Chapter 2 Matter and Energy
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1 1 Chapter 2 Matter and Energy
2 Matter Matter is the material that makes up all things is anything that has mass and occupies space is classified as either pure substances or mixtures
3 Pure Substances A pure substance is classified as a type of matter with a fixed or definite composition an element that is composed of one type of atom a compound that is composed of two or more elements always combined in the same proportion 3
4 Elements Elements are pure substances that contain only one type of material include copper, Cu lead, Pb aluminum, Al The element copper consists of copper atoms. 4
5 Compounds A compound contains two or more elements in a definite ratio, such as hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) table salt (NaCl) sugar (C 12 H 22 O 11 ) water (H 2 O) 5
6 Elements in a Compound Table salt is a compound that contains the elements sodium and chlorine. The decomposition of salt, NaCl, produces the elements sodium and chlorine. 6
7 Mixtures A mixture is a type of matter that consists of two or more substances that are physically mixed but not chemically combined two or more substances in different proportions substances that can be separated by physical methods A mixture of a liquid and a solid is separated by filtration. 7
8 Homogeneous Mixtures In a homogeneous mixture, the composition is uniform throughout the different parts of the mixture are not visible Brass is a homogeneous mixture of copper and zinc atoms. 8
9 Scuba Breathing Mixtures Breathing mixtures for scuba are homogeneous mixtures. Some examples are Nitrox (oxygen and nitrogen gases) Heliox (oxygen and helium gases) Trimix (oxygen, helium, and nitrogen gases) A Nitrox mixture is used to fill scuba tanks. 9
10 Heterogeneous Mixtures In a heterogeneous mixture, the composition varies from one part of the mixture to another the different parts of the mixture are visible Oil and water form a heterogeneous mixture. 10
11 Classification of Matter 11
12 Learning Check Identify each of the following as a pure substance or a mixture: A. pasta and tomato sauce B. aluminum foil C. helium D. air 12
13 Solution Identify each of the following as a pure substance or a mixture: A. pasta and tomato sauce mixture B. aluminum foil pure substance C. helium pure substance D. air mixture 13
14 Learning Check Identify each of the following as a homogeneous or heterogeneous mixture: A. hot fudge sundae B. shampoo C. sugar water D. peach pie 14
15 Solution Identify each of the following as a homogeneous or heterogeneous mixture: A. hot fudge sundae heterogeneous mixture B. shampoo homogeneous mixture C. sugar water homogeneous mixture D. peach pie heterogeneous mixture 15
16 Properties of Matter Matter has characteristics called physical and chemical properties. 16
17 Solids Solids have a definite shape a definite volume particles that are close together in a fixed arrangement particles that move very slowly Fixed volume, fixed shape Amethyst, a solid, is a purple form of quartz (SiO 2 ). 17
18 Liquids have an indefinite shape, but a definite volume the same shape as their container particles that are close together, but mobile Liquids particles that move slowly Fixed volume, no fixed shape. Liquids take the shape of their container as far as their fixed volume goes. 18
19 Gases Gases have an indefinite shape an indefinite volume the same shape and volume as their container particles that are far apart particles that move very fast No fixed volume, no fixed shape. Gases expand to fill the volume and shape of their container is. 19
20 Three States of Matter for Water The three states of matter are solid, liquid, and gas. 20
21 Summary of the States of Matter 21
22 Physical Properties Physical properties are characteristics observed or measured without changing the identify of a substance include shape, physical state, boiling and freezing points, density, and color of that substance are the result of the type and strength of intermolecular forces holding them together. 22
23 Physical Properties of Copper Copper has these physical properties: reddish-orange color shiny excellent conductor of heat and electricity solid at 25 C melting point 1083 C boiling point 2567 C Copper, used in cookware, is a good conductor of heat. 23
24 Physical Change A physical change occurs in a substance if there is a change in the state a change in the physical shape no change in the identity and composition of the substance In a physical change, a gold ingot is hammered to form gold leaf. 24
25 Examples of Physical Changes Examples of physical changes: paper torn into little pieces (change of size) gold hammered into thin sheets of gold leaf (change of shape) water poured into a glass (change of shape) Water as a liquid takes the shape of its container. 25
26 Chemical Properties and Changes Chemical properties describe the ability of a substance to interact with other substances to change into a new substance When a chemical change takes place, the original substance is turned into one or more new substances with new chemical and physical properties. 26
27 Chemical Change During a chemical change, a new substance forms that has a new composition new chemical properties new physical properties Sugar caramelizing at a high temperature is an example of a chemical change. 27
28 Some Chemical Changes Silver tarnishes Shiny metal reacts to form a black, grainy coating. Wood burns A piece of wood burns with a bright flame to form ash, carbon dioxide, water vapor, and heat. Iron rusts A shiny nail combines with oxygen to form orange-red rust. 28
29 Energy Energy makes objects move makes things stop is needed to do work When water flows from the top of a dam, potential energy is converted to kinetic energy. 29
30 Work Work is done when you climb you lift a bag of groceries you ride a bicycle you breathe your heart pumps blood water goes over a dam At the top of the rock, a climber has more potential energy than when she started the climb. 30
31 Potential Energy Potential energy is energy stored for use at a later time. Examples are water behind a dam a compressed spring chemical bonds in gasoline, coal, or food Diesel fuel reacts in a car engine to produce energy. 31
32 Kinetic Energy Kinetic energy is the energy of matter in motion. Examples are swimming water flowing over a dam working out burning gasoline When water flows from the top of a dam, potential energy is converted to kinetic energy. 32
33 Units for Measuring Energy or Heat Heat is measured in joules or calories. The SI unit of energy is the joule (J). The unit calorie is the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 g of water by 1 C joules (J) = 1 calorie (cal) 1 kj = 1000 J 1 kilocalorie (kcal) = 1000 calories (cal) 33
34 Examples of Energy in Joules 34
35 Learning Check How many cal are obtained from a pat of butter if it provides 150 J of energy when metabolized? A cal B. 36 cal C. 630 cal 35
36 Solution How many cal are obtained from a pat of butter if it provides 150 J of energy when metabolized? Step 1 State given and needed quantities. Given: 150 J Need: calories Step 2 Plan: J cal Step 3 Equalities/Conversion factor 1 calorie = J 1 cal and J J 1 cal Step 4 Set up problem. 150 J x 1 cal = 36 cal The answer is B J 36
37 Temperature Temperature is a measure of how hot or cold an object is compared to another object indicates the heat flow from the object with a higher temperature to the object with a lower temperature is measured using a thermometer 37
38 Temperature Scales The temperature scales are Fahrenheit, Celsius, and Kelvin have reference points for the boiling and freezing points of water A comparison of the Fahrenheit, Celsius, and Kelvin temperature scales between the freezing and boiling points of water. 38
39 Fahrenheit Celsius Formula On the Fahrenheit scale, there are 180 F between the freezing and boiling points; on the Celsius scale there are 100 C. 180 F = 9 F = 1.8 F 100 C 5 C 1 C In the formula for calculating the Fahrenheit temperature, adding 32 adjusts the zero point of water from 0 C to 32 F. T F = 1.8T C
40 Temperature Math: Converting o C to o F The temperature equation involves the exact numbers 1.8 and 32. Only the temperature is measured. To convert C to F, a multiplication rule is followed by an addition rule. Multiplication step 1.8( 10. C) = 18 F (2 SFs) Addition step 18 F ones place + 32 exact = 14 F ones place 40
41 Solving a Temperature Problem Hypothermia may occur when body temperature drops below 35 C (95 F). A person with hypothermia has a body temperature of 34.8 C. What is that temperature in F? 41
42 Solving a Temperature Problem A person with hypothermia has a body temperature of 34.8 C. What is that temperature in F? Step 1 State given and needed quantities. Given: 34.8 C Need: T F Step 2 Plan: T C T F Step 3 Equality/Conversion factor T F = 1.8T C + 32 Step 4 Set up problem. T F = 1.8(34.8 C) + 32 exact 3 SFs exact = = 94.6 F one decimal place 42
43 Converting Fahrenheit to Celsius T C is obtained by rearranging the equation for T F. T F = 1.8T C + 32 Subtract 32 from both sides T F 32 = 1.8T C + (32 32) T F 32 = 1.8T C Divide by 1.8 = T F 32 = 1.8T C T F = T C 43
44 Kelvin Temperature Scale The Kelvin temperature scale has 100 units between the freezing and boiling points of water 100 K = 100 C or 1 K = 1 C is obtained by adding 273 to the Celsius temperature T K = T C has the lowest possible temperature, absolute zero, at 0 K 0 K = 273 C 44
45 Learning Check What is normal body temperature of 37 C in Kelvin? A. 236 K B. 310 K C. 342 K 45
46 Solution What is normal body temperature of 37 C in Kelvin? Step 1 State given and needed quantities. Given: 37 C Step 2 Plan: T C Need: T K T K Step 3 Equality/Conversion factor T K = T C Step 4 Set up problem. T K = 37 C = 310. K (to ones place) Answer is B. 46
47 Specific Heat Specific heat (SH) is different for different substances is the amount of heat that raises the temperature of exactly 1 g of a substance by exactly 1 C in the SI system has units of J/g C in the metric system has units of cal/g C 47
48 Examples of Specific Heats 48
49 Guide to Solving Specific Heat Problems 49
50 Learning Check What is the specific heat if 24.8 g of a metal absorbs 275 J of energy and the temperature rises from 20.2 C to 24.5 C? 50
51 Solution What is the specific heat if 24.8 g of a metal absorbs 275 J of energy and the temperature rises from 20.2 C to 24.5 C? Step 1 List given and needed data. Given: 24.8 g of metal, 24.5 C to 20.2 C Need: specific heat, J/g C Step 2 Calculate the temperature change. ΔT = 24.5 C 20.2 C = 4.3 C 51
52 Heat Equation The amount of heat lost or gained by a substance is calculated from the mass of substance (g) temperature change (ΔT) specific heat of the substance (J/g C) This is expressed as the heat equation. Heat = g x C x J = J g C 52
53 Learning Check How many kj are needed to raise the temperature of 325 g of water from 15.0 C to 77.0 C? A kj B kj C kj 53
54 Solution How many kj are needed to raise the temperature of 325 g of water from 15.0 C to 77.0 C? Step 1 List given and needed data. Given: 325 g of water, 15.0 C to 77.0 C SH = J/g C Need: kilojoules Step 2 Calculate the temperature change. ΔT = 77.0 C 15.0 C = 62.0 C Step 3 Write the heat equation and rearrange for unknown. Heat = g x C x J g C Step 4 Substitute the given values and solve. Heat = 325 g x 62.0 C x J x 1 kj g C 1000 J = 84.3 kj The answer is C.
55 Calorimeters A calorimeter is used to measure heat transfer consists of a steel container filled with oxygen and a measured amount of water indicates the heat gained by water, which is the heat lost by a sample during combustion In a calorimeter, the burning of a food sample increases the temperature of water, which is used to calculate the energy value of the food. 55
56 Energy and Nutrition On food labels, energy is shown as the nutritional Calorie, written with a capital C. In countries other than the United States, energy is shown in kilojoules (kj). 1 Cal = 1000 calories 1 Cal = 1 kcal The caloric or energy value for 1 g of a food is given in kilojoules (kj) or kilocalories (kcal). 56
57 Learning Check A cup of whole milk contains 13 g of carbohydrate, 9.0 g of fat, and 9.0 g of protein. How many kilocalories does a cup of milk contain? (Round final answer to the tens place.) A. 50 kcal B. 80 kcal C. 170 kcal 57
58 Solution A cup of whole milk contains 13 g of carbohydrate, 9.0 g of fat, and 9.0 g of protein. How many kilocalories does a cup of milk contain? (Round final answer to the tens place.) 13 g carbohydrates x 4 kcal/g = 52 kcal 9.0 g fat x 9 kcal/g = 81 kcal 9.0 g protein x 4 kcal/g = 36 kcal Answer is C. 169 kcal Rounds off to 170 kcal (tens place) 58
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