Overview. Civil Engineering Crossroads. Sizing Green Roofs and Cisterns For Stormwater Management. ! Introduction
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1 Sizing Green Roofs and Cisterns For Stormwater Management Brian L. Taylor Overview! Introduction! Why are civil engineers evaluating green roofs and cisterns?! Green Roof Stormwater Potential/Performance! Green Roof Field Evaluation! Cistern Stormwater Potential Civil Engineering Crossroads
2 STOP! Tri-County 4(d) take Federal nexus MRCI rules NMFS ESA USFWS 13 limits 24 ESU s June 2000 Critical habitat Section 7 effect determination ASCE: A Better World By Design An Obligation
3 Sustainable Site/Civil Engineering Site Hydrology and Urban Development Pre-Settlement Conditions Historical Urban Development
4 Hydrologic Processes Civil Engineering Crossroads Pre-Settlement Conditions Historical Urban Development Urban Green Site Hydrology and Urban Development Urban Green Narrow Sidewalks Better Tree Pits More Street Trees Better Lighting No Tree Pits On Site Eco-Roof Cistern Better Detention Open Space Pre-Settlement Conditions Historical Urban Development Urban Green Sustainable Infrastructure Storm Drainage Eco-Corridors Better Streets Wide Sidewalks Green Streets Eco-Streets Seattle Green Roof Potential Green Roof Benefits! Ecology! Social! Noise Reduction! Energy and Heat! Membrane Life! Stormwater
5 Pacific Northwest Data Agency: Based on what we know about green roofs, what is their potential to mitigate our stormwater problems? Photo by: City of Portland National Climate Data: Design Storms Rainfall Potential Commonly Used Synthetic Rainfall Distributions used in Site Hydrologic Analyses Cum. Portion of 24-hr Storm Precipitation New Mexico Storm - Extreme intensity may overwhelm 0.8 drainage capacity Type I Storm % of rainfall is before the 0.6 peak Type 1A 0.5 Storm - 30% of rainfall is before the 0.4 peak 0.3 Type I Type 1A Seattle Type 1A Type II (Std.) Type II-70 Type III Geographical Distribution Type II & III Storm - 20% of rainfall is before the peak Type II TIME (min) National Climate Differences: Chicago vs. Seattle National Climate Data: Evaporation Values 1995 Rainfall: Chicago & Seattle Chicago - daily Seattle - daily Chicago - cumulative Seattle - cumulative Daily rainfall (in) Cumulative rainfall (in) /1/ /1/ /1/1994 1/1/1995 2/1/1995 3/1/1995 4/1/1995 5/1/1995 6/1/1995 7/1/1995 8/1/1995 9/1/
6 Green Roof Hydrologic Modeling Green Roof Event Hydrology Example Roof Runoff Hydrograph Incre. Rainfall (in) Runoff from equivalent conventional roof Runoff from green roof Time (min) Green Roof Event Hydrology (cont.) Green Roof Runoff Reduction Potential Green Roof Event Hydrology (cont.) Green Roof Runoff Reduction Potential Equivalent Curve Number % 25% 40% NC State Equivalent Curve Number % 25% 40% Forest (till) Forest (outwash) Hardscape NC State WA Ecology Media depth (inches) Media depth (inches) Green Roof Event Hydrology (cont.) Green Roof Runoff Reduction Potential (50% AMC) Green Roof Event Hydrology Example Roof Runoff Hydrograph Incre. Rainfall (in) Equivalent Curve Number % 25% 40% Forest (till) Forest (outwash) Hardscape NC State WA Ecology Media depth (inches) Time (min) Runoff from equivalent conventional roof Runoff from green roof
7 Green Roof Event Hydrology (cont.) Equivalent Time of Concentration Green Roof Annual Benefits (Simple Model) Aggregate drainage layer, ¼:12 slope (min) Flow Average Annual Volume Reduction Benefit - Seattle Average Annual Volume Reduction Benefit - Seattle Rainfall Retention for Seattle Eco-roofs 50% 45% 40% 35% 1981 rainfall retention 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0% Eco-roof thickness, in Conventional Urban Stormwater Management Architect: Brian, you re the civil engineer how much of my detention can a green roof mitigate?
8 Green Roof Stormwater Benefits Flow Control Manual Volume Reduction: Community Benefit Rate Reduction: Developer Benefit Flow Control Manual Green Roofs Predictive Modeling Tool March 2003 Green Roof Hydrograph Development Green Roof Design Tool Validation Photo by: City of Portland
9 Green Roof Design Tool Validation Typical Project Seattle Urban Infill Typical Project Seattle Urban Infill Roof Plan Case Study Results Case Study Results (Cont.) Sensitivity Study (40% AMC) Flow Example hydrograph, with drain mat (2-yr MRI, 6-in growing media) Time (min) Rain (in) Total Eco-roof release rate Runoff from equivalent conventional roof Allowable Release Incre. Rainfall (in) Flow Example hydrograph, with aggregate drainage (2-yr MRI, 6-in growing media) Time (min) Rain (in) Total Eco-roof release rate Runoff from equivalent conventional roof Allowable Release Incre. Rainfall (in)
10 Sensitivity Study (80% AMC) Flow Example hydrograph, with aggregate drainage (2-yr MRI, 6-in growing media) Time (min) Example hydrograph, with drainage mat (2-yr MRI, 6-in growing media) Rain (in) Total Eco-roof release rate Runoff from equivalent conventional roof Allowable Release Incre. Rainfall (in) Total Eco-roof release rate Green Roof Performance: Going beyond the modeling. Flow Time (min) Rain (in) Runoff from equivalent conventional roof Allowable Release Incre. Rainfall (in) Scandinavian Green Roof Institute Scandinavian Urban Sustainability Tour March 2004 Scandinavian Green Roof Institute Scandinavian Green Roof Institute
11 Account for Evaporation Differences The Need for a Local Evaluation Project Account for Storm Intensity & Magnitude Account for Inter-storm Duration (Drying Time) Commonly Used Synthetic Rainfall Distributions used in Site Hydrologic Analyses 1995 Rainfall: Chicago & Seattle Chicago - daily Seattle - daily Chicago - cumulative Seattle - cumulative 1 Type I New Mexico Storm - Extreme intensity Type 1A Seattle Type 1A Cum. Portion of 24-hr Storm Precipitation may overwhelm 0.8 drainage capacity Type I Storm % of rainfall is before the 0.6 peak Type 1A 0.5 Storm - 30% of rainfall is before the 0.4 peak 0.3 Type II (Std.) Type II-70 Type III Geographical Distribution Daily rainfall (in) Cumulative rainfall (in) 0.2 Type II & III Storm % of rainfall is before the peak Type II TIME (min) /1/ /1/ /1/1994 1/1/1995 2/1/1995 3/1/1995 4/1/1995 5/1/1995 6/1/1995 7/1/1995 8/1/1995 9/1/ Account for Multitude of Green Roof Systems Seattle Green Roof Evaluation Project Sample of Moisture Budget Data
12 Model Verification Timeline Initiate Discussion with City City Declines Participation Modeling Tool Development Begins (March-03) Scandinavian Sustainability Tour (March-04) Evaluation Project Installation (February-05) Berlin Sustainability Tour (May-05) Evaluation Project Monitoring Complete (October-06) Plot Analysis and Selection Field Evaluation April 2004 Seattle Green Roof Evaluation Plot Evaluation Plot in Place
13 Green Roof Evaluation Program Goals! Provide hands-on opportunities! Demonstrate performance and gather local data! Advance A/E/C/regulatory industry understanding of green roof implementation Project Participants and Sites Diverse Locations in Downtown Seattle Rainier Tower Podium at Urban High-Rise Stadium Center Industrial Warehouse
14 Vulcan Parking Lot in Emerging Area Sellen Low-Rise Corporate Headquarters Test Plot Components Project Configuration Weather Station Weather Monitoring Weather Parameter Measurement Device Data Used For Rainfall Relative Humidity Solar Radiation Temperature Wind Speed Tipping Bucket Rain Gauge Temperature/rH Sensor Silicon Pyranometer Temperature/rH Sensor Wind Speed Sensor Runoff Estimation Evapotranspiration Estimation Evapotranspiration Estimation Evapotranspiration Estimation Evapotranspiration Estimation
15 Runoff Monitor Runoff Monitoring Parameter Measurement Device Data Used For Runoff Rate Runoff Temperature Soil Moisture Restrictor Device & Water Level Sensor Temperature Sensor Soil Moisture Sensor Runoff Computation Runoff Temperature Character. Evapotranspiration Computation Flow Measurement Device Data Transmission Implementation
16 Stadium Center Site Rainier Tower Site Vulcan Site Sellen Site Seattle Green Roof Evaluation Project Storm Water Runoff Data Findings to Date
17 Seattle Green Roof Evaluation Project Storm Water Runoff Data Sellen Plant Progression may june july sept Seattle Cistern Potential Rainfall Potential Cistern Event Runoff Reduction Potential Cistern Runoff Reduction Potential Annual Benefit - Timing of Rain vs. Demand 1995 Seattle Rainfall Seattle - daily Seattle - cumulative Equivalent Curve Number for Roof CN Forest (till) Forest (outwash) Hardscape Daily rainfall (in) IRRIGATION PERIOD Cumulative rainfall (in) Storage (gal/sf roof) /1/ /1/ /1/1994 1/1/1995 2/1/1995 3/1/1995 4/1/1995 5/1/1995 6/1/1995 7/1/1995 8/1/1995 9/1/
18 Example: Cistern Runoff Reduction Potential Volume of Water (cu. ft.) Supply vs Demand 2.5:1 catchment-to-irrigated 11% annual runoff volume retained & used Rain Supply Water Demand Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Example: Cistern Runoff Reduction Potential Volume of Water (cu. ft.) 14,000 12,000 10,000 8,000 6,000 4,000 2,000 - Landscape & toilet flushing 16.5:1 catchment-to-irrigated 27% annual runoff volume retained & used Rain Supply Water Demand Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec IRRIGATION PERIOD IRRIGATION PERIOD
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