Global Trends in Emerging Viral Diseases of Wildlife Origin

Transcription

1 Global Trends in Emerging Viral Diseases of Wildlife Origin Jonathan Sleeman USGS National Wildlife Health Center IOM Forum on Microbial Threat s Workshop on Emerging Viral Diseases U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey March, 2014

2 Overview Drivers of emerging infectious diseases and the consequences Examples of emerging viral diseases: Avian influenzas Bluetongue and hemorrhagic disease Bats and disease Bushmeat and great apes Future directions and approaches to address high consequence diseases One Health and the leadership challenge

3 Neglect of Wildlife Diseases Historically, infectious diseases were rarely considered threats to wildlife populations It is time to close the book on infectious diseases, and declare the war against pestilence won Dr. William H. Stewart, 1967 Disease control is a matter of doctoring the environment and not the animal Aldo Leopold, 1933

4 Emerging Infectious Diseases The book on infectious diseases has been dusted off Global environment favoring the emergence of infectious diseases Many emerging disease threats to human, animal and ecosystem health are of wildlife origin Earthrise, 1968

5 Drivers of Emerging Diseases Human activities are the most potent drivers Ecological change Climate change Human demographic and behavior changes International travel and trade Microbial adaptation and change Lack of infrastructure

6 Consequences of Emerging Diseases Impacts are global and profound 35 million people living with HIV globally 300 million poultry culled since 2003 as a result of H5N1 highly pathogenic AI Biological and ecological consequences White-nose syndrome in bats Colony collapse disorder of bees

7 Viral Diseases Causing Wildlife Declines Ranavirus in amphibians Canine distemper in tigers Ebola virus in gorillas

8 Emerging Diseases Investigated by U.S. Geological Survey 1970s Avian Cholera Lead Poisoning Sea Otter Mortality Inclusion Body Disease Newcastle Disease Hawaiian Forest Bird Diseases Avian Botulism 1990s West Nile Virus Coral reef health Avian Influenza Amphibian Malformations Monkeypox Chronic Wasting Disease White- Nose Syndrome

9 Examples of Emerging Viral Diseases of Wildlife Origin Illustrate the Drivers of Emerging Viral Diseases Novel Pathogens Versus Known Diseases Wildlife as Villains and as Victims

10 Emerging Avian Influenzas AI H5N1, AI H7N9, AI H10N8, AI H5N8 strains have emerged to threaten public health

11 Emerging Avian Influenzas Migratory bird movement of avian influenza viruses

12 The Direct Pipeline Theory Fatal H3N8 avian influenza in New England harbor seals Similar to a virus circulating in North American waterfowl but with mutations that indicate recent adaptation to mammalian hosts

13 Bluetongue and Hemorrhagic Disease Bluetongue and epizootic hemorrhagic disease are orbiviruses transmitted by Culicoides midges Per acute disease in domestic and wild ruminants, especially sheep, goats, and deer

14 Dramatic northwards extension of the virus in Europe More severe, widespread outbreaks in wild ruminants in US Exotic reassortant EHDV serotype 6 found in the US Resurging Disease

15 Role of Global Trade and Climate Warmer climate allows the vector to survive at higher latitudes? Higher winter and summer temperatures increases vector capacity and competence Novel serotype introduced by importation of exotic game, or viremic cattle? Change?

16 Diseases at the Human-Primate Interface Resulted in disease of pandemic proportions (SIV HIV) Bushmeat act as a conduit for pathogen spread

17 Impacts on Great Ape Conservation Disease threat to great apes High burden of disease in local population Frequent visitation by tourists

18 Bats as Villains MERS, SARS, Nipah virus, Hendra virus, Ebola virus What is unique about bats?

19 Bats as Victims Does this uniqueness make them prone to disease threats? White nose syndrome causing precipitous declines of North American bat species

20 Seasonal Shedding of Marburg Virus by Rousettus aegyptiacus Bats Amman, et al. PLOS Pathogens, 2012

21 Disease Management Strategies Explore interventions to reduce risks Increased farm biosecurity Temporal and spatial separation Communications approaches to effect behavioral changes Change attitudes to international wildlife trade Improved food security for rural communities Public health measures Providing basic sanitation in Africa will decrease risks to great apes (open defecation free zones) conservation reason for improved public health

22 Future Directions in Wildlife Health Prevention, Preparedness, Response, Recovery

23 Early Detection of Emerging Diseases Field investigation capacity Investigations of unusual wildlife mortality events Wildlife diagnostic laboratory capacity Application of new molecular diagnostic technologies for pathogen discovery Upstream surveillance

24 Risk Analysis and Surveillance Risk analysis to determine exposure pathways and hot spots for disease emergence Ongoing, systematic collection of wildlife health data

25 Disease Ecology and Modelling Prevention is key! Research in epidemiology and disease ecology Increased understanding of the drivers of emerging diseases Develop predictive models for decision support Ecosystem Health Human Health Domestic Animal Health Wildlife Health

26 Wildlife Disease Management Disease management tools Orally delivered vaccines to vaccinate upstream Biocontrol strategies Environmental manipulations Application of new technologies Modification to human behaviors

27 Robust Infrastructure and Partnerships Build wildlife health capacity Establish proactive, collaborative partnerships to address the most pressing wildlife health issues Review legal framework and authorities for addressing wildlife diseases

28 One Health Human-Agriculture-Wildlife-Ecosystem DISEASE

29 Leadership Challenge? Interdisciplinary teams are most likely to succeed when they have a unified task and a shared goal and values, and when personal relationships are developed from a foundation of trust and respect Anholt, R., Stephen, C., & Copes, R. (2012) U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey

30 What Makes a Successful One Health Project? Sense of urgency and common purpose Delegated authority or mandate to conduct the work Good governance: An interagency steering committee or working group is formed to oversee the work Foundation of trust exists among key individuals in different agencies, built on a willingness to acknowledge the other agencies concerns Mutually agreed-upon outcomes are science based Clearly defined roles and responsibilities Leadership rotates rather than being monopolized by one sector Making One Health a Reality Crossing Bureaucratic Boundaries Rubin, Dunham and Sleeman. In press.

31 Leadership Challenge? What are the core values of One Health? Is wildlife a threat or something that is valued? Is One Health a team building challenge? Do we have the individual leadership skills needed to make this successful?

32 For more information about the NWHC please visit: Contact Information: Jonathan Sleeman, MA, VetMB, Dipl. ACZM, Dipl. ECZM, MRCVS Center Director USGS, National Wildlife Health Center 6006 Schroeder Road Madison, WI Tel: (608) Fax: (608)

33 Questions