Evaluation of the Dual Tank Indirect Solar-Assisted Heat Pump System for the Team Ontario Solar Decathlon House

Transcription

1 Joint Workshop IEA HPP Annex 40 / NSERC 11th IEA Heat Pump Conference Prof. C. A. Cruickshank, Carleton University Evaluation of the Dual Tank Indirect Solar-Assisted Heat Pump System for the Team Ontario Solar Decathlon House Presentation by: Cynthia Cruickshank

2 Team Ontario Team Ontario 100+ undergraduate and graduate students 3 faculty advisors (S.J. Harrison, C.A. Cruickshank, R. Briginshaw) Prof. C. A. Cruickshank, Carleton University

3 Prof. C. A. Cruickshank, Carleton University Team Ontario Engineering and architecture, Sustainable design team Solar design team, engineering, Excellence in business/marketing Architectural technology, Construction and technical expertise

4 Residential Energy Consumption Lighting 4% Space Cooling 1% Appliances 15% Domestic Hot Water 17% Space Heating 63% Source: NRCan, Energy Use Data Handbook, 1990 to 2009, Office of Energy Efficiency, Natural Resources Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada Prof. C. A. Cruickshank, Carleton University

5 Prof. C. A. Cruickshank, Carleton University Solar Decathlon and Team Ontario Photo credit: Stefano Paltera U.S. Department of Energy

6 Prof. C. A. Cruickshank, Carleton University THE SOLAR DECATHLON TEAM ONTARIO Design Philosophy Reduce Building Loads High Performance Mechanical System Photovoltaic Array

7 Prof. C. A. Cruickshank, Carleton University Series Direct Solar-Assisted Heat Pump

8 Prof. C. A. Cruickshank, Carleton University Series Indirect Solar-Assisted Heat Pump

9 Research Objectives To design and evaluate a dual tank indirect solar-assisted heat pump system for ECHO Build a computer simulation model of the system Conduct a sensitivity study with the model Build and instrument the system in a laboratory Gather and evaluate experimental data Use experimental data to validate and improve simulations Prof. C. A. Cruickshank, Carleton University

10 Prof. C. A. Cruickshank, Carleton University Integrated Mechanical System (IMS) Collectors Exhaust Air Fresh Air Mixing Valve ERV Exhaust Air Fresh Air Recirculation Air Cooling Coils Air Handler Heating Coils Conditioned Air to Space Pump Diverting Valve Diverting Valve Heat Pump DHW Diverting Valve Pump Cold Tank (Glycol Solution) Compressor Condenser Evaporator Expansion Valve Mixing Valve Hot Tank (Water) Mixing Valve Outdoor Heat Dissipaters Pump Pump Mains

11 Prof. C. A. Cruickshank, Carleton University Heating Season Collectors Exhaust Air Fresh Air Mixing Valve ERV Exhaust Air Fresh Air Recirculation Air Cooling Coils Air Handler Heating Coils Conditioned Air to Space Pump Diverting Valve Diverting Valve Heat Pump DHW Diverting Valve Pump Cold Tank (Glycol Solution) Compressor Condenser Evaporator Expansion Valve Mixing Valve Hot Tank (Water) Mixing Valve Outdoor Heat Dissipaters Pump Pump Mains

12 Prof. C. A. Cruickshank, Carleton University Cooling Season Collectors Exhaust Air Fresh Air Mixing Valve ERV Exhaust Air Fresh Air Recirculation Air Cooling Coils Air Handler Heating Coils Conditioned Air to Space Pump Diverting Valve Diverting Valve Heat Pump DHW Diverting Valve Pump Cold Tank (Glycol Solution) Compressor Condenser Evaporator Expansion Valve Mixing Valve Hot Tank (Water) Mixing Valve Outdoor Heat Dissipaters Pump Pump Mains

13 Prof. C. A. Cruickshank, Carleton University ECHO Electricity Usage Total Conditioning Load: 39 GJ (11,000 kwh) End Use Electricity Demand (kwh) Lighting 391 Appliances 2186 Space Conditioning Space Heating 1462 Space Cooling 2421 Pumps and Fans 456 Total 4339 Domestic Hot Water 1306 Average Canadian household energy consumption, 2007 (scaled by size): 18,400 kwh Source: Natural Resources Canada Office of Energy Efficiency, Comprehensive Energy Use Database Grand Total 8222

14 Prof. C. A. Cruickshank, Carleton University TRNSYS Model

15 Prof. C. A. Cruickshank, Carleton University Base Model Parameter Value Collector area 12 m 2 Collector tilt angle 90ᵒ Cold storage tank size 270 L Hot storage tank size 450 L Tank loss coefficient kj/hr m 2 K Heat pump source side min. inlet temp. 6ᵒC Heat pump load side max. inlet temp. 40ᵒC Heat pump rated power draw 1.5 kw Heat pump rated heating capacity 5 kw Heat pump return Heat pump supply DHW and heating coil supply Mains and heating coil return

16 Percent Variation of FEF from Base Model Percent Variation of FEF from Base Model Sensitivity Studies Collector Area -3 Collector Angle -4 Cold Tank Size -5 Hot Tank Size Percent Variation from Base Model Auxiliary Heater Hot Water Inlet Mains Water / Heating Return Heating Return w/ Mains Water Entering Node Node Number Variation from Base Model Prof. C. A. Cruickshank, Carleton University

17 Prof. C. A. Cruickshank, Carleton University As-Built Parameters Parameter Base As-Built Collector area (m 2 ) Collector tilt angle (ᵒ) Cold storage tank size (L) Hot storage tank size (L) Tank loss coefficient (cold) (kj/hr m K) (hot) Heat pump source side min. inlet temp. (ᵒC) 6 6 Heat pump load side max. inlet temp. (ᵒC) Heat pump rated power draw (kw) Heat pump rated heating capacity (kw) 5 5 Heat pump return Heat pump supply Base Model As-Built DHW and heating coil supply Mains and heating coil return

18 Annual Energy Consumption (GJ) Percent Variation of FEF from As-Built Model Prof. C. A. Cruickshank, Carleton University Annual Average COP Sensitivity of Load Side Flow Rate Heat Pump Compressor 7 Auxiliary Heat Pump Load Side Flow Rate (kg/hr) Percent Variation of FEF from As-Built Model Annual Average COP Heat Pump Load Side Flow Rate (kg/hr)

19 Prof. C. A. Cruickshank, Carleton University Experimental Set-up at Queen s University

20 Prof. C. A. Cruickshank, Carleton University Experimental Set-up and Results 10 L/min 5 L/min 20 o C (Water) (Water) 20 o C 20 o C

21 Temperature ( C) Temperature ( C) Temperature ( C) Experimental Results 3 L/min (low) 6 L/min (medium) 10 L/min (high) o C 30 o C Hot Tank Profile 10 Heat Pump Load In Heat Pump Load Out Time (hr) Time (hr) Time (hr) Prof. C. A. Cruickshank, Carleton University

22 Prof. C. A. Cruickshank, Carleton University Experimental and Simulation Results 3 L/min

23 Conclusions The IMS can achieve an annual FEF of From the simulation sensitivity studies Overall impact of the solar collector area and tilt was small Heat pump characteristics and control had the largest impact Thermal stratification is also an important factor From the experimental analysis The COP of the heat pump increases with increasing load side flow rate Stratification of the hot tank improved with lower flow rates Higher load side flow rates increases the auxiliary energy consumption Prof. C. A. Cruickshank, Carleton University

24 Contributions Two journal papers accepted for publication A literature review of past SAHP research Sensitivity study results that revealed the effects of various parameters on the overall performance of the IMS A computer model of the IMS that was developed in TRNSYS Experimental results that indicated the relationships between the heat pump load side flow rate, heat pump performance, and thermal stratification A DHW, space-heating, cooling, and dehumidification system for Team Ontario who achieved 1 st place in the Engineering contest at the Solar Decathlon 2013 Competition Prof. C. A. Cruickshank, Carleton University

25 Future Work Conduct sensitivity studies to investigate ratio of different parameters Re-instrument the integrated mechanical system built in ECHO and gather data to verify and improve simulation model Perform experimental analysis with glycol solution in the cold tank Investigate the effect of using a heat pump with a different refrigerant Prof. C. A. Cruickshank, Carleton University

26 Prof. C. A. Cruickshank, Carleton University Acknowledgements NSERC Smart Net-Zero Energy Buildings Strategic Research Network

27 Source: U.S. Department of Energy, Prof. C. A. Cruickshank, Carleton University ECHO

28 Source: U.S. Department of Energy, Prof. C. A. Cruickshank, Carleton University

29 Source: U.S. Department of Energy, Prof. C. A. Cruickshank, Carleton University W Monocrystalline Panels 7.8 kw Peak Production Annual Consumption: 7800 kwh Annual Production: 9800 kwh

30 Prof. C. A. Cruickshank, Carleton University

31 Source: U.S. Department of Energy, Prof. C. A. Cruickshank, Carleton University

32 Integrated Mechanical System Using the integrated mechanical system, 50 % of the ECHO s required energy can be obtained for free from the sun and from heat recovery Prof. C. A. Cruickshank, Carleton University

33 Prof. C. A. Cruickshank, Carleton University Mobile App A mobile app that allows the occupant to control the home and monitor energy use Predictive Shading A predictive shading control system to optimize heating and cooling requirements

34 Prof. C. A. Cruickshank, Carleton University

35 Source: U.S. Department of Energy, Prof. C. A. Cruickshank, Carleton University Results are Announced

36 Results are Announced Out of 19 teams, Team Ontario came 1 st Engineering 1 st Energy Balance (tie) 1 st Hot Water (tie) 2 nd Affordability 4 th Market Appeal 6 th Place Overall

37 Competition Stats 1 Hockey Win 36 kwh Net Positive 42 Team Members 850L of Hot Water km Round trip ~20,000 Visitors $257k House Cost ECHO uses 25% of the total energy of a typical Canadian home and 0% of the carbon emissions!

38 Prof. C. A. Cruickshank, Carleton University Energy Monitoring Application - Controls lighting, temperature, humidity, windows, shading and climate scheduling. Integrated Mechanical System - Provides space heating, cooling and dehumidification and domestic hot water requirements in a single system Predictive Shading System - Calculated optimal shading based on real-time weather data. System integrated with energy monitoring app. Vacuum Insulation Panels - High insulative value of building envelope (R59 - twice that of a conventional home) Photovoltaic and Solar Thermal kw photovoltaic array (30 modules) and 4 solar thermal panels

39 Thank you for your attention. Source: U.S. Department of Energy, Dr. Cynthia Cruickshank Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Carleton University Prof. C. A. Cruickshank, Carleton University