SURVEY Biomass Consumption for Energy Purposes in Ukraine

Transcription

1 SURVEY on Biomass Consumption for Energy Purposes in Ukraine Prepared by SEC Biomass 2011

2 Contents INTRODUCTION CONSUMPTION OF BIOMASS FOR ENERGY PURPOSES BY HOUSEHOLDS ENERGY PRODUCTION FROM WOOD BIOMASS IN FORESTRY, WOODWORKING INDUSTRY AND TERTIARY SECTOR HEAT PRODUCTION FROM STRAW IN RURAL AREAS COMBUSTION OF SUNFLOWER HUSK AT THE ENTERPRISES OF FAT-AND-OIL INDUSTRY BIOGAS PLANTS AND LANDFILL GAS COLLECTION SYSTEMS PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION OF PELLETS AND BRIQUETTES FROM BIOMASS...14

3 Introduction Ukraine has quite a big potential of biomass available for energy production about 21 mtoe/yr (data of 2009). Of it, a very little part is actually used about 1 mtoe/yr (up to 5% of the total potential). The main types of biomass used are firewood, wood residues and waste, straw and sunflower husks (Table 1). Some amount of biomass is also used for the production of solid biofuels such as pellets and briquettes. At that about 90% of the solid biofuels is exported to Europe. This area of business has been developing quickly lately. Table 1. Potential and use of biomass in Ukraine (2009) Type of biomass Potential, kt/yr Utilization, kt/yr Share of the potential energy production production of pellets/briquettes energy production production of pellets/briquettes Firewood th.m 3 63% th.m 3 * Wood % 5,5% residues and waste Straw of ,6% 0,04% cereals Sunflower % 25% husks Biogas (manure) 350 ktoe 2,9 ktoe 0,8% * The volume of production. One can mark out the following main areas of the use of biomass for energy production in Ukraine: The use of firewood in domestic boilers and stoves for heating individual houses in rural areas. Utilization of wood residues and waste in boilers at forestry and wood processing enterprises. Utilization of straw in boilers for heat production in rural areas (agricultural companies, schools). Combustion of sunflower husks in boilers at the enterprises of fat-and-oil industry. Production of biogas from manure.

4 1. Consumption of biomass for energy purposes by households According to national statistics; a lot of households (individual houses) in rural areas of the country use firewood for heating premises. In 2009 it was 2657 th.m 3. The majority of firewood is combusted in stoves and small stoves, some households have domestic boilers. Another area of the use of biomass for heating individual houses is connected with biomass pellets. Ukraine produces a lot of biomass pellets and briquettes, of which about 90% is exported to Europe. The low level of domestic market development may be explained by two facts: 1 high price of the boilers and 2 high price of pellets/briquettes for Ukrainian consumers even in comparison with natural gas price. As a result only quite rich owners of the country cottages can afford to use biomass pellets/briquettes for heating premises. In 2009 the amount of solid biofuels used for heating individual houses in rural areas was: wood pellets 2 kt wood briquettes 3 kt sunflower husk pellets 18 kt sunflower husk briquettes 1 kt straw pellets 67 t A favourable factor for the development of domestic market is permanent rise in natural gas price and rise in thermal energy price. Besides, the European consumers are strengthening the quality control, and for many Ukrainian producers of pellets/briquettes it may be rather difficult to ensure the required quality. In addition, the introduction of the sustainability certification system in the EU may re-orient some Ukrainian producers of pellets and briquettes to the home consumers.

5 2. Energy production from wood biomass in forestry, woodworking industry and tertiary sector Wood fired boilers operating in Ukraine can be generally divided into two categories by their type: old boilers converted from other fuels to wood; modern wood fired boilers. According to unofficial information, there are about 1000 old wood fired boilers operating at forestry enterprises in Ukraine. The boilers were unprofessionally converted by the enterprises from coal/fuel oil to wood biomass combustion. As a result most boilers have very low efficiency and high emission of pollutants. That is why the enterprises try not to disseminate any information about these boilers. Total consumption of biomass by the old boilers can be estimated at about 400 kt/yr. In addition to that, about one hundred of modern wood fired boilers are in operation in forestry, woodworking industry and tertiary sector (schools, hospitals, sanatoriums). The steam boilers > 1 MW are mainly of foreign manufacture (for example KARA, the Netherlands). The hot water boilers < 1 MW are mainly of Ukrainian manufacture ( Kriger Ltd, Zhytomyr city, Zhytomyr region). The only CHP plant running on wood operates in Cherkasy region (Smila town). Total consumption of biomass by the modern boilers can be estimated at about 246 kt/yr. Most part of the boilers operate in western and north-western regions of Ukraine, which have high percentage of forests as compared with other parts of the country and consequently big resources of wood biomass available for energy production (Fig. 1).

6 Figure 1. Location of wood fired boilers in Ukraine

7 3. Heat production from straw in rural areas At present about 25 hot water straw fired boilers are in operation in rural areas of Ukraine. They all are of the same type and use baled straw as a fuel. Half of them are used for heating administrative buildings of agricultural enterprises; the other half is used for heating premises of village schools. In fact, heating rural schools by straw is the only example of the use of biomass for energy purposes in tertiary sector. Total consumption of straw by the boilers in question is about 22 kt/yr. Location of the boilers in the country is shown in Figure 2. The biggest number of boilers (8) is located in Vinnytsia region. In addition to the boilers, about 20 straw fired heat generators operate at agricultural companies in 11 regions of the country. The heat generators are component parts of grain dryers and use baled straw as a fuel. Total consumption of straw is about 8 kt/yr. Ukraine s regions where the straw fired heat generators are in operation are shown in Figure 2.

8 Figure 2. Location of straw fired boilers and heat generators in Ukraine

9 4. Combustion of sunflower husk at the enterprises of fat-and-oil industry Ukraine has well developed fat-and-oil industry which includes about 30 big and medium scale enterprises (oil extraction plants, fat-and-oil plants). The majority of the enterprises are equipped with the boilers which run on sunflower seeds husk and provide the enterprises with thermal energy. Total number of boilers is about 70. It is a convenient option for the plants as they utilize their own waste product of sunflower oil production and produce useful energy. The only company, Public Corporation Kirovohradoliya has a CHP plant operating on sunflower husk and producing heat and power. Annually the husk fired boilers consume about 500 kt of biomass in Ukraine. Location of selected boilers is presented in Figure 3.

10 Figure 3. Location of some husk fired boilers in Ukraine

11 5. Biogas plants and landfill gas collection systems Introduction of biogas plants is developing very slowly in Ukraine. It is mainly connected with two factors: high capital cost of the equipment and absence of feed-in tariff for power produced from biogas. At the moment there are three big biogas plants in operation: CHP plant of 320 kw th kw el capacity at agricultural enterprise Agro-Oven (Dnipropetrovsk region). The biogas plant runs on pig manure and consumes 29.2 kt of manure per year. Fig. 4. Biogas plant at Agro-Oven CHP plant of 686 kw th kw el capacity at agricultural enterprise Ukrainian Milk Company (Kyiv region). The biogas plant runs on cow manure and consumes 146 kt of manure per year. Fig. 5. Biogas plant at Ukrainian milk company CHP plant of 310 kw th kw el capacity at agricultural enterprise Terezino (Kyiv region). The biogas plant runs on the mixture of cow manure (19.7 t/yr) and pig manure (2.2 kt/yr). Fig. 6. Biogas plant at Terezino Location of the biogas plants is shown in Figure 7.

12 Figure 7. Location of biogas plants and LFG collection systems in Ukraine

13 Considering another type of biogas, landfill gas (LFG), it is important to note that biomass makes up 64% of municipal solid waste in Ukraine. There are 6 LFG collection and utilization systems operating in Ukraine, of which 4 are the commercial systems and 2 are the demonstration ones: LFG collection system at Maryupil landfill (Donetsk region). Demonstration LFG collection system at Kremenchug landfill (Poltava region). Demonstration LFG collection system at Khmelnytsky landfill (Khmelnytsky region). LFG collection system at Alushta landfill (AR Crimea). LFG collection system at Yalta landfill (AR Crimea). LFG collection system at Lviv landfill (Lviv region). Location of LFG units is shown in Figure 7.

14 Production in 2009, ton 6. Production and consumption of pellets and briquettes from biomass Production of solid biofuels has been developing intensively in Ukraine during last 3-4 years. In 2009, there were produced about 240 kt of pellets and 53 kt of briquettes from biomass in the country (Figure 8, Table 2) Briquettes Pellets Wood Sunflower husk Straw Total Figure 8. Production of solid biofuels in Ukraine in 2009 Table 2. Production of pellets and briquettes in Ukraine in 2009 Pellets Briquettes Feedstock Production, kt Share of the total production volume Production, kt Share of the total production volume Wood 44 18% 30 55% Sunflower husks % 22 41% Straw % 1,3 2.4% Total The lion's share of the produced pellets and briquettes is exported to Europe. The exports of solid biofuels in 2009 was about 266 kt, including 217 kt of pellets and 49 kt. of briquettes (Figure 8, Table 3). That means that within the country only 20 kt of biomass pellets and 4 kt of biomass briquettes were consumed.

15 Figure 3. Exports of solid biofuels in 2009 Table 3. Exports of pellets and briquettes from Ukraine in 2009 Pellets Briquettes Feedstock Exports, kt Share of the total volume Exports, kt Share of the total volume Wood 42 19% 27 55% Sunflower husks % 21 42% Straw % % Total