9.00 Learning. Professor John Gabrieli
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1 9.00 Learning Professor John Gabrieli
2 Recent Research on Effective Study Test First, Study Later Testing Yourself on Material More Useful Than Continued Study (ok to have wrong answers)
3 LEARNING how behavior changes within the lifespan of an individual everything we know that is not genetically given how to predict the future on the basis of past experience to imbue the world with meaning learning about learning through scientific psychology
4 LEARNING 1. Classical Conditioning 2. Operant Conditioning 3. Limits to Conditioning
5 Ivan Pavlov ( ) 1936) Nobel Prize for reflexes of digestion - food in mouth provokes specific salivation to prepare for digestion - salivation reflexes "But Professor, there's a revolution going on with shooting in the streets." "What difference does it make when you've work to do in the laboratory? Next time there's a revolution, get up earlier! cut esophagus so food could not go to stomach placed food in dog's mouth, stomach secreted plenty of gastric juice sight of food or sight of feeder - psychic secretions or conditioned reflex
6 PAVLOVIAN CONDITIONING A modification of Pavlov s method Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.
7 Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) food Unconditioned Response (UCR) - salivating (food) Conditioned Stimulus (CS) bell Conditioned Response (CR) salivating new association!! bell (CS) & salivating (CR) law of association by contiguity (Aristotle)
8 Classically Conditioning a Salivation Response Source: Stangor, C. Introduction to Psychology. Flatworld Knowledge, Courtesy of Flatworld Knowledge.
9 Image by MIT OpenCourseWare. Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.
10 Ivan Pavlov & His Dogs pxuzi
11 how to predict the future on the basis of past experience bell---food---salivation to imbue the world with meaning bell---means that food is near (any UCS worked)
12 Water Demo
13 Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) - water in face Unconditioned Response (UCR) - flinching to water UCS-UCR association is built-in reflex Conditioned Stimulus (CS) - hearing CAN Conditioned Response (CR) - flinching to CAN new association!! CAN (CS) & flinching (CR)
14 Balloon Demo
15 Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) - balloon noise Unconditioned Response (UCR) - flinching UCS-UCR association is built-in reflex Conditioned Stimulus (CS) - needle touching balloon Conditioned Response (CR) - flinching to needle new association!! needle (CS) & flinching (CR)
16 PROPERTIES OF CLASSICAL CONDITIONING extinction generalization gradient discrimination training black (CS+) & gray (CS-) squares second-order conditioning bell (CS) bell (US) & black square (CS) is temporal contiguity the basis of classical conditioning?
17 Image by MIT OpenCourseWare. EXTINCTION GENERALIZATION
18 Acquisition, Extinction, and Spontaneous Recovery in Classical Conditioning Source: Stangor, C. Introduction to Psychology. Flatworld Knowledge, Courtesy of Flatworld Knowledge.
19 PROPERTIES OF CLASSICAL CONDITIONING extinction generalization gradient discrimination training black (CS+) & gray (CS-) squares second-order conditioning bell (CS) bell (US) & black square (CS) is temporal contiguity the basis of classical conditioning?
20 Second Order Conditioning source unknown. All rights reserved. This content is excluded from our Creative Commons license. For more information, see
21 CONTINGENCY Harper Collins College Publishers. All rights reserved. This content is excluded from our Creative Commons license. For more information, see
22 cognitive conditioning: Blocking contiguity vs. contingency CS1 CS1 + CS2 CS2 tone (food) tone + light (food) light (food) less conditioning to CS2 (food) CS1+ CS2 CS2 tone + light (food) light more conditioning to CS2
23 Demo
24 how to predict the future on the basis of past experience bell---food---salivation to imbue the world with meaning bell---means that food is near (any UCS worked) Why do we work hard? (where is the UCS?)
25 LEARNING 1. Classical Conditioning 2. Operant Conditioning 3. Limits to Conditioning
26 INSTRUMENTAL/OPERANT CONDITIONING operate as instruments to produce desired effect E. L. Thorndike (1898) puzzle box - cat had to unlatch door by pulling latch - trial and error - fewer errors over time - where is US? consequence of response Law of Effect consequence of a response determines whether it is strengthened or weakened Reward - Strengthened No Reward - Weakened Punishment - Very Weakened
27 source unknown. All rights reserved. This content is excluded from our Creative Commons license. For more information, see
28 consequence of a response determines whether it is strengthened or weakened Worth Publishers, Inc. All rights reserved. This content is excluded from our Creative Commons license. For more information, see
29 John B. Watson ( ) 1958) University of Chicago/Johns Hopkins "mind" unobservable behaviorism study behavior = observable actions, not the mind identify environmental conditions no fundamental difference between animals and humans describe lawful relations between environmentbehavior reflexes STIMULI RESPONSES (environment) (behavior)
30 Fear Conditioning Classical Conditioning of a Phobia: Little Albert
31 B. F. Skinner ( ) 1990) consequences of responses operant response is an action that operates on environment to produce some consequence Beyond Freedom and Dignity operant behavior classical conditioning CS elicits CR instrumental conditioing CRs are emitted - CRs = operants create the CRs
32 OPERANT CONDITIONING novel response? successive approximations & shaping high lever click & pellet location, click & pellet face lever, location, click & pellet stretching body upward, face lever, location, click & pellet touch lever with paws, stretching body upward, face lever, location, click & pellet press high lever, touch lever with paws, stretching body upward, face lever, location, click & pellet
33 INSTRUMENTAL/OPERANT CONDITIONING operate as instruments to produce desired effect Law of Effect consequence of a response determines whether it is strengthened or weakened Reward - Strengthened No Reward - Weakened Punishment - Very Weakened 11:37
34 REINFORCEMENT Primary Reinforcers food, thirst, pain Secondary Reinforcers money, attention, praise, admission, promotion Positive (increase behavior) Negative (decrease behavior, escape) Punishment Partial Reinforcement
35 Partial-reinforcement reinforcement effect Speed (running time /distance) % group 30% group More resistant to extinction Trials
36 LEARNED HELPLESSNESS Seligman & dogs Phase 1 Yoked in hammock Group A Group B with shocks: could stop could not stop by pushing panel near nose shocks equal number & duration of Phase 2 avoidance learning in shuttle box CS - tone jump within 10 secs to avoid shocks Group A - learns Group B - does not learn motivational deficits - slow to initiate known actions emotional deficits - listless, frightened, distress
37 Avoidance of Shock by Dogs source unknown. All rights reserved. This content is excluded from our Creative Commons license. For more information, see
38 Learned Helplessness Median latency (sec) No. of trials
39 Depression & People? how we explain life to ourselves internal-external global-specific stable-unstable
40 LEARNING 1. Classical Conditioning 2. Operant Conditioning 3. Limits to Conditioning
41 LIMITS TO CONDITIONING preparedness latent learning contingency reward value delayed gratification when reward harms language
42 Results of Garcia and Koelling s Experiment - Taste Aversion source unknown. All rights reserved. This content is excluded from our Creative Commons license. For more information, see
43 Characteristics of the Conditioned Stimulus and the Unconditioned Stimulus Affect the Acquisition of the Conditioned Response Percentage of normal fluid intake After exposure to X- rays, rats avoided flavored water, not light and noise After being shocked, rats avoid light and noise, not flavored water Conditioned stimuli: Unconditioned stimuli
44 Preparedness Picture - CS snakes/spiders or flowers/mushrooms Shock - US UR - GSR (sweat) Better conditioning for snakes/spiders
45 Preparedness Little Albert Study rat - worked wooden block, piece of cloth did not work
46 LATENT LEARNING 3 groups of rats in goal maze food reward every day no rewards no rewards for 10 days; then reward
47 Latent Learning source unknown. All rights reserved. This content is excluded from our Creative Commons license. For more information, see Tolman & Honzik (1930)
48 CONTINGENCY 2-month-old infant/crib/color mobile moving head, switch in pillow/smile & coo second group/no control/no smile, no coo despite equal number of mobile turns
49 Reward Value negative contrast What happens when you switch to a worse reward?
50 Courtesy of Elsevier, Inc., Used with permission.
51 DELAYED GRATIFICATION 4-5 year-old children 653 children of faculty and graduate students two snacks one or two marshmellows wait 15 minutes to get two 30% waited 15 minutes correlated 10 years later with behavioral problems, academic and social success (210 SAT points for 30 sec vs. 15 min delay)
52 WHEN REWARDS HARM rat & running wheel run for fun run for food - no longer will run for fun preschoolers draw for fun gold stars (conditioned reinforcer) no gold stars, no drawing
53 Is Language Learning A Conditioned Skill? 1 month - switch inside rubber nipple - hooked to tape recorder - when baby sucks, tape plays - ba ba ba vs. pa pa pa - may not be in their own language (Kikuyu/Spanish) and which their parents may be unable to distinguish (Czech, Hindi, Inslekampx) at 4 days, a French baby prefers French to Russian, Italian, backwards French correction/reinforcement? 2-year-old: "Mamma isn't boy, he a girl." Mother" "That's right." generative - sentences are produced that are unique everybody learns it without training overgeneralizing - "My teacher holded the rabbit."
54 MIT OpenCourseWare SC Introduction to Psychology Fall 2011 For information about citing these materials or our Terms of use, visit
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