Elmarie Kotzé, Alexandra Sandhage-Hofmann, Chris du Preez, Wulf Amelung University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa

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1 INFLUENCE OF RANGELAND MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON ORGANIC MATTER CONTENTS AND AGGREGATION DYNAMICS OF CLAYEY SOILS IN THE SEMI-ARID GRASSLAND BIOME, SOUTH AFRICA by Elmarie Kotzé, Alexandra Sandhage-Hofmann, Chris du Preez, Wulf Amelung University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa

2 BACKGROUND Rangelands cover half of world s land surface. In arid to semi-arid environments of South Africa, more than 75% of land is used for livestock production. Rangelands are often subjected to degradation, mainly driven by poor land management.

3 OBJECTIVES To evaluate the impact of different rangeland management systems on soil degradation. To measure the decline in SOM content and aggregate stability along grazing gradients. To determine which soil property is the most sensitive/resilient to soil degradation.

4 STUDY-AREA

5 STUDY-AREA Grassland biome (sweet grasses dominating) Altitude : m Semi-arid climate Annual summer rainfall : 550 mm per year Evapotranspiration level : 1800 mm per year Soil type : Lixisols Clay content : 34%

6 RESEARCH PROJECT LAYOUT 3 x Rangeland management systems Commercial farming Communal farming Land-reform farming Nature Reserve as reference (ungrazed by domestic animals) 3 x Grazing gradients Poor rangeland condition Moderate rangeland condition Good rangeland condition

7 COMMERCIAL FARMING

8 COMMUNAL FARMING

9 LAND-REFORM FARMING

10 3 x Rangeland management systems Commercial farming Communal farming Land-reform farming Nature Reserve as reference (ungrazed by domestic animals) 3 x Grazing gradients within each system Poor rangeland condition Moderate rangeland condition Good rangeland condition

11 GRAZING GRADIENT

12 Good rangeland condition Thermeda Triandra (Red grass) Moderate rangeland condition Eragrostis curvula (Weeping Love Grass) Poor rangeland condition Grazing gradient e.g. Cynodon dactylon (Couch Grass) Aristida congesta (Tassel Three-awn) or none

13 SAMPLING AND ANALYSES 0-5, 5-10, cm depth intervals ph Bulk density Particle size analyses Aggregate-size (6 fractions) C and N Plant nutrients (P, K, Ca, Mg, Na) Micronutrients (Cu, Mn, Fe, Zn) Amino-acids, enzymes

14 SOIL SAMPLING

15 RESULTS Aggregate-size C as index of soil organic matter

16 TYPICAL BARE PATCHES In Poor rangeland condition CO : 60-78% CF : 20-40%

17 Aggregates (%) Poor field Small Micro-aggregates Large Micro-aggregates Small Macro-aggreagtes Large Macro-aggregates 80 CF CO LF NR

18 Aggregates (%) Moderate field Small Micro-aggregates Large Micro-aggregates Small Macro-aggreagtes Large Macro-aggregates 80 CF CO LF NR

19 Aggregates (%) Good field Small Micro-aggregates Large Micro-aggregates Small Macro-aggreagtes Large Macro-aggregates 80 CF CO LF NR

20 C (kg/ha) 0-5 cm CF CO LF NR 5 0 Poor Moderate Good

21 C (kg/ha) Macro-aggregates CF CO LF NR 5 0 Poor Moderate Good

22 RESULTS Aggregation is integrative indicator for the soil s overall quality.

23 RESULTS Aggregation is integrative indicator for the soil s overall quality. Aggregation affects physical and hydrological functioning of soil, and is associated with capability in sequestrating organic C, and production. impacts primary

24 CONCLUSION Rangeland management in this biome is affected by different property rights, which then effects grazing systems, and furthermore soil properties nearby water points.

25 CONCLUSION Rangeland management in this biome is affected by different property rights, which then effects grazing systems, and furthermore soil properties nearby water points. Rotational grazing systems in fenced camps gives soil and vegetation resting times for recovering, accompanied by adapted stocking rates.

26 CONCLUSION Continuous grazing & overstocking is common in communal areas, and leads to soil degradation which is driven by two processes:

27 CONCLUSION Continuous grazing & overstocking is common in communal areas, and leads to soil degradation which is driven by two processes: deterioration of aggregates and associated SOM losses in poor and moderate rangeland condition,

28 CONCLUSION Continuous grazing & overstocking is common in communal areas, and leads to soil degradation which is driven by two processes: deterioration of aggregates and associated SOM losses in poor and moderate rangeland condition, and nutrient losses are caused by lower plant cover and litter input in sacrifice area of piosphere.

29 CONCLUSION Although rotational grazed camps showed little evidence of soil degradation, they exhibited early deterioration of aggregate structures close to water points.

30 CONCLUSION Although rotational grazed camps showed little evidence of soil degradation, they exhibited early deterioration of aggregate structures close to water points. Losses in macro-aggregate C may serve as early warning indicator for future ecosystem development.

31 CONCLUSION Climate-adapted stocking rate and duration of the resting time will remain necessary in future for all management systems.

32 Questions?? KOTZE, E et al., 2013 Journal of Arid Environments 97,

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