Science 8 th Grade. Title: Force and Motion/Physics. Materials: Textbooks as reference See Activities for additional.

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1 Title: Force and Motion/Physics Materials: Textbooks as reference See Activities for additional. Objectives: All students will: 1. Describe how motion is a change in position and is relative to the observer. 2. Calculate speed and compare and contrast speed versus velocity. 3. Calculate acceleration and describe its relationship to speed and velocity. 4. Explain how changes in motion require a force. 5. Explain how inertia is a measure of an object s mass. 6. Describe the relationship between force, mass and acceleration. 7. Differentiate between action and reaction forces. 8. Explain how momentum is related to the forces acting on an object. 9. Compare and contrast scientific theories. 10. Know that both direct and indirect observations are used by scientists to study the natural world and universe. 11. Identify questions and concepts that guide scientific investigations. 12. Formulate and revise explanations and models using logic and evidence. 13. Recognize and analyze alternative explanations and models. 14. Explain the importance of accuracy and precision in making valid measurements. Essential Questions: How is motion measured? How are force and motion related? How do Newton s three laws apply to the motion of objects? How is scientific inquiry used in the field of science? (Implemented in all units) Standards Content (What the Student Will Know) Performance (What the Student will Do) Activities/Assessments B B6 Motion is measured in various ways. 1. Describe how motion is a change in position and is relative to the observer. Position and reference point scavenger hunt 1

2 3.2.8.B B B B B B B B7 Motion is related to the forces that act upon objects. There are three laws of motion. Scientific inquiry is a process used throughout the science field. (Implemented in all units) 2. Calculate speed and compare and contrast speed versus velocity. 3. Calculate acceleration and describe its relationship to speed and velocity. 1. Explain how changes in motion require a force. 2. Explain how inertia is a measure of an object s mass. 3. Describe the relationship between force, mass and acceleration. 4. Differentiate between action and reaction forces. 5. Explain how momentum is related to the forces acting on an object. 1. Compare and contrast scientific theories. 2. Know that both direct and indirect observations are used by scientists to study the natural world and universe. 3. Identify questions and concepts that guide scientific investigations. 4. Formulate and revise explanations and models using logic and evidence. 5. Recognize and analyze alternative explanations and models. 6. Explain the importance of accuracy and precision in making valid measurements. Investigating motion partner activity Speed graphic organizer and formula practice Speed Challenge activity Chapter Investigation: Acceleration Force and motion quiz Crash test dummy lab Newton s second law of motion lab Force and acceleration practice Newton s three laws quiz Book descriptions and teacher located descriptions of various scientific theories for students to compare and contrast Scientific method usage in various lab activities Class discussion of lab results 2

3 Title: Electrical and Magnetic Energy Materials: Objectives: All students will: 1. Explain how electrical current is produced by the flow of electrons. 2. Compare and contrast atomic properties of conductors and insulators. 3. Demonstrate how electrical circuits provide a means of transferring electrical energy when heat, light, sound and chemical changes are produced. 4. Derive Ohm s Law through investigation of voltage, current, and resistance. 5. Describe how energy can be changed from one form to another as it moves through a system or transferred from one system to another. 6. Explain and demonstrate how electric current produces magnetic forces and how moving magnets produce electric current. 7. Demonstrate how electromagnets can be made and used. 8. Provide examples of heat moving in predictable ways, normally flowing from warmer objects to cooler objects, until they reach equilibrium. 9. Explain the effect of heat on particle motion by describing phase changes. 10. Differentiate among convection, conduction and radiation as types of heat transfer. Give examples of each. 11. Demonstrate heat energy as a byproduct of an energy transformation. 12. Compare the characteristics of sound as it is transmitted through different materials. 13. Relate the rate of vibration to the pitch of the sound. 14. Demonstrate how visible light is a mixture of many different colors. 15. Explain how the electromagnetic spectrum is constructed. 16. Compare and contrast scientific theories. 17. Know that both direct and indirect observations are used by scientists to study the natural world and universe. 18. Identify questions and concepts that guide scientific investigations. 19. Formulate and revise explanations and models using logic and evidence. 20. Recognize and analyze alternative explanations and models. 21. Explain the importance of accuracy and precision in making valid measurements. Essential Questions: How is electricity produced? How do circuits make electric current useful? How are magnetic energy and electric current related? 3

4 How does kinetic energy cause changes in temperature? How are light and sound energy transmitted? How is scientific inquiry used in the field of science? (Implemented in all units) Standards B B B B B B B B B B2 Content (What the Student Will Know) Electricity is produced by the movement of electrons. Circuits make electric current useful. Performance (What the Student will Do) 1. Explain how electrical current is produced by the flow of electrons. 2. Compare and contrast atomic properties of conductors and insulators. 1. Demonstrate how electrical circuits provide a means of transferring electrical energy when heat, light, sound and chemical changes are produced. 2. Derive Ohm s Law through investigation of voltage, current, and resistance. Activities/Assessments Atomic review graphic organizer; electron movement Graphic organizer web conductors, insulators, electric potential Investigate conductors and insulators lab activity Measuring electricity article and comprehension questions Calculating current practice Circuit creations B B B B B7 Magnetic energy is produced by electric current. 3. Describe how energy can be changed from one form to another as it moves through a system or transferred from one system to another. 1. Explain and demonstrate how electric current produces magnetic forces and how moving magnets produce electric current. 4

5 3.2.5.B B B B B B5 Heat energy is produced by changes in the kinetic energy of particles. Light and sound energy are transmitted by waves. Scientific inquiry is a process used throughout the science field. (Implemented in all units) 2. Demonstrate how electromagnets can be made and used. 1. Provide examples of heat moving in predictable ways, normally flowing from warmer objects to cooler objects, until they reach equilibrium. 2. Explain the effect of heat on particle motion by describing phase changes. 3. Differentiate among convection, conduction and radiation as types of heat transfer. Give examples of each. 4. Demonstrate heat energy as a byproduct of an energy transformation. 1. Compare the characteristics of sound as it is transmitted through different materials. 2. Relate the rate of vibration to the pitch of the sound. 3. Demonstrate how visible light is a mixture of many different colors. 4. Explain how the electromagnetic spectrum is constructed. 1. Compare and contrast scientific theories. 2. Know that both direct and indirect observations are used by scientists to study the natural world and universe. 3. Identify questions and concepts that guide scientific investigations. 4. Formulate and revise explanations and models using logic and evidence. Book descriptions and teacher located descriptions of various scientific theories for students to compare and contrast Scientific method usage in various lab activities Class discussion of lab results 5

6 5. Recognize and analyze alternative explanations and models. 6. Explain the importance of accuracy and precision in making valid measurements. 6

7 Title: Introduction to Matter/Chemistry Materials: Textbooks as reference See Activities for additional Objectives: All students will: 1. Describe the function and determine the number of protons, neutrons and electrons in an atom. 2. Model atomic structure. 3. Describe how the periodic table organizes atoms based on properties. 4. Describe the difference between an ion and isotope and how they compare to a neutral atom. 5. Differentiate between elements, compounds and mixtures. 6. Explain how density is a characteristic of matter and how it relates to mass and volume. 7. Differentiate between physical and chemical properties. 8. Describe the difference between chemical and physical changes. 9. Explain how changes in matter are accompanied by changes in energy. 10. Describe how reactants change into products in simple chemical reactions and explain how mass in conserved in a closed system. 11. Compare and contrast physical and chemical changes in terms of products. 12. Differentiate between chemical bonds and how they hold compounds together. 13. Compare and contrast scientific theories. 14. Know that both direct and indirect observations are used by scientists to study the natural world and universe. 15. Identify questions and concepts that guide scientific investigations. 16. Formulate and revise explanations and models using logic and evidence. 17. Recognize and analyze alternative explanations and models. 18. Explain the importance of accuracy and precision in making valid measurements. Essential Questions: How are atoms and elements organized? How can atoms combine to form different forms of matter? How are the physical and chemical properties of matter different? How does matter change? How can matter interact with other matter? 7

8 How is scientific inquiry used in the field of science? (Implemented in all units) 8

9 Standards A A A2 Content (What the Student Will Know) Atoms are the basic building blocks of all matter and are organized based upon their properties. Atoms combine in various ways to produce different forms of matter. Performance (What the Student will Do) 1. Describe the function and determine the number of protons, neutrons and electrons in an atom. 2. Model atomic structure. 3. Describe how the periodic table organizes atoms based on properties. 4. Describe the difference between an ion and isotope and how they compare to a neutral atom. 1. Differentiate between elements, compounds and mixtures. Activities/Assessments KWL to introduce unit Object cards: Which one is matter? Pre-assessment parts of the atom Graphic organizer vocabulary The atoms family album review of atomic parts Element cards Periodic table cards identify and describe based on Periodic table Graphic organizer how Periodic table is organized Compare/Contrast Graphic Organizer: Ions and Isotopes Homework/Enrichment book worksheets for practice of atomic concepts Practicing atoms, ion and isotopes: counting protons, neutrons and electrons (possible Quiz) Bohr and Lewis Dot models for atoms (preview to combining) Foldable: notes on differences between elements, compounds and mixtures Heterogeneous vs. Homogeneous mixtures categorizing activity 9

10 3.2.6.A A A A A3 Matter has both physical and chemical properties. Matter can change physically or chemically. 1. Explain how density is a characteristic of matter and how it relates to mass and volume. 2. Differentiate between physical and chemical properties. 1. Describe the difference between chemical and physical changes. 2. Explain how changes in matter are accompanied by changes in energy. Elements, compounds and mixtures poem: comprehension questions Counting atoms activity: preview to equations/reactions Lab Activity: Elements, mixtures and compounds Web Out graphic organizer: preview density and density formula Density practice problems Density Lab Alien visitor: physical property description Compare/contrast graphic organizer chemical and physical properties Paper bag properties PBS website; ph properties Categorization of physical and chemical properties (cards; preview) Chemical vs. physical changes worksheets Chemical change penny lab A A4 Chemical reactions describe how matter interacts with other matter. 1. Describe how reactants change into products in simple chemical reactions and explain how mass in conserved in a closed system. 2. Compare and contrast physical and chemical changes in terms of products. Review finding valence electrons with practice worksheet Bonding Basics ionic bond chart and fruit loop activity Bonding Basics covalent chart and fruit loop activity 10

11 Scientific inquiry is a process used throughout the science field. (Implemented in all units) 3. Differentiate between chemical bonds and how they hold compounds together. 1. Compare and contrast scientific theories. 2. Know that both direct and indirect observations are used by scientists to study the natural world and universe. 3. Identify questions and concepts that guide scientific investigations. 4. Formulate and revise explanations and models using logic and evidence. 5. Recognize and analyze alternative explanations and models. 6. Explain the importance of accuracy and precision in making valid measurements. Chemical bonds lab Chemical reactions coloring worksheet/activity Balancing equations practice worksheet Balancing equations Activity Book descriptions and teacher located descriptions of various scientific theories for students to compare and contrast Scientific method usage in various lab activities Class discussion of lab results 11

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