Plasmonic Photovoltaic

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1 Plasmonic Photovoltaic Justus C. Ndukaife, Arthur Teng

2 Solar Power Current world consumption of electric energy is around TW. The Earth receives more solar energy in one hour than the energy used globally in one year

3 Photovoltaic effect Photoelectric effect A. E. Becquerel, 1839 Albert Einstein, 1905 ( Nobel Prize in 1921) In the photovoltaic effect, Electrons present in the valence band absorb light energy and, being excited, jump to the conduction band and become free. In the photoelectric effect, electrons are emitted from solids, liquids or gases into vacuum when they absorb energy from light.

4 Photovoltaic Solar Cell Fundamentals The operation of a photovoltaic (PV) cell requires four basic attributes: The absorption of light, generating electron-hole pairs in active region The separation of charge carriers of opposite types at junction due to junction potential It will continue to diffuse away from the junction and can travel a distance on average equal to the diffusion length before it recombines. Collection of those carriers to an external circuit.

5 I-V Characteristics of PN Junction PV Cells Birck Nanotechnology Center

6 Shockley Queisser limit 1W. Shockley, W. and H. J. Queisser, Detailed Balance Limit of Efficiency of p-n Junction Solar Cells, J. of Appl. Phys., 32(3), 1961, pp Shockley Queisser limit 33% at 1.34eV bandgap, 1.1eV Si can achieve 29% Assumptions for Shockley Queisser limit : A single p n-junction One electron hole pair excited per incoming photon Thermal relaxation of the electron hole pair energy in excess of the band gap Illumination with unconcentrated sunlight

7 PV materials M. A. Alam and S. Dongaonkar, What is Different about Thin-Film PV, NCN 2011

8 Development of Photovoltaics Birck Nanotechnology Center

9 Development strategy for future photovoltaics 1. Acceptable efficiency, but very low costs (thin-film, amorphous/polycrystalline materials, organic solar cells) 2. High-efficiency, but high-cost solar cells (high-quality crystalline materials, tandem solar cells) 3. Light Concentrator (high efficiency cells with optical concentration) Low Cost AND High Efficiency? To make power from photovoltaics competitive with fossil-fuel technologies, the cost needs to be reduced by a factor of 2 5. Harry A. Atwater and Albert Polman, Nature Materials, VOL 9 MARCH 2010

10 Thin Film Solar Cell A thin-film solar cell (TFSC), is a solar cell that is made by depositing one or more thin layers (thin film) of photovoltaic material on a substrate. Advantages: Save material costs Enable usage of PV materials like: amorphous Si and organic semiconductors Significant reduction in thin-film solar-cell thickness would also allow the large-scale use of scarce semiconductor materials such as In and Te Suitable for industrial roll-to-roll production Easily integrated to buildings Source:

11 Light Trapping in thick Si vs thin film Si Thick Si solar cell Conventional Si solar cells, bulk crystalline Si is used in order to absorb light In bulk Si, light trapping is typically achieved using a micron-sized pyramidal surface texturing M. A. Alam and S. Dongaonkar, What is Different about Thin-Film PV, NCN n2 rule-eli Yablonovitch Martin Green Group UNSW Zhao, et al, 1998

12 Light Trapping in thick Si vs thin film Si Absorption coefficient is smaller for long wavelength hence requires longer propagation length before being absorbed Thin film cannot absorb red light efficiently Beer Lambert law In thin film Si (only few um thick), light trapping requires alterative methods Texturing surface of thins films increases surface recombination

13 Light Trapping with Nano-plasmonic Structures Birck Nanotechnology Center

14 Method 1: Metal Nanoparticle Plasmonic Solar Cell K. R. Catchpole and A. Polman Appl. Phys. Lett. 93, , 2008 MAIER, S. A. (2007). PLASMONICS: FUNDAMENTALS AND APPLICATIONS. Springer. p70 Total scattering cross section (black lines), cross-section for light scattered into the substrate (red lines), and absorption cross-section (blue lines), all normalized to geometrical cross section, for 100 nm diameter hemispherical particles of Ag (solid lines) and Au (dashed lines)

15 Plasmonic Anti-Reflection Coating Fraction of light scattered into the substrate, for Ag particles on a 10 nm thick SiO2 underlayer on Si: a cylinder with diameter d=100 nm and height h=50 nm; a 100 nm diameter hemisphere; a 100 nm diameter sphere; and a 150 nm diameter sphere. K. R. Catchpole and A. Polman Appl. Phys. Lett. 93, , 2008

16 Method 2: Light concentration using particle plasmons This works particularly well for small (below 50nm diameters) particles since absorption cross-section becomes much larger than scattering cross-section. NP works like optical antennas! This method (Ag nanoparticles) works well for organic cells but not for crystalline or amorphous Si! MAIER, S. A. (2007). PLASMONICS: FUNDAMENTALS AND APPLICATIONS. Springer. p70 P. Spinelli and A. Polman, 2012 / Vol. 20, No. S5 / OPTICS EXPRESS

17 Method 3: Light trapping using SPPs Vivian E. Ferry, Luke A. Sweatlock, Domenico Pacifici, and Harry A. Atwater, NANO LETTERS 2008 Vol. 8, No

18 Photon Management for High Efficiency Solar Cells: Improving efficiency beyond the SQ limit

19 Cost reduction target Birck Nanotechnology Center

20 Ultra-High Efficiency Solar Cells Shockely-Quisser limit: ultimate efficiency for single-junction solar cell is 33% Can we increase the efficiency above this limit? Fundamental thermodynamic losses 5-7% Reduce Voc by 315mV Incomplete light trapping: Loss of 100mV Nonradiative exciton recombination (defects): 60mV A Polman, HA Atwater - Nature materials, 2012

21 Parabolic Light Directors Atwater et.al, Appl. Phys. Lett. 99, (2011)

22 Tandem Cells Conventional series tandem cell: Complex and expensive epitaxial growth Current-matching among the subcells is required Each subcell is subject to the same light-concentration factor

23 Spectrum Splitting Semiconductors with different bandgaps convert different portions of the solar spectrum to reduce thermalization losses. Can be realized using epitaxial liftoff and printing techniques of the semiconductor layers, followed by printing of a micro- or nanophotonic spectrum splitting layer. Each semiconductor layer can be combined with parabolic reflectors, light trapping structures, to reduce entropy losses and these structures can be separately optimized for each semiconductor. A Polman, HA Atwater - Nature materials, 2012

24 Thermodynamic Losses and Solution A Polman, HA Atwater - Nature materials, 2012

25 Up-conversion Aim: to increase efficiency by absorbing below-bandgap photons Van Sark, W. G., de Wild, J., Rath, J. K., Meijerink, A., & Schropp, R. E. (2013). Upconversion in solar cells. Nanoscale research letters, 8(1), 81. doi: / x-8-81

26 Plasmonic Enhanced Upconversion nanocrescent A. Atre, A. Etxarri, H. Alaeian, and Jennifer A Dionne1,J. Opt. 14 (2012)

27

28 Is Thin film Photovoltaics the answer? Reliability is also very important! M. A. Alam and S. Dongaonkar, What is Different about Thin-Film PV, NCN 2011 Source -

29 Summary PN junction solar cell fundamentals Thin film solar cell Plasmonic enhanced light trapping Photon Management Plasmonic enhanced Upconversion Thin film cells reliability issues

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