GDPR & Cloud Providers Keynote Presentation

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1 Cloudscape VII 9 March 2015 GDPR & Cloud Providers Keynote Presentation Kuan Hon Research Consultant, Cloud Legal Project & MCCRC Centre for Commercial Law Studies Queen Mary, University of London w.k.hon@qmul.ac.uk

2 INTRODUCTION

3 Data Protection Directive recap Controller legally-obliged to comply with data protection ( DP ) principles in processing personal data ( PD ) + rules for special category sensitive data eg health May use processor incl. cloud provider must choose processor providing sufficient guarantees re. security measures + written contract ( instructions, security ) + ensure compliance Direct processor obligations few Member States ( MS )

4 GDPR progress Commission - draft General Data Protection Regulation ( GDPR ) 2012 & crime / law enforcement Directive European Parliament different version - Mar 2014 Council - yet another version being debated - Dec 2014 nothing is agreed until everything is agreed ( PGA ) EU institutions must agree same text before GDPR can become law flowchart Moving target!! + 2 years after adoption Regulation not Directive though discretion, ambiguity

5 Commission proposal 17/7/1990 Comparative legislative timeline Parliament 1st reading 95 amendments 11/3/1992 Commission amended proposal 15/10/1992 Council Common Position - amendments 20/2/1995 Parliament 2nd reading - amendments 15/6/1995 DPD adopted 25/10/ Data Protection Directive Commission proposal 25/1/2012 Parliament 1st reading 207 amendments 12/3/2014 Council 1st reading - amendments inevitable!??? GDPR adopted?? Draft General Data Protection Regulation 2015 Kuan Hon kuan0.com. You may copy/use this diagram under a CC BY 2.0 UK licence retaining the attribution in this paragraph.

6 Cloud providers often processors May use sub-processors layered services eg SaaS on IaaS / PaaS, PaaS on IaaS Current laws 1970s outsourcing ( 12Cs, 9Ds ): delivery, processors intelligible access, active processing as per controller s instructions encryption: provider doesn t know whether PD infrastructure - not active / instructions / knowledge o IaaS, PaaS, pure storage SaaS controller self-service o provider won t know if PD without looking, even unencrypted direction sub-processors & layered cloud commoditised, shared infrastructure cf customised GDPR would perpetuate 1970s assumptions 6

7 PROCESSORS UNDER GDPR

8 Direct processor obligations If processing PD in context of activities of establishment in EU like current controller establishment test o DCs?; establishment, context very broad ( Google Spain ) Parl incl non-eu processing If processing activities related to offering goods / services to DS in EU or monitoring them Parl + processors; free All - even if processing exempt - personal ( SNS / ); crime / national security?

9 Processor s main establishment For one stop shop purposes ie which MS s lead regulator if multiple MSs Council next week? Place of central administration in EU Council if none, EU establishment where main processing activities in EU occur ( DCs? ) Parliament EU establishment where main decisions on purposes o If no EU establishment?

10 Liability: involved, unlawful processing Processors ( sub-processors, DC providers? ) liable for entire amount of damage ( controller fault? ) o unless written allocation ( Parl ); recourse claims ( Council ) incompatible : strict liability. Council: non-compliance may ( cf must ) be exempted if prove it s not responsible for the event - eg DS / force majeure role of seal etc ( later ) Processors princelier pockets? analogy: chaffeur limo service vs rental ( carmakers? )

11 DPA powers over processors Same as over controllers extensive powers Processor must cooperate - info, orders etc Audit powers, access to premises ( on-site inspections ) though Google agreed to allow DPA Italy US premises (summary, order, approval ) Fines up to 5% annual worldwide turnover or 100m if greater ( Parl )

12 Requirements when using processors Controller must - choose processor providing sufficient guarantees to implement appropriate tech/org measures in such a way that the processing will meet GDPR o compliance with GDPR > security / instructions o sufficient guarantees - code / certification ( Parl, Council ) ensure compliance ( deleted by Council ), and implement contract with certain terms ( next ) NB Art. 17 processor agreements not continued: no grandfathering! Redo all ( not just cloud )! What if no controller personal use of cloud service?

13 Processor contract terms 1 Written contract ( >> current requirements ) subject-matter, duration, nature & purpose, type of personal data and categories of data subjects, rights of controller ( Council ) prying processors instructions o but cloud. self-service infrastructure use employ only staff under confidentiality obligations security measures ( later ) sub-processors ( soon ) DS requests unclear, Council assist ( but cloud? )

14 Processor contract terms 2 assist controller to ensure compliance o re. security, breach notification, DPbD/D, DPIA, prior authorisation / consultation how far? commoditised cloud data delivery at end, not process otherwise o deletion unless EU law requires retention Parl info to controller to show compliance ( & allow onsite inspection Parl / audits Council cloud? ) processor as police! self-service cloud?? GDPR ( non-contractual ) obligation to immediately inform the controller if, in his opinion, an instruction breaches this Regulation or Union or Member State data protection provisions - Council

15 Sub-processors Enlist iff prior controller consent ( vs direction? ) Different Parl & Council formulations - unclear Sub-processor contracts or other legal act under EU law must impose same obligations for sufficient guarantees Council code / certification including standard Commission / DPA standard clauses - an element to demonstrate sufficient guarantees

16 Security 1 Controllers may process PD for NIS reasons extent strictly necessary legit. interest gap controllers only Security of processing tech & org measures to ensure security level appropriate to risks, with regard to state of the art, costs + DPIA Parl; + available tech, nature etc of processing, likelihood / severity of risk - Council C & I ( implicitly A ) o explicit with Parl: security policy + resilience, restoration; sensitive PD: measures to ensure situational awareness of risks, ability to take near real time action; regular testing Commission power to specify security requirements o deleted by Parl & Council ( ENISA role? )

17 Security 2 certifications / codes of conduct may be used as an element to demonstrate compliance Risk evaluation to assess appropriate security level variations between Parl and Council cloud - commoditised mixed use infrastructure prying processors, customisation, HCD? ( cost ) Processor directly sliable for security breach including personal use, no controller o if user s bad password? prove not responsible o NB personal user could process own PD, other people s

18 Risk analysis, DPIA, prior consultation Parl risk analysis to check if specific risks likely controller, or, where applicable the processor o when applicable? prying processors, again? cf commoditised cloud including > 5k data subjects in 12 mths; sensitive data, location data, data on children or employees in large scale filing systems ; profiling; core activities require regular & systematic monitoring Controller s DPIA / prior DPA consultation - profiling, etc or processor on controller's behalf o when? ( not for prior consultation - Council ) processor should assist controller where necessary and upon request - comply with obligations deriving from DPIA / prior consultation ( Council recital ) - cf commoditised cloud?

19 Data protection officer Controller and processor must appoint if processing by public sector body processing by org. >= 250 employees ( processor? ) o Changed to > 5k DS in 12 mths Parl core activities of controller or processor nature requires regular & systematic monitoring of DS o + core activities sensitive data, location data, data on children or employees in large scale filing systems Parl unclear - must processor appoint if controller is public sector etc? ( prying processor ) or, MS decision whether to require DPO Council 19

20 ( Parl. R. 75a) at least the following qualifications extensive knowledge of the substance and application of data protection law, including technical and organisational measures and procedures; mastery of technical requirements for privacy by design, privacy by default and data security; industry-specific knowledge in accordance with the size of the controller or processor and the sensitivity of the data to be processed; the ability to carry out inspections, consultation, documentation, and log file analysis; and the ability to work with employee representation The designation as a data protection officer does not necessarily require fulltime occupation

21 Other processor obligations Transfers ( restriction on PD exports unless adequate protection / safeguards ) - processors no own decision; legitimate interests but not if frequent / massive / (Parl) structural / repetitive; protection through law only ( eg contract ), not technology; anti-fisa clause ( Parl ); processor BCRs ( Parl would exclude ) see eg A4Cloud paper DP by design / default - tech / org measures, at design & use stages, to ensure / show compliance with DP principles + processors & public procurement tenders ( Parl ) Record-keeping requirements

22 Codes & certifications / seals Council - DPA-approved industry code / certification may help demonstrate compliance ( as an element ) - processor sufficient guarantees ( Parl too ), security, DPIA etc Detailed certification procedures, role of DPAs, accreditation of certification bodies, auditors - Council Approved codes; not certification but DPA-awarded European Data Protection Seal Parl EDP seal - shield against fines if non-intentional, non-negligent Iff legally enforceable [ by DS ]? ( Council ) Legal consequences? incl. liability incentives, certifiers / accreditors, erroneous certificates, comply with code but breach, etc

23 Issues cloud-inappropriate? Encrypted data, infrastructure providers still caught Google Spain mixed data Liability risk ( no intermediary defence? ) Council would exclude E-Commerce Directive application Unclear responsibility allocation ( controller & processor ) Often controller or processor either, both, when? Net cast very wide; obligations too in some cases Processing related to offering goods etc, EU data centres? Customisation required? eg security Access to premises controllers, DPAs ( Intelligible access, instructions vs use / disclosure, vs infrastructure cloud, commoditised cloud )

24 Practical implications Cloud providers & other ( sub ) processors - contract terms liability allocation, indemnities etc ( & seek fault-based? ) Could non-eea providers raise all prices - or refuse if EEA, PD etc? ( & if customer lies?? ); close EEA ops, free consumer services; stop using EEA DCs? impact on innovation / services needs considered policy decision Or, will laws just be ignored, if too wide? Enforceability ( outside EEA )? DPA resources? But huge fines Big players may be the winners required contract terms ( incl sub-processors ); security, etc Codes & certifications much increased role Clarification which processor obligations apply when, scope, liability; certifications / codes

25 ARE WE THERE YET?

26 Rough scale of data protection legislation DPD (1990) No. of articles No. of recitals No. of pages DPD (1995) GDPR (2012) Note: no. of pages of legislative text are from English PDF versions excluding explanatory text Kuan Hon kuan0.com. You may copy/use this diagram under a CC BY 2.0 UK licence retaining the attribution in this paragraph. 26

27 European Parliament: how many amendments? 3999 Proposed by Committees Approved by Parliament (1st reading) Number of amendments 363 DPD GDPR 2015 Kuan Hon kuan0.com. You may copy/use this diagram under a CC BY 2.0 UK licence retaining the attribution in this paragraph. 27

28 30 How many EU Member States involved? Initial proposal 20 Parliament 1st reading Council 1st reading Parliament 2nd reading 10 1 Jan 1995: Austria, Finland and Sweden joined 1 July 2013: Croatia joined 5 0 Number of EU Member States DPD GDPR 2015 Kuan Hon kuan0.com. You may copy/use this diagram under a CC BY 2.0 UK licence retaining the attribution in this paragraph. 28

29 700 Council of the EU: how many footnotes? /94 (12/10/1994 ) /94 (30/11/1994) 11013/13 (21/6/2013) /14 (30/6/2014) /14 (19/12/2014) Number of footnotes DPD GDPR From consolidated draft versions considered in Council. The number of footnotes is used as a rough measure of the extent of Member State issues, because most ( though not all ) footnotes contained reservations or similar statements by Member States or the Commission 2015 Kuan Hon kuan0.com. You may copy/use this diagram under a CC BY 2.0 UK licence retaining the attribution in this paragraph. 29

30 DPD vs GDPR summary Vital statistics DPD (1990): 33, 24, 27 DPD (1995): 34, 72, N/A GDPR: 91, 139, 82 Order: Arts, Rec, pgs No. of Member States DPD: GDPR: Parliament Committee amendments proposed DPD: 363 GDPR: 3999 Council no. of footnotes in consolidated text DPD: 87 (2 yrs. on) 60 (2+ yrs. on) GDPR: 509 (1.5 yrs. on) 584 (2.5 yrs. on) 497 (3 yrs. on) Parliament amendments approved in 1 st reading DPD: 95 GDPR: 207 Timing DPD: > 5 yrs. GDPR: 3 yrs Kuan Hon kuan0.com. You may copy/use this diagram under a CC BY 2.0 UK licence retaining the attribution in this paragraph. 30

31 Thanks for listening! cloudlegalproject.org mccrc.eu kuan0.com blog.kuan0.com

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