Susceptibility Weighted Imaging and Quantitative Susceptibility Mapping at 3 Tesla and Beyond

Transcription

1 Susceptibility Weighted Imaging and Quantitative Susceptibility Mapping at 3 Tesla and Beyond New Approaches and Applications DISSERTATION zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades Doktoringenieur (Dr.-Ing.) vorgelegt der Fakultät für Informatik und Automatisierung der Technischen Universität Ilmenau von Dipl.-Ing. (FH) Andreas Deistung geboren am 31. Oktober 1980 in Nordhausen, Deutschland Tag der Einreichung: 18. Februar 2013 Tag der öffentlichen wissenschaftlichen Aussprache: 25. Juni 2013 Gutachter: 1. Prof. Dr.-Ing. habil. Jens Haueisen 2. Prof. Dr. rer. nat. med. habil. Jürgen R. Reichenbach 3. Priv.-Doz. Dipl.-Ing. Dr. techn. Markus Barth

2 1. Introduction 1 2. Basic Principles Magnetic Susceptibility Effect of Magnetic Susceptibility on Magnetic Induction at the Site of a Nucleus Magnetic Susceptibility of Biological Tissue Magnetic Resonance Imaging Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Relaxation Phenomena Magnetic Resonance Imaging Selective Excitation Spatial Encoding Gradient (Recalled) Echo Magnetic Resonance Imaging Pulse Sequence Design Gradient Echo Signal Effects of Spin Motion Effects of Magnetic Induction Inhomogeneities Susceptibility Sensitive MRI Processing Magnitude Imaging and R Mapping Phase Imaging Susceptibility Weighted Imaging Quantitative Susceptibility Mapping Susceptibility Weighted Imaging at Ultra High Magnetic Fields Introduction Material and Methods Numerical Simulations Single Vessel Phantom Volunteer Experiments 36 IX

3 3.3. Results Venous Imaging at 7Tesla Venous Imaging at Different Magnetic Field Strength Discussion Tissue Parameters Simulations SWI at Different Magnetic Field Strengths Simultaneous Data Acquisition for Visualization of Cerebral Arteries and Veins Introduction ToF-SWI Pulse Sequence Evaluation of the ToF-SWI Sequence Phantom Experiments Volunteer Experiments Discussion High Resolution Quantitative Susceptibility Mapping of the Human Brain at Ultra High Magnetic Field Strength Introduction Methods Data Acquisition Data Processing Data Analysis Qualitative Analysis Volume-of-Interest Identification and Surface-Based Analysis Statistical Analysis Results Qualitative Analyses Midbrain Thalamus Basal Ganglia Cortex Quantitative Analyses Magnetic Susceptibility Differences and R Values Correlation between Magnetic Susceptibility and Rj. 86 x

4 5.4. Discussion Deep Gray Matter Cortical Gray Matter Correlation between Magnetic Susceptibility and Rg Methodological Considerations Application of Quantitative Susceptibility Mapping in Patients with Glioblastoma Introduction Material and Methods Results Discussion Application of Quantitative Susceptibility Mapping in Wild Type and arcab Mice Introduction Ill 7.2. Material and Methods Results Discussion Conclusion and Outlook 119 Bibliography 125 Appendix 155 A. Magnetic Susceptibility and Transverse Relaxation of Blood 155 B. Detailed Summary of MRI Data Acquisition 157 B.l. Susceptibility Weighted Imaging at Ultra High Magnetic Fields 157 B.2. Simultaneous Data Acquisition for Visualization of Cerebral Arteries and Veins 158 B.2.1. Acquisition of Phantom Data 158 B.2.2. Acquisition of in vivo Data 159 B.3. High Resolution Quantitative Susceptibility Mapping of the Human Brain at Ultra High Magnetic Field Strength 160 B.4. Application of Quantitative Susceptibility Mapping in Patients with Glioblastoma 161 B. 5. Application of Quantitative Susceptibility Mapping in Wild Type and arcaß Mice 162 XI

5 C. Supplementary Material 162 C.l. Susceptibility Weighted Imaging at Ultra High Magnetic Fields 162 C.2. High Resolution Quantitative Susceptibility Mapping of the Human Brain at Ultra High Magnetic Field Strength 164 C.2.1. Conversion of the regression slope R (A%) into R (cp e ) 164 Curriculum Vitae 172 Publications 173 Xll