Do Not Explain Momentum in Canadian Stock Returns Investment Management and Financial Innovations, 2/2005 49 Industry Affects Do Not Explain Momentum in Canadian Stock Returns Sean Cleary, David Doucette, John Schmitz Abstract Similar to previous Canadian,

More information

Yao Zheng University of New Orleans. Eric Osmer University of New Orleans

Yao Zheng University of New Orleans. Eric Osmer University of New Orleans ABSTRACT The pricing of China Region ETFs - an empirical analysis Yao Zheng University of New Orleans Eric Osmer University of New Orleans Using a sample of exchange-traded funds (ETFs) that focus on investing

More information

Do the asset pricing factors predict future economy growth? An Australian study. Bin Liu Amalia Di Iorio

Do the asset pricing factors predict future economy growth? An Australian study. Bin Liu Amalia Di Iorio Do the asset pricing factors predict future economy growth? An Australian study. Bin Liu Amalia Di Iorio Abstract In this paper we examine whether past returns of the market portfolio (MKT), the size portfolio

More information

Good Corporate Governance pays off! Well-governed companies perform better on the stock market

Good Corporate Governance pays off! Well-governed companies perform better on the stock market Good Corporate Governance pays off! Well-governed companies perform better on the stock market Institutional investors are thus encouraged to account for corporate governance in their investment strategy.

More information

Cost of Capital Presentation for ERRA Tariff Committee Dr. Konstantin Petrov / Waisum Cheng / Dr. Daniel Grote April 2009 Experience you can trust.

Cost of Capital Presentation for ERRA Tariff Committee Dr. Konstantin Petrov / Waisum Cheng / Dr. Daniel Grote April 2009 Experience you can trust. Cost of Capital Presentation for ERRA Tariff Committee Dr. Konstantin Petrov / Waisum Cheng / Dr. Daniel Grote April 2009 Experience you can trust. Agenda 1.Definition of Cost of Capital a) Concept and

More information

Norges Bank s Expert Group on Principles for Risk Adjustment of Performance Figures Final Report

Norges Bank s Expert Group on Principles for Risk Adjustment of Performance Figures Final Report Norges Bank s Expert Group on Principles for Risk Adjustment of Performance Figures Final Report November 16, 2015 Magnus Dahlquist Professor, Stockholm School of Economics Christopher Polk Professor,

More information

Equity Market Risk Premium Research Summary. 12 April 2016

Equity Market Risk Premium Research Summary. 12 April 2016 Equity Market Risk Premium Research Summary 12 April 2016 Introduction welcome If you are reading this, it is likely that you are in regular contact with KPMG on the topic of valuations. The goal of this

More information

ANOMALIES AND MARKET EFFICIENCY

ANOMALIES AND MARKET EFFICIENCY Chapter 15 ANOMALIES AND MARKET EFFICIENCY G. WILLIAM SCHWERT University of Rochester, and NBER Contents Abstract 939 Keywords 939 1. Introduction 940 2. Selected empirical regularities 941 2.1. Predictable

More information

Navigator International Equity/ADR

Navigator International Equity/ADR CCM-16-06-637 As of 6/30/2016 Navigator International Navigate Global Equities with a Disciplined, Research-Backed Approach to Security Selection With heightened volatility and increased correlations across

More information

Application of a Linear Regression Model to the Proactive Investment Strategy of a Pension Fund

Application of a Linear Regression Model to the Proactive Investment Strategy of a Pension Fund Application of a Linear Regression Model to the Proactive Investment Strategy of a Pension Fund Kenneth G. Buffin PhD, FSA, FIA, FCA, FSS The consulting actuary is typically concerned with pension plan

More information

THE TRUE RISK OF CHINA S A-SHARE SAGA

THE TRUE RISK OF CHINA S A-SHARE SAGA For professional investors 22 July 2015 1 CHI TIME THE TRUE RISK OF CHINA S A-SHARE SAGA The stock market has predicted nine out of the last five recessions Paul A. Samuelson The 32% correction in the

More information

INVESTMENT INSIGHTS. Strategic beta: Marrying active management insights with the discipline of rules-based investing IN BRIEF PORTFOLIO DISCUSSION

INVESTMENT INSIGHTS. Strategic beta: Marrying active management insights with the discipline of rules-based investing IN BRIEF PORTFOLIO DISCUSSION PORTFOLIO DISCUSSION ETF PERSPECTIVES : Marrying active management insights with the discipline of rules-based investing September 2014 OUTLOOK & OPPORTUNITIES PLEASE VISIT jpmorganfunds.com for access

More information

THE CAPITAL ASSET PRICING MODEL VERSUS THE THREE FACTOR MODEL: A United Kingdom Perspective

THE CAPITAL ASSET PRICING MODEL VERSUS THE THREE FACTOR MODEL: A United Kingdom Perspective P a g e 1 THE CAPITAL ASSET PRICING MODEL VERSUS THE THREE FACTOR MODEL: A United Kingdom Perspective Chandra Shekhar Bhatnagar Department of Social Sciences, The University of the West Indies, Trinidad

More information

Internet Appendix to CAPM for estimating cost of equity capital: Interpreting the empirical evidence

Internet Appendix to CAPM for estimating cost of equity capital: Interpreting the empirical evidence Internet Appendix to CAPM for estimating cost of equity capital: Interpreting the empirical evidence This document contains supplementary material to the paper titled CAPM for estimating cost of equity

More information

Are There Systematic Trade Cost Differences in Trading US Cross-Listed Shares Across Markets?

Are There Systematic Trade Cost Differences in Trading US Cross-Listed Shares Across Markets? University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Wharton Research Scholars Journal Wharton School May 2005 Are There Systematic Trade Cost Differences in Trading US Cross-Listed Shares Across Markets? Edmund

More information

ON THE RISK ADJUSTED DISCOUNT RATE FOR DETERMINING LIFE OFFICE APPRAISAL VALUES BY M. SHERRIS B.A., M.B.A., F.I.A., F.I.A.A. 1.

ON THE RISK ADJUSTED DISCOUNT RATE FOR DETERMINING LIFE OFFICE APPRAISAL VALUES BY M. SHERRIS B.A., M.B.A., F.I.A., F.I.A.A. 1. ON THE RISK ADJUSTED DISCOUNT RATE FOR DETERMINING LIFE OFFICE APPRAISAL VALUES BY M. SHERRIS B.A., M.B.A., F.I.A., F.I.A.A. 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 A number of papers have been written in recent years that

More information

Discussion: In Search of Distress Risk and Default Risk, Shareholder Advantage, and Stock Returns

Discussion: In Search of Distress Risk and Default Risk, Shareholder Advantage, and Stock Returns Discussion: In Search of Distress Risk and Default Risk, Shareholder Advantage, and Stock Returns Kent D. Daniel 1 1 Goldman Sachs Asset Management and Kellogg, Northwestern NYU/Moody s Credit Conference,

More information

Graduation Day: The Broadening Opportunity Set of MSCI Emerging Markets

Graduation Day: The Broadening Opportunity Set of MSCI Emerging Markets Graduation Day: The Broadening Opportunity Set of MSCI Emerging Markets Last week, as students across the United States marched in commencement ceremonies, MSCI acknowledged the possible future inclusion

More information

The Performance of Actively and Passively Managed Swiss Equity Funds

The Performance of Actively and Passively Managed Swiss Equity Funds The Performance of ly and Passively Managed Swiss Equity Manuel Ammann and Michael Steiner* February 2008 Abstract Using a Switzerland-specific Carhart (1997) model, we study the risk-adjusted performance

More information

Single Manager vs. Multi-Manager Alternative Investment Funds

Single Manager vs. Multi-Manager Alternative Investment Funds September 2015 Single Manager vs. Multi-Manager Alternative Investment Funds John Dolfin, CFA Chief Investment Officer Steben & Company, Inc. Christopher Maxey, CAIA Senior Portfolio Manager Steben & Company,

More information

Chap 3 CAPM, Arbitrage, and Linear Factor Models

Chap 3 CAPM, Arbitrage, and Linear Factor Models Chap 3 CAPM, Arbitrage, and Linear Factor Models 1 Asset Pricing Model a logical extension of portfolio selection theory is to consider the equilibrium asset pricing consequences of investors individually

More information

Clarice Carneiro Martins a. José Roberto Securato b. Eduardo Kazuo Kayo c. Joelson Oliveira Sampaio d ABSTRACT

Clarice Carneiro Martins a. José Roberto Securato b. Eduardo Kazuo Kayo c. Joelson Oliveira Sampaio d ABSTRACT Asset Pricing Anomalies and the Effect of Different Credit Ratings Clarice Carneiro Martins a Faculdade de Administração, Economia e Contabilidade Universidade de São Paulo José Roberto Securato b Faculdade

More information

AN EMPIRICAL INVESTIGATION OF THE RELATIONSHIP AMONG P/E RATIO, STOCK RETURN AND DIVIDEND YIELS FOR ISTANBUL STOCK EXCHANGE

AN EMPIRICAL INVESTIGATION OF THE RELATIONSHIP AMONG P/E RATIO, STOCK RETURN AND DIVIDEND YIELS FOR ISTANBUL STOCK EXCHANGE AN EMPIRICAL INVESTIGATION OF THE RELATIONSHIP AMONG P/E RATIO, STOCK RETURN AND DIVIDEND YIELS FOR ISTANBUL STOCK EXCHANGE Funda H. SEZGIN Mimar Sinan Fine Arts University, Faculty of Science and Letters

More information

Internet Appendix to Picking Winners? Investment Consultants Recommendations of Fund Managers

Internet Appendix to Picking Winners? Investment Consultants Recommendations of Fund Managers Internet Appendix to Picking Winners? Investment Consultants Recommendations of Fund Managers TIM JENKINSON, HOWARD JONES, and JOSE VICENTE MARTINEZ * This Internet Appendix includes the following additional

More information