Did they help or hinder?

Transcription

1 War Government Religion Communication Did they help or hinder? Chance Science & Technology Attitudes

2 War how has it affected medicine Romans- the importance of their army meant they took great care with public health to keep soldiers healthy Middle Ages war between different kingdoms and tribes meant plenty of practice for surgeons. Also destroyed public health systems and libraries Renaissance Pare s discoveries because of war and new weapons (ligatures, oil of roses, egg yolk and turpentine) 19 th century Crimean War improved nursing thanks to Nightingale. War between France and Germany spurred on Pasteur and Koch s rivalry 20 th century World War One spurred on advances in blood transfusion and blood banks and the beginnings of plastic surgery World War Two spurred on development of penicillin. Necessity is the mother of invention.

3 Government how has it affected health and medicine Roman government and organisation meant good public health Middle Ages Leaders and kings did not have health as a priority more concerned with war Early 19 th century British government believed in Laissez Faire - leave alone, did not see public health as their concern Later 19 th century first Public Health Acts passed as government forced to act thanks to germ theory, John Snow, cholera etc 20 th century Liberal Reforms and later creation of NHS (1948), American government funding development of penicillin

4 Religion how has it affected health and medicine Help or Ancient Times (Prehistoric to Roman) believed to some degree in Gods, Spirits etc could cure you (example Greek/Roman God of healing Asclepius) Egyptians their religious beliefs helped and hindered medical progress (embalming but no dissection) Middle Ages Christianity hugely important and influential taught God sent disease as punishment (example Black Death) but also taught church should care for sick and old so some care provided. Also promoted Galen as his ideas fitted with their ideas. Tried to control knowledge and enquiry Renaissance Christian teachings start to clash with new ideas 19 th century ideas such as germ theory finally put pay to idea of God sending illness

5 Communication how has it affected health and medicine Egyptians first to develop written Communication (hieroglyphics) so cures, treatments, symptoms could be written down for first time Middle Ages - some book/libraries destroyed by war but monks kept and copied out ideas of Greeks and Romans (especially Galen) by hand Renaissance Printing Press developed ideas could be communicated more quickly and in greater quantities (e.g. Vesalius Fabric of Human Body) 19 th century trains, newspapers, postal service meant ideas and people could move around quickly (for conferences etc)

6 Chance how has it affected Health and Medicine Middle Ages Pare running out of boiling oil forces him to experiment with something different 18 th /19 th century Jenner s chance factor of living in countryside and observing country people led to the smallpox vaccine 19 th century Simpson s after dinner experimentation led to discovery of the properties of chloroform Pasteur s accidental leaving out of chicken cholera bacteria so it weakened led to chicken cholera vaccine Fleming leaving dirty petri dishes lying around and discovering penicillin growing in one

7 Science and Technology Egyptians were skilled metal workers could make sharp blades and other surgical tools Romans skilled Engineers could build complex structures such as aqueducts etc Renaissance - Inventions such as printing press and microscopes would be hugely important in helping future developments 19 th century developments in chemical industry helped medicine find new chemical compounds (magic bullets etc) to treat disease 20 th century too many to mention! X rays, plastic surgery etc

8 Attitudes Conservatism v. Enquiry Help or Greeks great thinkers and philosophers wanted to understand how things worked logical ideas Middle Ages Christian Church squashed enquiry, did not want to be challenged or questioned. V. dangerous to speak out. Idea disease sent as a punishment for sin held back medicine Renaissance ideas of people like Harvey, Vesalius ignored as contradicted Galen 19 th century Lots of opposition to anything new vaccination, anaesthetics, antiseptics etc. (often on religious grounds) Plus vested interests of rich often meant public health neglected