Administrivia. CS 235: Introduction to Databases. Examples. What is a DBMS? Relational Database Marketplace. Relational Model
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1 1 Administrivia CS 235: Introduction to Databases Svetlozar Nestorov Three handouts today: Course info, Schedule, Slides. Latest info will always be online! Come to class! Ask questions! Give feedback! Have fun! CS 235: Intro to DB; S. Nestorov 1 2 What is a DBMS? A Database Management System manages very large amounts of data and provides: persistent storage, efficient access, concurrent access, secure, atomic access. Examples (Almost) Everything is a database! Banking systems Reservation systems Libraries The Web Varying degrees of structure, organization, and efficiency. CS 235: Intro to DB; S. Nestorov 1 3 CS 235: Intro to DB; S. Nestorov 1 4 Relational Model Based on tables, as: acct# balance Rick Alice Today used in most DBMS's. Relational Database Marketplace In 2005, $13.8B (up 8.3% from 2004) Market shares (revenue): Oracle 48.6% (48.9%) IBM 22.0% (22.4%) Microsoft 15.0% (13.9%) Teradata 3.2% (3.2%) Sybase 2.9% (3.0%) Other 8.2% (8.5%) Source: Gartner CS 235: Intro to DB; S. Nestorov 1 5 CS 235: Intro to DB; S. Nestorov 1 6
2 2 IT Experts Use Three Aspects to Studying DBMS's 1. Modeling and design Allows exploration of issues before committing to an implementation. 2. Programming Queries and DB operations like update; connectivity 3. DBMS implementation What s under the hood. CS235 = (1) + (2) CS 235: Intro to DB; S. Nestorov 1 7 CS 235: Intro to DB; S. Nestorov 1 8 Entity-Relationship Model First step of database design. Represent the real world with diagrams. Entity corresponds to an object. Entity set corresponds to a class. Set of similar objects. Attribute = property of entities in entity set. Similar to fields of a struct. E/R Diagrams Entity set rectangle Attribute oval ID Other conventions also exist. CS 235: Intro to DB; S. Nestorov 1 9 CS 235: Intro to DB; S. Nestorov 1 10 Relationships Connect two or more entity sets. Represented by diamonds. Taking Relationship Set The value of a relationship set is the set of connected entities. Think of the value as a table. One column for each connected entity set. One row for each connection. Alice CS 235 CS Rick CS 235 CS 235: Intro to DB; S. Nestorov 1 11 CS 235: Intro to DB; S. Nestorov 1 12
3 3 Multiway Relationships Multiway Relationships: Example Binary relationships are most common. But, sometimes we need a relationship connecting 3 or more entity sets. Example: relationship among students, courses, TA's. Taking Is this E/R diagram correct? Teaching TAs CS 235: Intro to DB; S. Nestorov 1 13 CS 235: Intro to DB; S. Nestorov 1 14 Multiway Relationships 3-Way Relationship Works in CS235, because the TA is a TA of all students. Connection student-ta is only via the course. But what if students were divided into sections, each headed by a TA? Then, a student in CS235 would be related to only one of the TA's for CS235. Which one? Need a 3-way relationship to tell. Enrolls TAs Alice CS 235 Rick CS 235 Elaine CS 235 TAs CS 235: Intro to DB; S. Nestorov 1 15 CS 235: Intro to DB; S. Nestorov Example Multiplicity of Relationships addr license Serves Frequents Many-many Many-one One-one manf Likes addr Representation of Many-One E/R: arrow pointing to one. Rounded arrow = exactly one. Other conventions also exist. CS 235: Intro to DB; S. Nestorov 1 17 CS 235: Intro to DB; S. Nestorov 1 18
4 4 Have Favorite One-One Relationships addr license Put arrows in both directions. Serves Frequents Manfs Design issues: Bestseller Likes Is the rounded arrow justified? Here, manufacturer is an E.S.; in earlier diagrams it is an attribute. Which is right? manf Favorite addr CS 235: Intro to DB; S. Nestorov 1 19 CS 235: Intro to DB; S. Nestorov 1 20 Attributes on Relationships price Sells Shorthand for 3-way relationship: price Prices Sells Attributes on Relationships A true 3-way relationship. Price depends jointly on beer and bar. Arrow convention for multiway relationships: all other E.S. determine one of these. Not sufficiently general to express any possibility. However, if price, say, depended only on the beer, then we could use two 2-way relationships: price-beer and beer-bar. Better solution? CS 235: Intro to DB; S. Nestorov 1 21 CS 235: Intro to DB; S. Nestorov 1 22 Converting Multiway to 2-Way Necessary in some object-oriented models. Create a new connecting E.S. to represent rows of a relationship set. E.g., (Jimmy s, Bud, $3.50) for the Sells relationship. Many-one relationships from the connecting E.S. to the others. Converting Multiway to 2-Way Bar BBP Beer Price Prices CS 235: Intro to DB; S. Nestorov 1 23 CS 235: Intro to DB; S. Nestorov 1 24
5 5 Roles Sometimes an E.S. participates more than once in a relationship. Label edges with roles to distinguish. Buddies 1 2 Buddy1 Alice Rick Buddy2 Alice Rick husband Married wife husband Johnny wife Vanessa Notice Buddies is symmetric, Married not. Cannot specify symmetric in E/R. Should we replace husband and wife by one relationship spouse? CS 235: Intro to DB; S. Nestorov 1 25 CS 235: Intro to DB; S. Nestorov 1 26
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