B1 Learning Outcome Questions

Transcription

1 B1 Learning Outcome Questions Question Answer 1. Why blood in arteries is under pressure: due to contraction of heart muscles so that it reaches all parts of the body. 2. Describe how cholesterol can restrict the flow of blood to the heart. Cholesterol can restrict or block blood flow in arteries by forming plaques 3. What do blood pressure measurements consist of? diastolic and systolic data in mmhg. 4. Describe 4 factors that factors that increase blood pressure being overweight stress high alcohol intake smoking. 5. Describe two factors that decrease blood pressure: regular exercise balanced diet. 6. Explain the difference between fitness (the ability to do fitness - the ability to do physical activity physical activity) and health (free from disease). health - free from disease. 7. Explain how smoking increases blood pressure: carbon monoxide reduces the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood so heart rate increases to compensate nicotine increases heart rate. 8. Explain how diet can increase the risk of heart disease. saturated fats leading to a build up of cholesterol (a plaque) in arteries high levels of salt elevating blood pressure. 9. Explain what a balanced diet should include and why. protein for growth and repair carbohydrates and fats for energy and to keep warm minerals (limited to iron) to produce haemoglobin for the red blood cells and prevent anaemia vitamins (limited to vitamin C) to stay healthy and prevent scurvy fibre to prevent constipation water.- to prevent dehydration and constipation 10. Explain why a high protein diet is necessary for teenagers Teenagers need enough protein to grow 11. Explain in many parts of the world diets are deficient in protein. Protein deficiency (kwashiorkor) is common in developing countries, due to overpopulation limited investment in agricultural techniques. 12. When are proteins used as an energy source? Only when fats or carbohydrates are unavailable. 13. State 4 health risks that are linked to being very overweight (obese)? 14. What are carbohydrates, fats and proteins made up of? arthritis, heart disease, diabetes and breast cancer. carbohydrates are made up of simple sugars such as glucose fats are made up of fatty acids and glycerol proteins are made up of amino acids. 15. Why might different people eat different balanced diets? a balanced diet will vary depending on age, gender, activity, religion, personal choice (to include vegetarians and vegans) and medical issues (including food allergies). Low self-esteem, poor self-image and desire for perfection can lead to a poor diet 16. Explain why people in the UK with access to enough healthy food might still have a poor diet. 17. What are infectious diseases are caused by? pathogens (disease-causing microorganisms). 18. Explain how pathogens cause the symptoms of an infectious disease. 19. What are the four types of pathogens? Give an example of a disease caused by each type. 20. Describe 4 ways that the human body is defended against pathogens. by cell damage or by production of toxins. Fungi -athlete s foot Viruses flu Bacteria cholera Protozoa - Malaria skin provides a barrier blood clotting prevents entry of pathogens pathogens are trapped by mucus in airways hydrochloric acid in the stomach kills pathogens.

2 21. Describe the difference between infectious and noninfectious diseases. Infectious can be transmitted from people or animals Non-infectious cannot be transmitted 22. What do immunisations (vaccinations) do? Gives protection from certain pathogens. 23. Describe the advantages and disadvantages of immunisation 24. Explain the difference between passive and active immunity 25. How are pathogens that enter the body destroyed by the immune system? 26. Recall the meaning of the terms parasite, host and vector with reference to malaria. 27. State the difference between antibiotics and antiviral drugs. 28. Describe how animals detect changes in their environment (stimuli) using receptors which generate nerve impulses. Once the majority of a population is immunised it prevents the disease from spreading, although some vaccinations do have harmful side effects Passive immunity receive antibodies active immunity - make own antibodies engulfed by white blood cells antibodies lock on to antigens leading to the death of the pathogens. Parasite an organism that depends on another organism to survive (the protozoa) Host an organism that provides a parasite with food and is harmed by it (the human) Vector an organism that spreads disease without being affected by the disease (the mosquito) Antibiotics fight bacteria Antiviral fight viruses touch, taste, sight, sound, smell all make nerve impulses that are carried by the nervous system. 29. Label the main parts of the eye and state their Use your revision book or exercise book to check you can function. label an eye. cornea - refracts light iris - controls how much light enters pupil lens - focuses light on to retina retina - contains light receptors, some sensitive to light of different colours optic nerve - carries impulses to the brain. 30. Describe the pathway of light through the eyeball. The light is refracted by the cornea and lens and brought to 31. Explain the advantages and disadvantages of monocular and binocular vision. 32. Explain how binocular vision helps to judge distances focus on the retina. monocular vision: wider field of view but poorer judgement of distance binocular vision: narrower field of view but better judgement of distance. by comparing the images from each eye - the more similar the images, the further away the object. 33. Describe three main problems in vision. Long-sight, short-sight and red-green colour blindness. 34. Why are some people long and short-sighted? Because the eyeball or the lens is the wrong shape. 35. Why are some people red-green colour blind? They have a lack of specialised cells in the retina. 36. Name the two main parts of the nervous system. the central nervous system (CNS) (brain and spinal cord) the peripheral nervous system. 37. How are message carried by nerves? The nerve impulse is an electrical signal that is carried by nerve cells called neurones. 38. Name and locate the parts of a motor neurone: Labels: Cell body, axon and sheath. Use your revision guide or exercise book to check the diagram The nerve impulse passes along the axon of a neurone. 39. What are the difference between reflex actions and voluntary responses? Reflex actions - fast, automatic and protective responses (eg pulling your hand away from a hot plate) Voluntary responses controlled by the brain 40. Describe a reflex arc Stimulus - receptor - sensory neurone central nervous system - motor neurone - effector - response 41. Explain the terms: addiction, withdrawal symptoms, Addiction = relied on by the body so it is hard to give up

3 tolerance and rehabilitation. Withdrawal symptoms = side effects, such as bad temper, of giving up a drug Tolerance = over time people need bigger doses of the drug to get an effect Rehabilitation = Process of a person overcoming an addiction 42. Describe the general effects of each drug category. depressants: slow down brain s activity pain killers: block nerve impulses stimulants: increase brain s activity performance enhancers: muscle development hallucinogens: distort what is seen and heard. 43. Explain the basis of the legal classification of drugs: Class A is the most dangerous with the heaviest penalties Class C is the least dangerous with the lightest penalties. 44. State examples of each type of drug. depressants - alcohol, solvents and temazepam pain killers- aspirin and paracetamol stimulants - nicotine, ecstasy and caffeine performance enhancers anabolic steroids hallucinogens - LSD. 45. What health problems can tobacco smoking cause? emphysema, bronchitis, cancer (mouth, throat, oesophagus and lung) heart disease. 46. Describe the effects of the 4 components of cigarette smoke. 66.Explain why damage to ciliated epithelial cells can lead to a smokers cough. 47. Describe the short term and long term effects of alcohol on the body. 48. What does the body need to maintain steady levels of? What is this called? 49. What is normal body temperature? Why is it important for the body to be kept at this temperature? 50. Describe where on the body to measure body temperature, and what instruments can be used. 51. Describe how heat can be gained or retained by the body carbon monoxide (lack of oxygen, heart disease) nicotine (addictive) tars (irritant, carcinogenic) particulates (accumulation in lung tissue). Ciliated epithelial cells (cilia) line the trachea, bronchi and bronchioles and become clogged up by tar and particulates. This stops the cilia moving the mucus and causes smokers cough. short term effects- impaired judgment, balance and muscle control, blurred vision, slurred speech, drowsiness and increased blood flow to the skin. long term effects - liver and brain damage The body works to maintain steady levels of temperature, water, and carbon dioxide. This is called homeostasis. 37 C - the optimum temperature for the action of many enzymes. where - ear, finger, mouth, or anus how - using a clinical thermometer, sensitive strips, digital recording probes, or thermal imaging). by respiration, shivering, exercise, less sweating, less blood flow near skin surface, or clothing 52. Describe how more heat can be lost by the body by sweating, or more blood flow near skin

4 53. Explain how sweating helps you to cool down. sweating increases heat transfer to the environment by evaporation of sweat which requires heat, so removing heat from the skin. 54. Why is it dangerous for a person to get too hot or too cold? High temperatures can cause heat stroke and dehydration and if untreated, death. Very low temperatures can cause hypothermia and if untreated, death. 55. Name and locate the pancreas. Use your revision guide or exercise book to check the diagram 56. Where is the hormone insulin produced? The pancreas 57. What is the function of insulin? controls blood sugar levels. 58. What causes Type 1 diabetes? the failure of the pancreas to produce insulin 59. How are Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes treated differently? 60. Describe how insulin travels around the body In the blood 61. Explain why responses controlled by hormones are usually slower than responses controlled by the nervous system. 62. What is the name of the chemicals that control plant growth? (for example: growth of shoots and roots, flowering and fruit ripening) Type 2 diabetes can often be controlled by diet but Type 1 diabetes also needs to be treated by insulin dosage. Hormones travel in the blood much more slowly than electrical impulses travel along the nervous system. Plant hormones 63. What are auxins? Auxins are plant hormones that: move through the plant in solution are involved in the response to light (phototropism) are involved in the response to gravity (geotropism) 64. Where is auxin made? In the tip of the shoot. If the tip is removed it stops growth 65. How does auxin cause a plant to grow towards a light source? Auxin collects on the shady side of the plant and causes cells on this side of the plant to elongate (stretch). Therefore the plant bends towards the light 66. State 5 uses of plant hormones. speed up or slow down plant growth selective weedkillers rooting powder fruit ripening (delay or acceleration) control of dormancy. 67. Explain how growth towards light increases the plant s chance of survival. More sunlight = more photosynthesis 68. Explain why roots grow downwards. To reach water and to provide support 69. Explain the meaning of phototropic and Phototropic grows towards the light geotropic Geotropic grows towards the ground 70. Describe the geotropism and phototropism of Shoots - positively phototropic but negatively geotropic. shoots and roots. Roots - negatively phototropic but positively geotropic. 71. Name 3 human characteristics that are a result of both environmental and inherited factors. intelligence body mass height. 72. Where are your genes? Chromosomes are held in the nucleus and they carry information in the form of genes, which control inherited characteristics. 73. How many chromosomes do most human body 23 pairs cells have? 74. What is a gamete? A sperm or egg cell. 75. How many chromosomes do gametes have? Half the number of normal cells or Identify inherited characteristics as dominant or recessive when given the results of a breeding experiment. Dominant characteristics always show (eg brown eyes) Recessive characteristics the gene can be present but not show (eg blue eyes) 77. What are alleles? Different versions of the same gene. 78. Name three disorders that are inherited: red-green colour blindness, sickle cell anaemia cystic fibrosis. 79. What causes genetic disorders? Faulty genes, most of which are recessive 80. Describe three causes of genetic variation mutations (changes to the genes) gamete formation fertilisation.

5 81. How do the chromosomes determine the sex of mammals? XX (female) XY (male)