SPANKH. Review and Practice MASTERING SPANISH GRAMMAR FOR CONFIDENT COMMUNICATION. Ronni L. Gordon, Ph.D. David M. fttillman, Ph.D.

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1 SPANKH Review and Practice MASTERING SPANISH GRAMMAR FOR CONFIDENT COMMUNICATION Ronni L. Gordon, Ph.D. David M. fttillman, Ph.D. PASSPORT BOOKS NTC/Contempomry Publishinj} Group

2 Part One: Verbs Forms and Uses The present tense A. The present tense of regular -ar, -er, and -ir verbs B. Uses of the present tense 4 C. The present tense of irregular verbs 8 Ser & estar 15 A. The uses of ser 15 B. The uses of estar 16 Stem-changing verbs & verbs with spelling changes 25 A. Stem-changing verbs ending in -ar and -er 25 B. Stem-changing verbs ending in -ir 30 C. Verbs ending in -uir 33 D. Verbs ending in -iar and -uar 34 E. Verbs with spelling changes in the present tense 35 The preterit tense 41 A. Regular verbs 41 B. Verbs with spelling changes in the preterit 42 C. -Er and -ir verbs with stems ending in a vowel 43 D. Irregular verbs in the preterit 48 The imperfect tense 57 A. Formation of the imperfect 57 B. Basic uses of the imperfect 58 C. The imperfect and the preterit: two aspects of past time 61 vu

3 viii THE ULTÍMATE SPANISH REVIEW AND PRACTICE 6. The future & conditional tenses 75 A. Formation of the future tense 75 B. Uses of the future tense 76 C. The future tense used to express probabüity or conjecture 79 D. Formation of the conditional tense 80 E. Uses of the conditional tense 81 Reflexive verbs 87 A. Reflexive verbs introduction and conjugation 87 B. The reflexive pronoun as indirect object 88 C. The imperative of reflexive verbs 93 D. The position of reflexive pronouns with the present participle 96 E. Reflexive verbs with reciprocal meaning 98 F. How to say "become" in Spanish 100 G. Other reflexive verbs Passive constructions 107 A. The passive voice use and formation 107 B. Se constructions with passive meaning 108 C. Ser and estar with the past participle 111 The perfect tenses 115 A. The formation of the present perfect 115 B. The past perfect 119 C. The future perfect 122 D. The conditional perfect 123 The gerund & the progressive tenses 129 A. The formation of the gerund (present participle) 129 B. The progressive tenses 131 C. The progressive tenses with llevar to express "have been doing" 135

4 The subjunctive in noun clauses: present & present ~~ perfect subjunctive 139 A. Forms of the present subjunctive: regular verbs 139 B. Forms of the present subjunctive: irregular verbs 141 C. Spelling changes in the present subjunctive 143 D. Use of the present subjunctive in noun clauses 144 E. The present subjunctive in noun clauses after impersonal expressions 150 F. The present perfect subjunctive 154 The imperfect subjunctive & past perfect subjunctive; conditional sentences 157 A. Forms of the imperfect subjunctive 157 B. The imperfect subjunctive in noun clauses; the sequence of tenses 158 C. The past perfect (or pluperfect) subjunctive 162 D. Conditional sentences 163 The subjunctive: adverb & adjective clauses 171 A. Adverb clauses that require the subjunctive 171 B. Adverb clauses with indicative or subjunctive 172 C. Adjective clauses that require the subjunctive 175 D. Adjective clauses with indicative or subjunctive Commands 181 mmmmr m A. Command forms for Ud. and Uds. 181 B. Command forms for nosotros (let's, let's not) 184 C. Command forms for tú and vosotros 186 D. The position of object pronouns with command forms 189 E. Indirect commands 190 F. Other ways of giving commands 191 The infinitive 195 A. The conjugated verb + infinitive 195 B. The conjugated verb + preposition + infinitive 197 C. The infinitive after prepositions 200 D. The infinitive after verbs of perception 201 E. The infinitive preceded by que 202 F. Adjective + de + infinitive 202

5 Part Two: \oiuis and Their Modifiers; Pronouns Nouns & articles 205 A. Gender of nouns 205 B. Number of nouns 210 C. The definite article: forms, uses 213 D. The definite article: omissions 217 E. The neuter article lo 218 F. The indefinite article: forms, uses, and omissions 219 G. Contractions del and al 221 H. Possession 222 Adjectives 225 A. Agreement of adjectives 225 B. Position of adjectives; shortened forms of adjectives 229 C. Adjectives of nationality 233 D. More on the agreement of adjectives 236 E. Two or more adjectives modifying a noun 237 F. The past participle as an adjective 238 G. Adjectives used as nouns (nominalization of adjectives) 240 H. Comparative of adjectives 241 I. Superlative of adjectives; absolute superlative 244 Demonstratives & possessives 251 A. Demonstrative adjectives 251 B. Demonstrative pronouns 253 C. Possessive adjectives 254 D. Possessive pronouns ! Personal pronouns: subject, object, prepositional 259 A. Subject pronouns 259 B. Pronouns after prepositions (prepositional pronouns) 260 C. Personal a and direct objects 262 D. Direct object pronouns: forms and position 265 E. Indirect object pronouns: forms and position 270 F. Verbs usually appearing with an indirect object pronoun (e.g., gustar) 274 G. Other uses of the indirect object 276 H. Double object pronouns 278 I. Special uses of the object pronouns 282

6 CONTENTS XÍ Relative pronouns 285 A. The relative pronoun que 285 B. The relative pronoun quien 287 C. The relative pronouns el que, el cual 290 D. Relative pronouns after prepositions 291 E. The relative pronoun cuyo; donde as a relative pronoun 294 Part Three: Other Elements of the Sentence Adverbs 297 A. The formation of adverbs 297 B. The use of adverbs of manner; adverbs as intensifiers 299 C. Adverbs of time and place 301 Prepositions 303 A. Basic prepositions: a, de, en, con 303 B. Por and para 309 C. Other simple prepositions 316 D. Sets of prepositions and compound prepositions 317 Interrogative words & question formation 323 A. Interrogative words in information questions 323 B. Yes/no questions 331 C. Questions in indirect speech 333 Negative & indefinite words 337 A. Negative words and expressions 337 B. Further uses of negative words 340 C. Negative words in conversation 342 D. Other indefinite words and constructions 344

7 25. Numbers; dates; time 349 A. Cardinal numbers 349 B. Ordinal numbers 352 C. Days, dates, and years 353 D. Telling time 355 E. Arithmetic operations, fractions, percentages 357 Part Four: Idiomatic Usage 26. Idioms, expressions, & proverbs 361 A. Idioms and expressions with tener 361 B. Idioms and expressions with tomar 363 C. Idioms and expressions with estar 363 D. Idioms and expressions with echar 364 E. Idioms and expressions with dar 364 F. Idioms and expressions with hacer 365 G. Idioms and expressions with ir, llevar, and quedar 366 H. Idioms and expressions with meter and poner 367 I. Idioms and expressions with ser 368 J. Otras expresiones verbales 369 K. Otros modismos 371 L. Dichos y repanes (Sayings and proverbs) Word formation & diminutives 375 A. Forming nouns from verbs 375 B. Forming verbs from nouns 377 C. Forming verbs from adjectives 378 D. Suffixes added to nouns to form new nouns 380 E. Diminutives and augmentatives Ojo! Common errors & pitfalls 385 A. Dejar vs. salir 385 B. Saber vs. conocer 386 C. Oreja vs. oído 387 D. Meanings of quedar 387 E. "To break" and "to tear" 389 F. "Wrong" 390 G. "To miss" 392

8 CONTENTS XÜi í Verb Charts 397 I 1 '! Answers 411 índex 463