4. In a molecule of DNA, if there is 21% adenine (A), how much thymine (T) is present? How much cytosine (C) is present?
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1 Name Biology I Test Review DNA, Protein Synthesis and Genetics This review should only be used as a supplement to your notes, activities, and previous quizzes. For additional review and questions it may be beneficial to perform an internet search on topics you feel you need more practice with. **If you do not pick up an answer key, one is available at my teacher website: Password: avery *(If you have trouble finding it go to: DNA 1. Sketch a detailed illustration of a strand of DNA. Make sure to label each part. Also, circle one complete nucleotide. 2. What bases are complementary (pair with each other) on DNA? 3. DNA replicates in S-phase. DNA replication is considered semi-conservative. What does this mean? a. Two strands are produced: the original strand and a completely new strand. b. Two strands are produced: both completely new strands. c. Two strands are produced: Each strand is half original and half new. 4. In a molecule of DNA, if there is 21% adenine (A), how much thymine (T) is present? How much cytosine (C) is present? 5. Which is the most likely outcome for a substitution mutation? a. The entire protein strand is changed and may not function properly. b. Only one amino acid is changed and the protein can still function. 6. Why are deletion and insertions called frameshift mutations. Protein Synthesis 7. Where in the cell does translation take place: 8. Where in the cell does transcription take place:
2 9. What are the four differences between mrna and DNA? a. b. c. d. For questions #10 and #11, do not worry about start and stop codons. 10. Translate the following mrna strand: C A U A C A G A G G U U 11. Transcribe the following DNA strand: C A T A T C G C C A G T 12. Following start and stop codon rules, transcribe and translate the following. C G T T A C G A T C G A T A G G C T A T C A G C Transcribe: Translate: Genetics 13. What is a gene? 14. During meiosis, alleles for the same gene must be segregated. Why is it important that alleles segregate when producing gametes? 15. When we set up a dihybrid cross each allele from one trait has an equal chance to be with either allele from the other trait (example a BbRr would produce BR, Br, br, or br). What is this an example of?
3 16. What are the 3 possible genotypes in Mendelian genetics? Give an example of each. a. b. c. 17. Define phenotype and give some examples. For questions understand that short hair is dominant (R) to long hair (r). 18. A homozygous dominant individual is crossed with a long haired individual. a. What are the genotypes of both parents? X RR: Rr: rr 19. A heterozygous cat for coat length is crossed with a heterozygous cat for coat length. a. What are the genotypes of both parents? X Rr: rr RR: 20. A heterozygous cat is crossed with a long haired cat. a. What are the genotypes of both parents? Rr: rr RR:
4 21. Assume the shaded individuals have the recessive disorder cystic fibrosis. Determine the possible genotype of each individual. (If you can t determine a genotype completely, write this: R_ or something like it.) 22. In the above pedigree, how are individuals 1 and 10 related? 23. In pedigrees, what does a shaded circle or square represent? Square: Circle: 24. List all individuals you would consider to be carriers of this recessive trait. 25. How does the percent chance individuals 8 and 9 would have a child with cystic fibrosis compare to the percentage actual children with fibrosis? 26. If a trait follows co-dominance rules and an individual is heterozygous, describe how their phenotype will compare to the homozygous individuals. 27. If a trait follows incomplete dominance rules and an individual is heterozygous, describe how their phenotype will compare to the homozygous individuals.
5 28. A farmer is growing corn plants. Yellow, sweet corn sells the best. If he crosses a heterozygous plant with a plant that is homozygous recessive plant, what is the probability (percent chance) he ll get yellow, sweet corn?
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