4.2 New Forms of Social Organization and Modes of Production I. Transitional peasant agriculture increased and changed, plantations expanded, and

Transcription

1 4.2 New Forms of Social Organization and Modes of Production I. Transitional peasant agriculture increased and changed, plantations expanded, and demand for labor increased; these changes both fed and responded to growing global demand for raw materials and finished products II. As new social and political elites changed, they also restructured new ethnic, racial, and gender hierarchies

2 I. Agriculture, Raw Materials, and Finished Products A. Peasant labor intensified in many regions. Examples of the intensification of peasant labor: The development of frontier settlements in Russian Siberia Cotton textile production in India Silk textile production in China B. Slavery in continued both the traditional incorporation of slaves into households and the export of slaves to the Mediterranean and the Indian Ocean.

3 I. Agriculture, Raw Materials, and Finished Products C. The growth of the plantation economy the demand for slaves in the Americas. D. Colonial economies in the Americas depended on a range of coerced labor. Examples of coerced labor: Chattel slavery Indentured servitude Encomienda and hacienda systems The Spanish adaptation on the Inca mit a

4 II. Social and Political Elites A. Both imperial conquests and widening global economic opportunities contributed to the formation of new political and economic elites. Examples of new elites: The Manchus in China Creole elites in Spanish America European gentry Urban commercial entrepreneurs in all major port cities in the world B. The power of existing political and economic elites fluctuated as they confronted new challenges to their ability to affect the policies of the increasingly powerful monarchs and leaders. Examples of existing elites: The zamindars in the Mughal Empire The nobility in Europe The daimyo in Japan

5 II. Social and Political Elites C. Some notable gender and family restructuring occurred, including the demographic changes in Africa that resulted from the slave traders. Examples of gender and family restructuring: The dependence of European men on Southeast Asian women for conducting trade in that region The smaller size of European families D. The massive demographic changes in the Americas resulted in new ethnic and racial classifications. Examples of new ethnic and racial classifications: Mestizo Mulatto Creole

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7 Slavery in the Americas was distinctive from other slave-holding systems in history because in the Americas a. slaves were treated more as human beings than as mere property. b. slavery was identified with blackness. c. slaves were used as a primary labor force in agricultural enterprises. d. female slaves were more highly valued than male slaves.

8 B Answer

9 The mining of large amounts of silver in Spanish colonies in the Americas resulted in all EXCEPT which of the following? a. Growing political power for the Spanish king b. Further commercialization of the Chinese economy c. A vibrant low-inflation economy in Spain d. Growth of trade from the across the Pacific Ocean

10 C Answer

11 The arrival of Western European ships in the Indian Ocean during the early modern era resulted in a. the emergence of European powers as important carriers of goods along the Indian Ocean trading network. b. greater availability in India and China of highly sought-after European manufactured goods. c. the collapse of trade in the region.

12 A Answer

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14 In your opinion, what is the most important lasting legacy of the Atlantic slave trade? a. Economic underdevelopment in Africa b. The creation of unique societies of the Americas c. The creation of new transregional linkages d. The emergence of modern ideas of race

15 Is it fair to say that the emergence of a single global network of exchange in the early modern era a. led to growing inequality in the world? b. was one of the most important driving forces in world history? c. superseded older relationships and patterns of exchange? d. resulted in a net gain for humankind?

16 Was the world better or worse off for the globalization of the early modern period? a. The world was better off because of the globalization of the early modern period b. The world was worse off because of the globalization of the early modern period