1.4 Review. 1.5 Thermodynamic Properties. CEE 3310 Thermodynamic Properties, Aug. 26,
|
|
- Julie Booker
- 7 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 CEE 3310 Thermodynamic Properties, Aug. 26, Review A fluid is a substance that can not support a shear stress. Liquids differ from gasses in that liquids that do not completely fill a container will form a free surface in a gravitational field (and mix minimally with any atmosphere) while a gas will form an atmosphere (and eventually mix with an existing atmosphere). While buoyancy forces are important in each, gravity is generally an important forcing term in free surface liquid flows and not in atmospheric (gas) flows. We consider a fluid to be a continuum i.e., it is continuously differentiable. Dimensional consistency F = ma [MLT 2 ] = [M][LT 2 ]. A dimensionally consistent equation may be based on physics, an inconsistent equation is certainly not physically based. 1.5 Thermodynamic Properties Temperature Measure of internal energy level. Pressure Measure of compressive (normal) stress at a point. P = 1 3 (σ xx +σ yy +σ zz ) = F A It is created by the bombardment of the surface by molecules of fluid.
2 Density (kg/m 3 ) T emperature ( o C) Figure 1.1: Density of water Density ρ = Mass Volume There is less than a 1% change in the density of water over the standard range of temperatures seen in the environment yet this difference can be very important! Specific Weight γ 60 o F=62.4lbs/ft 3 γ = ρg = weight volume γ 20 o C = 9790N/m Specific Gravity The specific gravity is the density of a substance normalized by the density of water at a certain temperature, often 4 C, the temperature of maximum density at normal
3 CEE 3310 Thermodynamic Properties, Aug. 26, pressures. Hence we write S.G. = ρ ρ 4 C = ρ in S.I. units 1000 kg/m3 S.G. of sands and gravels is about Perfect Gas Law P = ρrθ where R is the specific gas constant which can be expressed as R = C P C V where C P is the specific heat at constant pressure and C V is the specific heat at constant volume. We also can write: R = Λ MW gas whereλis the universal gas constant (8314 kg m 2 s 2 K 1 kmol 1 ) andmw gas (kg kmol 1 ) is the molecular weight of the gas. Let s check the units P = [M] [L 3 ] [L 2 ] [M] Θ = [T 2 Θ] [LT 2 ] = [ML] [L 2 T 2 ] = Force Area Example Find ρ for CO 2 at 20 C and 1atm. ρ=1.44 kg/m 3 ( S.G.=14.1 N/m 3 )
4 Viscosity d 1 = u 1 dt d 2 = u 2 dt = (u 1 +du)dt Strain = d 2 d 1 = (u 1 +du u 1 )dt = du dt For solids we know that stress is proportional to strain. In fluids we find that stress is proportional to strain rate. Strain rate = Therefore since du dt dt = du the velocity gradient is the strain rate! Therefore µ = τ du stress strain rate (1.1) τ du (1.2) τ = µ du (1.3) = [MLT 2 L 2 ] [LT 1 ] [L] = [M] [LT] what is this? Momentum has the units of mass times velocity hence we can interpret µ as having the dimensions of momentum per area. Thus we can think of µ, known as the viscosity, as the amount of momentum transported by molecular activity across a given area. Thus highly viscous fluids (honey) transport lots of momentum and tend to be harder to move (be more sticky) as you have to move the whole fluid while low viscosity
5 CEE 3310 Thermodynamic Properties, Aug. 26, fluids (water) tend to be easier to move as only a small parcel of fluid is affected by trying to move a thin slab of fluid Kinematic Viscosity If we normalize the viscosity by the density we have the kinematic viscosity. ν = µ ρ = [L2 ] [T] At 20 C water has an absolute or dynamic viscosity of Nsm 2 (or Pas) and a kinematic viscosity of m 2 s 1. Now, if we have a thin gap filled with a fluid but the solid surfaces on either side of the gap have some relative velocity (e.g., one surface is fixed but the other is moving) then there will be stress on either solid surface transmitted by the fluid. The molecules on either solid boundary must be moving at the speed of the boundary, this is known as the no-slip boundary condition. If the fluid filled gap is long compared to its width then we can ignore what happens at the end of the gap and, if the system is at steady state (meaning the velocity profile of the fluid in the gap is no longer changing in time) then we would find that the velocity profile just varies linearly, going from the velocity of the one boundary to the velocity of the other boundary. We will actually solve for the exact solution from the equations of motion later in the semester! A linear velocity variation is a constant velocity gradient hence the fluid stress is constant, just equal to the fluid viscosity times the constant velocity gradient. This is perhaps best illustrated by an example Example - A block sliding down an inclined plane If the block has a mass of 1 kg: 1. Determine the viscosity, µ, of the lubricant fluid in the gap.
6 16 Figure 1.2: Sliding block 2. What speed will the block travel if the angle, θ, is adjusted to 10 and the gap, δ, is decreased to 0.5 mm 1) µ = kg m s 2) V = m s (= N s m 2 = Pa s);
7 CEE 3310 Thermodynamic Properties, Aug. 29, Review System of units B.G., S.I. Be careful and be comfortable in both! Thermodynamic properties Θ, P, ρ(θ,p) Perfect Gas Law Viscosity stress strain rate τ = µ du 1.9 Vapor Pressure If initially we start with a vacuum, over time a pressure will form as the result of molecular action. Particles leave the surface. Eventually an equilibrium pressure is achieved as the same number of particles leave the surface as return to it. This pressure is known as the vapor pressure of the fluid and is denoted p v. As we will see in a few weeks, fluid motions can lead to very low pressures. If p p v the fluid will boil. This process is known as cavitation Surface Tension The water molecule is polar. The O attracts the H +. Within the fluid this attraction is in balance, i.e., the net force due to all of the polar pairs is zero. However, at the surface half of this force is missing and the surface is pulled toward the fluid interior with
8 18 a certain energy. surface energy = J m 2 = Nm m 2 = N m = force length = tension hence we refer to this energy as the surface tension (Υ) Example the pressure in a bubble Tension force = 2πRΥ Pressure force = (P I P E )πr 2 P = P I P E = 2πRΥ πr 2 = 2Υ R The Contact Angle In the case of a bubble we only had to concern ourselves with a liquid gas interface but often we find we have three phases present (a liquid-gas-solid interface) for example, when you fill your glass with water and you get a contact line around the circumference of the glass at the air-water-glass interface. You ve all likely noticed that the contact line rises locally, appearing to adhere to and be lifted by the glass boundary forming what is known as a meniscus, the region local to the solid boundary where the gas-liquid
9 CEE 3310 Thermodynamic Properties, Aug. 29, interface is curved. The angle that is formed at this three-phase interface is known as the contact angle and is defined as the angle between the line originating from the three-phase contact point tangent to the liquid-gas interface and the tangent to the solid boundary as measured through the liquid, e.g., When the liquid seems to spread easily over the boundary, the contact angle is θ c < 90 and we refer to the liquid as wetting, as in the case of water on glass, which is totally wetting giving θ c 0. When the liquid resists spreading over the boundary, instead trying to form a droplet, the contact angle is θ c > 90 and we refer to the liquid as non-wetting, as in the case of water on teflon (θ c 110) nd Example A water barometer You are planning on constructing your own water barometer. This will be constructed by filling a long cylindrical glass tube sealed at one end with water and then carefully inverting it so that the mouth of the tube stays wet. The free surface of the water drops to a given elevation and you can measure the height of the water above the reservoir below to calculate the atmospheric pressure. There are at least two important fluid properties that affect the accuracy of your water barometer, what are they?
10 20 What minimum diameter must the tube be if you want the capillary induced rise in the tube to be less than 1mm (assume 20 o C water)? If the atmospheric pressure is 30in Hg, what is the correction you need to apply to the barometer reading to account for the effect of vapor pressure on your reading?
Fluid Mechanics: Static s Kinematics Dynamics Fluid
Fluid Mechanics: Fluid mechanics may be defined as that branch of engineering science that deals with the behavior of fluid under the condition of rest and motion Fluid mechanics may be divided into three
More informationCh 2 Properties of Fluids - II. Ideal Fluids. Real Fluids. Viscosity (1) Viscosity (3) Viscosity (2)
Ch 2 Properties of Fluids - II Ideal Fluids 1 Prepared for CEE 3500 CEE Fluid Mechanics by Gilberto E. Urroz, August 2005 2 Ideal fluid: a fluid with no friction Also referred to as an inviscid (zero viscosity)
More informationCE 204 FLUID MECHANICS
CE 204 FLUID MECHANICS Onur AKAY Assistant Professor Okan University Department of Civil Engineering Akfırat Campus 34959 Tuzla-Istanbul/TURKEY Phone: +90-216-677-1630 ext.1974 Fax: +90-216-677-1486 E-mail:
More informationLecture 24 - Surface tension, viscous flow, thermodynamics
Lecture 24 - Surface tension, viscous flow, thermodynamics Surface tension, surface energy The atoms at the surface of a solid or liquid are not happy. Their bonding is less ideal than the bonding of atoms
More informationFluids and Solids: Fundamentals
Fluids and Solids: Fundamentals We normally recognize three states of matter: solid; liquid and gas. However, liquid and gas are both fluids: in contrast to solids they lack the ability to resist deformation.
More informationA drop forms when liquid is forced out of a small tube. The shape of the drop is determined by a balance of pressure, gravity, and surface tension
A drop forms when liquid is forced out of a small tube. The shape of the drop is determined by a balance of pressure, gravity, and surface tension forces. 2 Objectives Have a working knowledge of the basic
More information1. Fluids Mechanics and Fluid Properties. 1.1 Objectives of this section. 1.2 Fluids
1. Fluids Mechanics and Fluid Properties What is fluid mechanics? As its name suggests it is the branch of applied mechanics concerned with the statics and dynamics of fluids - both liquids and gases.
More informationDifferential Relations for Fluid Flow. Acceleration field of a fluid. The differential equation of mass conservation
Differential Relations for Fluid Flow In this approach, we apply our four basic conservation laws to an infinitesimally small control volume. The differential approach provides point by point details of
More informationWhen the fluid velocity is zero, called the hydrostatic condition, the pressure variation is due only to the weight of the fluid.
Fluid Statics When the fluid velocity is zero, called the hydrostatic condition, the pressure variation is due only to the weight of the fluid. Consider a small wedge of fluid at rest of size Δx, Δz, Δs
More informationBasic Principles in Microfluidics
Basic Principles in Microfluidics 1 Newton s Second Law for Fluidics Newton s 2 nd Law (F= ma) : Time rate of change of momentum of a system equal to net force acting on system!f = dp dt Sum of forces
More informationPhysics Notes Class 11 CHAPTER 2 UNITS AND MEASUREMENTS
1 P a g e Physics Notes Class 11 CHAPTER 2 UNITS AND MEASUREMENTS The comparison of any physical quantity with its standard unit is called measurement. Physical Quantities All the quantities in terms of
More informationChemistry 13: States of Matter
Chemistry 13: States of Matter Name: Period: Date: Chemistry Content Standard: Gases and Their Properties The kinetic molecular theory describes the motion of atoms and molecules and explains the properties
More informationdu u U 0 U dy y b 0 b
BASIC CONCEPTS/DEFINITIONS OF FLUID MECHANICS (by Marios M. Fyrillas) 1. Density (πυκνότητα) Symbol: 3 Units of measure: kg / m Equation: m ( m mass, V volume) V. Pressure (πίεση) Alternative definition:
More informationp atmospheric Statics : Pressure Hydrostatic Pressure: linear change in pressure with depth Measure depth, h, from free surface Pressure Head p gh
IVE1400: n Introduction to Fluid Mechanics Statics : Pressure : Statics r P Sleigh: P..Sleigh@leeds.ac.uk r J Noakes:.J.Noakes@leeds.ac.uk January 008 Module web site: www.efm.leeds.ac.uk/ive/fluidslevel1
More informationSURFACE TENSION. Definition
SURFACE TENSION Definition In the fall a fisherman s boat is often surrounded by fallen leaves that are lying on the water. The boat floats, because it is partially immersed in the water and the resulting
More informationFLUID DYNAMICS. Intrinsic properties of fluids. Fluids behavior under various conditions
FLUID DYNAMICS Intrinsic properties of fluids Fluids behavior under various conditions Methods by which we can manipulate and utilize the fluids to produce desired results TYPES OF FLUID FLOW Laminar or
More informationXI / PHYSICS FLUIDS IN MOTION 11/PA
Viscosity It is the property of a liquid due to which it flows in the form of layers and each layer opposes the motion of its adjacent layer. Cause of viscosity Consider two neighboring liquid layers A
More informationVatten(byggnad) VVR145 Vatten. 2. Vätskors egenskaper (1.1, 4.1 och 2.8) (Föreläsningsanteckningar)
Vatten(byggnad) Vätskors egenskaper (1) Hydrostatik (3) Grundläggande ekvationer (5) Rörströmning (4) 2. Vätskors egenskaper (1.1, 4.1 och 2.8) (Föreläsningsanteckningar) Vätska som kontinuerligt medium
More informationVAPORIZATION IN MORE DETAIL. Energy needed to escape into gas phase GAS LIQUID. Kinetic energy. Average kinetic energy
30 VAPORIZATION IN MORE DETAIL GAS Energy needed to escape into gas phase LIQUID Kinetic energy Average kinetic energy - For a molecule to move from the liquid phase to the gas phase, it must acquire enough
More informationTemperature Measure of KE At the same temperature, heavier molecules have less speed Absolute Zero -273 o C 0 K
Temperature Measure of KE At the same temperature, heavier molecules have less speed Absolute Zero -273 o C 0 K Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases 1. Large number of atoms/molecules in random motion 2.
More information7. Gases, Liquids, and Solids 7.1 Kinetic Molecular Theory of Matter
7. Gases, Liquids, and Solids 7.1 Kinetic Molecular Theory of Matter Kinetic Molecular Theory of Matter The Kinetic Molecular Theory of Matter is a concept that basically states that matter is composed
More informationName Class Date. In the space provided, write the letter of the term or phrase that best completes each statement or best answers each question.
Assessment Chapter Test A Chapter: States of Matter In the space provided, write the letter of the term or phrase that best completes each statement or best answers each question. 1. The kinetic-molecular
More informationSurface Tension. the surface tension of a liquid is the energy required to increase the surface area a given amount
Tro, Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 1 Surface Tension surface tension is a property of liquids that results from the tendency of liquids to minimize their surface area in order to minimize their surface
More informationChapter 12 - Liquids and Solids
Chapter 12 - Liquids and Solids 12-1 Liquids I. Properties of Liquids and the Kinetic Molecular Theory A. Fluids 1. Substances that can flow and therefore take the shape of their container B. Relative
More informationFor Water to Move a driving force is needed
RECALL FIRST CLASS: Q K Head Difference Area Distance between Heads Q 0.01 cm 0.19 m 6cm 0.75cm 1 liter 86400sec 1.17 liter ~ 1 liter sec 0.63 m 1000cm 3 day day day constant head 0.4 m 0.1 m FINE SAND
More informationCE 3500 Fluid Mechanics / Fall 2014 / City College of New York
1 Drag Coefficient The force ( F ) of the wind blowing against a building is given by F=C D ρu 2 A/2, where U is the wind speed, ρ is density of the air, A the cross-sectional area of the building, and
More information01 The Nature of Fluids
01 The Nature of Fluids WRI 1/17 01 The Nature of Fluids (Water Resources I) Dave Morgan Prepared using Lyx, and the Beamer class in L A TEX 2ε, on September 12, 2007 Recommended Text 01 The Nature of
More informationCE 6303 MECHANICS OF FLUIDS L T P C QUESTION BANK PART - A
CE 6303 MECHANICS OF FLUIDS L T P C QUESTION BANK 3 0 0 3 UNIT I FLUID PROPERTIES AND FLUID STATICS PART - A 1. Define fluid and fluid mechanics. 2. Define real and ideal fluids. 3. Define mass density
More information1 Wetting your feet. 2 Scaling. 8.298 Lies / Check your understanding: Solutions
1 Wetting your feet 1.1 Estimate how many liters are in a barrel of oil and how many barrels of oil the United States imports every year. A: A barrel may be a few feet high, so h 1m, and have a diameter
More informationKINETIC MOLECULAR THEORY OF MATTER
KINETIC MOLECULAR THEORY OF MATTER The kinetic-molecular theory is based on the idea that particles of matter are always in motion. The theory can be used to explain the properties of solids, liquids,
More informationFundamental Concepts in Fluid Mechanics
A significant portion of these notes summarizes various sections of Massey, but additional material from other sources is also included. Note that the notes are incomplete; they will be completed during
More informationGas Laws. The kinetic theory of matter states that particles which make up all types of matter are in constant motion.
Name Period Gas Laws Kinetic energy is the energy of motion of molecules. Gas state of matter made up of tiny particles (atoms or molecules). Each atom or molecule is very far from other atoms or molecules.
More informationCHAPTER 3: FORCES AND PRESSURE
CHAPTER 3: FORCES AND PRESSURE 3.1 UNDERSTANDING PRESSURE 1. The pressure acting on a surface is defined as.. force per unit. area on the surface. 2. Pressure, P = F A 3. Unit for pressure is. Nm -2 or
More informationINTRODUCTION TO FLUID MECHANICS
INTRODUCTION TO FLUID MECHANICS SIXTH EDITION ROBERT W. FOX Purdue University ALAN T. MCDONALD Purdue University PHILIP J. PRITCHARD Manhattan College JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC. CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
More informationUnit 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1.Introduction 1.2.Objectives
Structure 1.1.Introduction 1.2.Objectives 1.3.Properties of Fluids 1.4.Viscosity 1.5.Types of Fluids. 1.6.Thermodynamic Properties 1.7.Compressibility 1.8.Surface Tension and Capillarity 1.9.Capillarity
More informationFundamentals of THERMAL-FLUID SCIENCES
Fundamentals of THERMAL-FLUID SCIENCES THIRD EDITION YUNUS A. CENGEL ROBERT H. TURNER Department of Mechanical JOHN M. CIMBALA Me Graw Hill Higher Education Boston Burr Ridge, IL Dubuque, IA Madison, Wl
More informationCONTROL VALVE PRESSURE DROP AND SIZING
CONTENT Chapter Description Page I Purpose of Control Valve II Type and Main Components of Control Valve 3 III Power 5 IV. Pressure Drop Across Control Valve 7 V. Symbols and Units 10 VI. Unit Conversion
More informationName Date Class STATES OF MATTER. SECTION 13.1 THE NATURE OF GASES (pages 385 389)
13 STATES OF MATTER SECTION 13.1 THE NATURE OF GASES (pages 385 389) This section introduces the kinetic theory and describes how it applies to gases. It defines gas pressure and explains how temperature
More informationCBE 6333, R. Levicky 1 Review of Fluid Mechanics Terminology
CBE 6333, R. Levicky 1 Review of Fluid Mechanics Terminology The Continuum Hypothesis: We will regard macroscopic behavior of fluids as if the fluids are perfectly continuous in structure. In reality,
More informationGases and Kinetic-Molecular Theory: Chapter 12. Chapter Outline. Chapter Outline
Gases and Kinetic-Molecular heory: Chapter Chapter Outline Comparison of Solids, Liquids, and Gases Composition of the Atmosphere and Some Common Properties of Gases Pressure Boyle s Law: he Volume-Pressure
More informationWeight The weight of an object is defined as the gravitational force acting on the object. Unit: Newton (N)
Gravitational Field A gravitational field as a region in which an object experiences a force due to gravitational attraction Gravitational Field Strength The gravitational field strength at a point in
More informationExperiment 12E LIQUID-VAPOR EQUILIBRIUM OF WATER 1
Experiment 12E LIQUID-VAPOR EQUILIBRIUM OF WATER 1 FV 6/26/13 MATERIALS: PURPOSE: 1000 ml tall-form beaker, 10 ml graduated cylinder, -10 to 110 o C thermometer, thermometer clamp, plastic pipet, long
More informationExperiment 3 Pipe Friction
EML 316L Experiment 3 Pipe Friction Laboratory Manual Mechanical and Materials Engineering Department College of Engineering FLORIDA INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY Nomenclature Symbol Description Unit A cross-sectional
More information1 The basic equations of fluid dynamics
1 The basic equations of fluid dynamics The main task in fluid dynamics is to find the velocity field describing the flow in a given domain. To do this, one uses the basic equations of fluid flow, which
More informationFundamentals of Fluid Mechanics
Sixth Edition. Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics International Student Version BRUCE R. MUNSON DONALD F. YOUNG Department of Aerospace Engineering and Engineering Mechanics THEODORE H. OKIISHI Department
More informationDimensional analysis is a method for reducing the number and complexity of experimental variables that affect a given physical phenomena.
Dimensional Analysis and Similarity Dimensional analysis is very useful for planning, presentation, and interpretation of experimental data. As discussed previously, most practical fluid mechanics problems
More informationOUTCOME 3 TUTORIAL 5 DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS
Unit 41: Fluid Mechanics Unit code: T/601/1445 QCF Level: 4 Credit value: 15 OUTCOME 3 TUTORIAL 5 DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS 3 Be able to determine the behavioural characteristics and parameters of real fluid
More informationKINETIC THEORY OF MATTER - molecules in matter are always in motion - speed of molecules is proportional to the temperature
1 KINETIC TERY F MATTER - molecules in matter are always in motion - speed of molecules is proportional to the temperature TE STATES F MATTER 1. Gas a) ideal gas - molecules move freely - molecules have
More information13.1 The Nature of Gases. What is Kinetic Theory? Kinetic Theory and a Model for Gases. Chapter 13: States of Matter. Principles of Kinetic Theory
Chapter 13: States of Matter The Nature of Gases The Nature of Gases kinetic molecular theory (KMT), gas pressure (pascal, atmosphere, mm Hg), kinetic energy The Nature of Liquids vaporization, evaporation,
More information39th International Physics Olympiad - Hanoi - Vietnam - 2008. Theoretical Problem No. 3
CHANGE OF AIR TEMPERATURE WITH ALTITUDE, ATMOSPHERIC STABILITY AND AIR POLLUTION Vertical motion of air governs many atmospheric processes, such as the formation of clouds and precipitation and the dispersal
More informationFREESTUDY HEAT TRANSFER TUTORIAL 3 ADVANCED STUDIES
FREESTUDY HEAT TRANSFER TUTORIAL ADVANCED STUDIES This is the third tutorial in the series on heat transfer and covers some of the advanced theory of convection. The tutorials are designed to bring the
More information1. The Kinetic Theory of Matter states that all matter is composed of atoms and molecules that are in a constant state of constant random motion
Physical Science Period: Name: ANSWER KEY Date: Practice Test for Unit 3: Ch. 3, and some of 15 and 16: Kinetic Theory of Matter, States of matter, and and thermodynamics, and gas laws. 1. The Kinetic
More informationoil liquid water water liquid Answer, Key Homework 2 David McIntyre 1
Answer, Key Homework 2 David McIntyre 1 This print-out should have 14 questions, check that it is complete. Multiple-choice questions may continue on the next column or page: find all choices before making
More informationAn Introduction to Fluid Mechanics
0. Contents of the Course Notes For the First Year Lecture Course: An Introduction to Fluid Mechanics School of Civil Engineering, University of Leeds. CIVE1400 FLUID MECHANICS Dr Andrew Sleigh January
More information10.7 Kinetic Molecular Theory. 10.7 Kinetic Molecular Theory. Kinetic Molecular Theory. Kinetic Molecular Theory. Kinetic Molecular Theory
The first scheduled quiz will be given next Tuesday during Lecture. It will last 5 minutes. Bring pencil, calculator, and your book. The coverage will be pp 364-44, i.e. Sections 0.0 through.4. 0.7 Theory
More informationContents. Microfluidics - Jens Ducrée Physics: Navier-Stokes Equation 1
Contents 1. Introduction 2. Fluids 3. Physics of Microfluidic Systems 4. Microfabrication Technologies 5. Flow Control 6. Micropumps 7. Sensors 8. Ink-Jet Technology 9. Liquid Handling 10.Microarrays 11.Microreactors
More informationChapter 28 Fluid Dynamics
Chapter 28 Fluid Dynamics 28.1 Ideal Fluids... 1 28.2 Velocity Vector Field... 1 28.3 Mass Continuity Equation... 3 28.4 Bernoulli s Principle... 4 28.5 Worked Examples: Bernoulli s Equation... 7 Example
More informationNUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECTS OF WIND ON BUILDING STRUCTURES
Vol. XX 2012 No. 4 28 34 J. ŠIMIČEK O. HUBOVÁ NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECTS OF WIND ON BUILDING STRUCTURES Jozef ŠIMIČEK email: jozef.simicek@stuba.sk Research field: Statics and Dynamics Fluids mechanics
More information3 Work, Power and Energy
3 Work, Power and Energy At the end of this section you should be able to: a. describe potential energy as energy due to position and derive potential energy as mgh b. describe kinetic energy as energy
More informationLecture 5 Hemodynamics. Description of fluid flow. The equation of continuity
1 Lecture 5 Hemodynamics Description of fluid flow Hydrodynamics is the part of physics, which studies the motion of fluids. It is based on the laws of mechanics. Hemodynamics studies the motion of blood
More informationFLUID FLOW STREAMLINE LAMINAR FLOW TURBULENT FLOW REYNOLDS NUMBER
VISUAL PHYSICS School of Physics University of Sydney Australia FLUID FLOW STREAMLINE LAMINAR FLOW TURBULENT FLOW REYNOLDS NUMBER? What type of fluid flow is observed? The above pictures show how the effect
More informationProperties of Fluids
CHAPTER Properties of Fluids 1 1.1 INTRODUCTION A fluid can be defined as a substance which deforms or yields continuously when shear stress is applied to it, no matter how small it is. Fluids can be subdivided
More informationCHAPTER 2: LIQUID VISCOSITY MEASUREMENT
CHAPTER 2: LIQUID VISCOSITY MEASUREMENT Objective Calculate viscosity (dynamic or absolute, and kinematic) and determine how this property varies with changes in temperature for a constant-composition
More informationNotes on Polymer Rheology Outline
1 Why is rheology important? Examples of its importance Summary of important variables Description of the flow equations Flow regimes - laminar vs. turbulent - Reynolds number - definition of viscosity
More informationChem 112 Intermolecular Forces Chang From the book (10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20,84,92,94,102,104, 108, 112, 114, 118 and 134)
Chem 112 Intermolecular Forces Chang From the book (10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20,84,92,94,102,104, 108, 112, 114, 118 and 134) 1. Helium atoms do not combine to form He 2 molecules, What is the strongest attractive
More information7. 1.00 atm = 760 torr = 760 mm Hg = 101.325 kpa = 14.70 psi. = 0.446 atm. = 0.993 atm. = 107 kpa 760 torr 1 atm 760 mm Hg = 790.
CHATER 3. The atmosphere is a homogeneous mixture (a solution) of gases.. Solids and liquids have essentially fixed volumes and are not able to be compressed easily. have volumes that depend on their conditions,
More informationMEASUREMENT OF VISCOSITY OF LIQUIDS BY THE STOKE S METHOD
130 Experiment-366 F MEASUREMENT OF VISCOSITY OF LIQUIDS BY THE STOKE S METHOD Jeethendra Kumar P K, Ajeya PadmaJeeth and Santhosh K KamalJeeth Instrumentation & Service Unit, No-610, Tata Nagar, Bengaluru-560092.
More informationSoil Suction. Total Suction
Soil Suction Total Suction Total soil suction is defined in terms of the free energy or the relative vapor pressure (relative humidity) of the soil moisture. Ψ = v RT ln v w 0ω v u v 0 ( u ) u = partial
More informationVISUAL PHYSICS School of Physics University of Sydney Australia. Why do cars need different oils in hot and cold countries?
VISUAL PHYSICS School of Physics University of Sydney Australia FLUID FLOW VISCOSITY POISEUILLE'S LAW? Why do cars need different oils in hot and cold countries? Why does the engine runs more freely as
More informationVacuum Technology. Kinetic Theory of Gas. Dr. Philip D. Rack
Kinetic Theory of Gas Assistant Professor Department of Materials Science and Engineering University of Tennessee 603 Dougherty Engineering Building Knoxville, TN 3793-00 Phone: (865) 974-5344 Fax (865)
More informationLaminar and Turbulent flow. Flow Sensors. Reynolds Number. Thermal flow Sensor. Flow and Flow rate. R = Mass Flow controllers
Flow and Flow rate. Laminar and Turbulent flow Laminar flow: smooth, orderly and regular Mechanical sensors have inertia, which can integrate out small variations due to turbulence Turbulent flow: chaotic
More informationPhysics 1114: Unit 6 Homework: Answers
Physics 1114: Unit 6 Homework: Answers Problem set 1 1. A rod 4.2 m long and 0.50 cm 2 in cross-sectional area is stretched 0.20 cm under a tension of 12,000 N. a) The stress is the Force (1.2 10 4 N)
More informationLecture 3. Turbulent fluxes and TKE budgets (Garratt, Ch 2)
Lecture 3. Turbulent fluxes and TKE budgets (Garratt, Ch 2) In this lecture How does turbulence affect the ensemble-mean equations of fluid motion/transport? Force balance in a quasi-steady turbulent boundary
More informationPractice Test. 4) The planet Earth loses heat mainly by A) conduction. B) convection. C) radiation. D) all of these Answer: C
Practice Test 1) Increase the pressure in a container of oxygen gas while keeping the temperature constant and you increase the A) molecular speed. B) molecular kinetic energy. C) Choice A and choice B
More informationSwissmetro travels at high speeds through a tunnel at low pressure. It will therefore undergo friction that can be due to:
I. OBJECTIVE OF THE EXPERIMENT. Swissmetro travels at high speeds through a tunnel at low pressure. It will therefore undergo friction that can be due to: 1) Viscosity of gas (cf. "Viscosity of gas" experiment)
More informationTHE KINETIC THEORY OF GASES
Chapter 19: THE KINETIC THEORY OF GASES 1. Evidence that a gas consists mostly of empty space is the fact that: A. the density of a gas becomes much greater when it is liquefied B. gases exert pressure
More informationModule 1 : Conduction. Lecture 5 : 1D conduction example problems. 2D conduction
Module 1 : Conduction Lecture 5 : 1D conduction example problems. 2D conduction Objectives In this class: An example of optimization for insulation thickness is solved. The 1D conduction is considered
More informationwww.mathsbox.org.uk Displacement (x) Velocity (v) Acceleration (a) x = f(t) differentiate v = dx Acceleration Velocity (v) Displacement x
Mechanics 2 : Revision Notes 1. Kinematics and variable acceleration Displacement (x) Velocity (v) Acceleration (a) x = f(t) differentiate v = dx differentiate a = dv = d2 x dt dt dt 2 Acceleration Velocity
More informationDistinguished Professor George Washington University. Graw Hill
Mechanics of Fluids Fourth Edition Irving H. Shames Distinguished Professor George Washington University Graw Hill Boston Burr Ridge, IL Dubuque, IA Madison, Wl New York San Francisco St. Louis Bangkok
More informationColumn Design. Gavin Duffy School of Electrical Engineering Systems DIT, Kevin Street
Column Design Gavin Duffy School of Electrical Engineering Systems DIT, Kevin Street Learning Outcomes After this lecture you should be able to. Explain why the ratio of vapour and liquid velocities is
More informationCarbon Cable. Sergio Rubio Carles Paul Albert Monte
Carbon Cable Sergio Rubio Carles Paul Albert Monte Carbon, Copper and Manganine PhYsical PropERTieS CARBON PROPERTIES Carbon physical Properties Temperature Coefficient α -0,0005 ºC-1 Density D 2260 kg/m3
More informationPre-requisites 2012-2013
Pre-requisites 2012-2013 Engineering Computation The student should be familiar with basic tools in Mathematics and Physics as learned at the High School level and in the first year of Engineering Schools.
More informationPhysics 181- Summer 2011 - Experiment #8 1 Experiment #8, Measurement of Density and Archimedes' Principle
Physics 181- Summer 2011 - Experiment #8 1 Experiment #8, Measurement of Density and Archimedes' Principle 1 Purpose 1. To determine the density of a fluid, such as water, by measurement of its mass when
More informationLecture 3 Fluid Dynamics and Balance Equa6ons for Reac6ng Flows
Lecture 3 Fluid Dynamics and Balance Equa6ons for Reac6ng Flows 3.- 1 Basics: equations of continuum mechanics - balance equations for mass and momentum - balance equations for the energy and the chemical
More informationChapter 18 Temperature, Heat, and the First Law of Thermodynamics. Problems: 8, 11, 13, 17, 21, 27, 29, 37, 39, 41, 47, 51, 57
Chapter 18 Temperature, Heat, and the First Law of Thermodynamics Problems: 8, 11, 13, 17, 21, 27, 29, 37, 39, 41, 47, 51, 57 Thermodynamics study and application of thermal energy temperature quantity
More information= 1.038 atm. 760 mm Hg. = 0.989 atm. d. 767 torr = 767 mm Hg. = 1.01 atm
Chapter 13 Gases 1. Solids and liquids have essentially fixed volumes and are not able to be compressed easily. Gases have volumes that depend on their conditions, and can be compressed or expanded by
More information= 800 kg/m 3 (note that old units cancel out) 4.184 J 1000 g = 4184 J/kg o C
Units and Dimensions Basic properties such as length, mass, time and temperature that can be measured are called dimensions. Any quantity that can be measured has a value and a unit associated with it.
More informationHow To Understand Fluid Mechanics
Module : Review of Fluid Mechanics Basic Principles for Water Resources Engineering Robert Pitt University of Alabama and Shirley Clark Penn State - Harrisburg Mass quantity of matter that a substance
More informationHEAT UNIT 1.1 KINETIC THEORY OF GASES. 1.1.1 Introduction. 1.1.2 Postulates of Kinetic Theory of Gases
UNIT HEAT. KINETIC THEORY OF GASES.. Introduction Molecules have a diameter of the order of Å and the distance between them in a gas is 0 Å while the interaction distance in solids is very small. R. Clausius
More informationFluid Mechanic & Fluid Machine
Fluid Mechanic & Fluid Machine Contents Chapter Topic Page Chapter-1 Chapter-2 Chapter-3 s s s Problems Pressure and Its Measurements s s s Hydrostatic Forces on Surfaces s s s No 7 8 15 15 20 22 22 24
More informationA. Kinetic Molecular Theory (KMT) = the idea that particles of matter are always in motion and that this motion has consequences.
I. MOLECULES IN MOTION: A. Kinetic Molecular Theory (KMT) = the idea that particles of matter are always in motion and that this motion has consequences. 1) theory developed in the late 19 th century to
More informationTEACHER BACKGROUND INFORMATION THERMAL ENERGY
TEACHER BACKGROUND INFORMATION THERMAL ENERGY In general, when an object performs work on another object, it does not transfer all of its energy to that object. Some of the energy is lost as heat due to
More information( ) where W is work, f(x) is force as a function of distance, and x is distance.
Work by Integration 1. Finding the work required to stretch a spring 2. Finding the work required to wind a wire around a drum 3. Finding the work required to pump liquid from a tank 4. Finding the work
More informationWEEK 1. Engineering Calculations Processes Process Variables
WEEK 1 Engineering Calculations Processes Process Variables 2.1 Units and Dimensions Units and dimensions are important in science and engineering A measured quantity has a numerical value and a unit (ex:
More informationChapter 13 - LIQUIDS AND SOLIDS
Chapter 13 - LIQUIDS AND SOLIDS Problems to try at end of chapter: Answers in Appendix I: 1,3,5,7b,9b,15,17,23,25,29,31,33,45,49,51,53,61 13.1 Properties of Liquids 1. Liquids take the shape of their container,
More informationCHEM 120 Online Chapter 7
CHEM 120 Online Chapter 7 Date: 1. Which of the following statements is not a part of kinetic molecular theory? A) Matter is composed of particles that are in constant motion. B) Particle velocity increases
More informationPHYSICS FUNDAMENTALS-Viscosity and flow
PHYSICS FUNDAMENTALS-Viscosity and flow The origin of viscosity When a force is applied to a solid, it will yield slightly, and then resist further movement. However, when we apply force to a fluid, it
More information