FLOODS IN MALAYSIA. Floods in Malaysia. by Keizrul bin Abdullah Director General Department of Irrigation and Drainage Malaysia 21 January 2004
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1 FLOODS IN MALAYSIA Floods in Malaysia by Keizrul bin Abdullah Director General Department of Irrigation and Drainage Malaysia 21 uary
2 WATER HAZARD
3 Water Hazard Too Much Too Little
4
5
6 Water Hazard Too Little
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8 Water Crisis
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10 Water Hazard Too Much Too Little
11 Water Hazard Too Much
12 CONTENTS Floods in Malaysia The flooding problem in Malaysia Causes of flooding Strategies to overcome the problem Curative measures Preventive measures
13 JAPAN MALAYSIA
14 MALAYSIA Equator Located in Humid Tropics Annual Rainfall of 3,000 mm
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22 Typhoon Greg, Sabah
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24 Flood Impacts Floods in Malaysia Flooded area - 29,720 km² 9 % of the total land area of Malaysia
25 Flood Prone Areas in Peninsular Malaysia Floods in Malaysia Kangar PULAU LANGKAWI Alor Setar S.Muda George Town PULAU PINANG PERLIS KEDAH S.Perak S.Bernam THAILAND KELANTAN PERAK S.Kelantan Kota Bharu Ipoh S.Cukai PAHANG SELANGOR S.Terengganu Kuala Terengganu TERENGGANU S.Dungun Kuantan S.Kuantan S.Pahang Shah Alam S.Klang Kuala Lumpur Seremban S.Linggi NEGERI SEMBILAN MELAKA S.Melaka Melaka S.Muar S.Batu Pahat S.Benut S.Rompin JOHOR S.Endau Johor Bahru S.Johor SINGAPORE
26 Flood FLOOD Prone PRONE Areas AREA (EAST in Sabah MALAYSIA) & Sarawak Floods in Malaysia S.Baram LAB UAN Kot a Kinabalu SABAH S.Kina batangan SARAWAK S.Rejang S.Sa rawak Kucing S.Sa dong
27 Flood Impacts Floods in Malaysia Flooded Area - 29,720 km² 9 % of the total land area of Malaysia 4.9 million (20 %) people affected
28 Flood Impacts Floods in Malaysia Flooded Area - 29,720 km² 9 % of the total land area of Malaysia 4.9 million (20 %) people affected Average annual flood damage for country is estimated at RM 1 billion (US$ 263 million)
29 Causes of Flooding Floods in Malaysia Natural Phenomenon Human Activities
30 Causes of Flooding Floods in Malaysia Natural Phenomenon
31 Kuala Lumpur in 1926
32 Selangor Club Padang, Kuala Lumpur in 1949
33 Muda River 1949
34 Kuala Lumpur 1971
35 Causes of Flooding Floods in Malaysia Natural Phenomenon - Heavy Rainfall
36 26 April 2001 Floods in Malaysia Location of Rainfall Station JPS Ampang Rainfall Duration 1 hour Rainfall Intensity 103mm Return Period 50 years
37 Pahang - December 2001 Floods in Malaysia Location of Rainfall Station Ulu Tekai Kuantan Rainfall Duration 1 day 2 days Rainfall Intensity 321 mm 528 mm Return Period 100 years 50 years
38 Rainfall at JPS station (KOMTUR, Kuantan) Floods in Malaysia mm 308 mm 220 mm December 2001
39 Isohyet 3-5 October 2003
40 SUMMARY OF RAINFALL AND RETURN PERIOD (mm) October 2003 No Rainfall Station District 2/10 3/10 4/10 5/10 Total (2 5 Okt) 3 Days Rainfall (Maximum) Return Period 3 Days (Maximum) Ladang Victoria Pinang Tunggal Bumbong Lima Ara Kuda Simpang Ampat Pulai Kuala Pegang Jam. Syed Omar Kedah Peak Sg. Petani Pendang Alor Setar Sik Jeniang Klinik Kulim Seberang Perai Utara Seberang Perai Utara Seberang Perai Utara Sebarang Perai Tengah Seberang Perai Tengah Baling Baling Kuala Muda Kuala Muda Kuala Muda Kota Setar Kota Setar Sik Sik Kulim >100 > >100 >100 normal 50 >100 >100 >100 normal normal >100 >100 >100 Arithmetic Average Catchment Rainfall
41 Flood Occurrences by Heavy Rainfall Floods in Malaysia Date Location Rainfall Intensity Monthly average Rainfall 26/04/01 JPS Ampang 103 mm/1 hr 288 mm 17/09/95 Butterworth 350 mm/day 338 mm 04/09/99 Bayan Lepas 288 mm/day 339 mm 22/12/95 Petaling Jaya 169 mm/day 263 mm
42 Causes of Flooding Floods in Malaysia Natural Phenomenon - Rainfall - High Tides
43 Port Kelang October 1999
44 Causes of Flooding Floods in Malaysia Natural Phenomenon Human Activities
45 Causes of Flooding Floods in Malaysia Human Activities - Change in Land Use! Tekam River Experimental Basin Study ( )! Studied effects of landuse changes on hydrological regimes, soil fertility and water quality! Jungle Land clearing Plantation
46 Some Results of Tekam River Study Floods in Malaysia Streamflow Transition Crop establishment Water yield % declined but but > pre-clearance stage Peak flow flow % --ditto -- Time to to peak % by by 2 hrs hrs River sediment sediment load load declined to to 4 times greater pre-clearance level
47 Causes of Flooding Floods in Malaysia Human Activities - Change in Land Use - Rapid and Uncontrolled Development
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49 Uncontrolled Land Clearing
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52 Causes of Flooding Floods in Malaysia Human Activities - Change in land use - Uncontrolled Development - Effect of Urbanisation
53 Major Floods in Kuala Lumpur Floods in Malaysia 1926, , 1986, , 1995, 1996, April April & 29 Oktober Jun Jun 2003
54 Agricultural Area Urbanised
55 Effect of Urbanisation Floods in Malaysia Increase In Development Area 0-40 % Runoff Quantity Q Increase 190 % Velocity V Increase 2x Tc 50 % decrease
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57 Flow Flow Characteristics Rural and Urbanised Catchment Floods in Malaysia Urbanised Developed Rural Undeveloped Time
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59 TEPU BINA 1988
60 TEPU BINA 1998
61 Increasing Trend of Annual Flood Discharge at Sulaiman Bridge Floods in Malaysia CUMULATIVE MASS OF ANNUAL MAXIMUM DISCHARGE (m3/s) 16, , , ,0 00 8,000 6,000 4,000 2, KLANG RIVER AT S ULAIMAN BRIDGE TEST FOR STATIONARITY OF SERIES OF ANNUAL MAXIMUM DISCHARGES Annual flood flows of Klang River at Sulaiman Bridge has increased from 148 to 440 cumecs (3X) Mean annual flood = 1 48 m3/s Mean annual flood = 440 m3/s NOV YEA R
62 Causes of Flooding Floods in Malaysia Human Activities - Change in Land Use - Uncontrolled Development - Effect of Urbanisation - Inadequate Drainage Facilities
63 Inadequate Drainage Infrastructure
64 Causes of Flooding Floods in Malaysia Human Activities - Change in Land Use - Uncontrolled Development - Effect of Urbanisation - Inadequate Drainage Facilities - Obstructions in Rivers
65 LRT LRT Columns in River Berm
66 Construction of Piers in the river causing obstruction to the flow
67 Construction works constricting river channel
68 Water level of river on 29 Oct 2001 Low soffit of Bridge causing obstruction to flow
69 Causes of Flooding Floods in Malaysia Human Activities - Change in Land Use - Uncontrolled Development - Effect of Urbanisation - Inadequate Drainage Facilities - Obstructions in Rivers - Solid Waste and Debris
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71 Solid wastes being removed from river
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74 Causes of Flooding Floods in Malaysia Human Activities - Uncontrolled development - Effect of Urbanisation - Inadequate Drainage Infrastructure - Obstructions in the river - Solid Waste and garbage - Development in Flood Plains
75 Flood Plain
76 Pump House River Bund Flood Plain developed into housing area (Taman Sri Muda)
77 STRATEGIES TO OVERCOME FLOODS
78 Jabatan Pengairan dan Saliran FLOOD CONTROL STRATEGY Floods in Malaysia Curative Measures
79 Jabatan Pengairan dan Saliran FLOOD CONTROL STRATEGY Floods in Malaysia Curative Measures Preventive Measures
80 FLOOD CONTROL STRATEGIES CURATIVE MEASURES Floods in Malaysia Widening and deepening of the river
81 River condition during floods Floods in Malaysia Widening and deepening of river
82 River Widening and Deepening
83 FLOOD CONTROL STRATEGIES CURATIVE MEASURES Floods in Malaysia Deepening and Widening of the River Construction of Levees and Bunds
84 River condition during floods Floods in Malaysia Widening and deepening of river Construction of river levees/bunds
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86 Batu River Improvement Works
87 Klang River Improvement Works in City Centre
88 FLOOD CONTROL STRATEGIES CURATIVE MEASURES Floods in Malaysia Deepening and Widening of the river Construction of levees and bunds Construction of Flood Storage dams
89 Batu Dam
90 Dam height increased by 3 m to provide additional storage Floods in Malaysia Klang Gates Dam
91 FLOOD CONTROL STRATEGIES CURATIVE MEASURES Floods in Malaysia Widening and Deepening of the river Construction of Levee and Bund Construction of Flood Storage dam Flood Attenuation Ponds
92 Levee Depression Flooding of low lying are a adjace nt to river prevented by levee. However exchange of water between river and depression occurs via spilling over the levee bank. No flow takes place parallel to the river. Water surface is not horizontal across the river and depression
93 Batu River Flood Attenuation Pond
94 Proposal for the Implementation of Stormwater Management Measures to Reduce Flooding in Kuala Lumpur Floods in Malaysia FLOW ( m 3 /s ) Storage required ARI 5 YEARS ARI 10 YEARS ARI 50 YEARS ARI 100 YEARS ARI 50 YEARS WITH SOURCE CONTROL TIME ( hours )
95 FLOOD CONTROL STRATEGIES CURATIVE MEASURES Floods in Malaysia Widening and Deepening of the river Construction of Levees and Bunds Construction of Flood Storage dams Construction of Flood Attenuation ponds Construction of by-pass and flood-way
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97 JABATANPENGAIRANDANSALIRANNEGERI, Projek RTB Pulau Pinang PULAUPINANG Sg Air Terjun Flood Bypass Floods in Malaysia Pinang River Petunjuk KawasanBanjir Sungai Jalan
98 Sg. Air Terjun Flood Bypass Tunnel
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103 Sg. Klang Sg. Gombak Floods in Malaysia Sg. Ampang PROPOSED FLOOD BYPASS Result reduced flood discharge through city and reduced flooding City Center Flood Bypass Sg. Batu Sg. Keroh
104 Flood Bypass untuk mengatasi Masalah Banjir Floods in Malaysia
105 Flood Bypass Profile
106 Dual Function Flood Bypass Tunnel Floods in Malaysia
107 FLOOD CONTROL STRATEGIES CURATIVE MEASURES Floods in Malaysia Widening and Deepening of the River Construction of Levees and Bunds Construction of Flood Storage Dams Flood Attenuation Ponds Construction of By-pass and Flood-Way Poldering and Pumping
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111 FLOOD CONTROL STRATEGIES CURATIVE MEASURES Floods in Malaysia Program Implementation
112 Expenditure for Flood Mitigation Projects 1000 Floods in Malaysia RM (Miliion) RM2 RM3 RM4 RM5 RM6 RM7 Malaysia Plan
113 Allocation For Flood Mitigation Projects Floods in Malaysia Million Allocation Requested RM-8 Allocation Approved 0 MP-2 MP-3 MP-4 MP-5 MP-6 MP-7 MP-8
114 Jabatan Pengairan dan Saliran FLOOD CONTROL STRATEGY Floods in Malaysia Curative Measures Preventive Measures
115 FLOOD CONTROL STRATEGIES PREVENTIVE MEASURES Floods in Malaysia Funds for curative measures becoming more limited More comprehensive and sustainable approach Address flood problem at source Aimed at better planning/coordination/ institutional and legislative control Community and stakeholder involvement crucial
116 FLOOD CONTROL STRATEGIES PREVENTIVE MEASURES Floods in Malaysia Current focus on : Control at Source (Urban Stormwater Management Manual) Integrated River Basin Management (IRBM)
117 URBAN STORMWATER MANAGEMENT MANUAL (SWMM)
118 OLD METHOD Floods in Malaysia " Rapid Disposal of stormwater
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122 NEW OLD METHOD Floods in Malaysia " Rapid disposal " Control at Source, attenuated flow
123 SWMM Floods in Malaysia Reduce run-off through Storage Increasing Infiltration Decreasing Velocities
124 Storage SWMM
125 Storage Detention Pond SWMM
126 SWMM Floods in Malaysia Storage Detention Pond Rainfall harvesting
127 SWMM Floods in Malaysia Storage Detention Pond Rainfall Harvesting Modular tanks underground
128 SWMM Floods in Malaysia Storage Increase Infiltration
129 SWMM Floods in Malaysia Increase Infiltration Infiltration/gravel Drains Infiltration Trench
130 SWMM Floods in Malaysia Increase Infiltration Infiltration/gravel Drains Previous pavement
131 SWMM Floods in Malaysia Storage Increase the Infiltration rate Reduce the Flow Velocity
132 MASMA Floods in Malaysia Storage Increase the Infiltration rate Reduce the Flow Velocity (swale)
133 Swale
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135 URBAN STORMWATER MANAGEMENT MANUAL Floods in Malaysia # Explains Control at Source Method # Provides Guidelines # Gives Examples of World-wide Best Practices
136 FLOOD CONTROL STRATEGIES PREVENTIVE MEASURES Floods in Malaysia Current focus on : Urban stormwater management manual (SWMM) Integrated River Basin Management (IRBM)
137 INTEGRATED RIVER BASIN MANAGEMENT (IRBM)
138 Integrated River Basin Management (IRBM) Floods in Malaysia Coordinated management of the resources existing in natural environment, comprising air, water, land, flora and fauna, based on river basin as a geographic unit, with the objective of balancing the needs of man to utilize the resources for the improvement of his living conditions with the necessity of conserving the resources to ensure their sustainable use
139 Water needs for people, industry, food production and nature Water available Stress to environment Managing the River Basin in a Holistic and Integrated manner
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141 Integrated River Basin Management (IRBM) Floods in Malaysia Government Policy in OPP3 ( ) and 8 th Malaysia Plan ( ) Need for appropriate management model Need for good information system (RBIS) Need for stakeholder participation Implemented through River Basin Master Plans Managed through River Basin Authorities/ Institution
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143 ISSUES
144 Risk Management Floods in Malaysia What is appropriate level of protection? Return Period used ranging from 1 in 5 yrs for rural to 1 in 100 yrs for cities
145 Risk Management Issues Floods in Malaysia What is appropriate level of protection? Sharing the risk deliberate failure section Flood Spill?? Flood Spill??
146 Risk Management Issues Floods in Malaysia What is appropriate level of protection? Sharing the risk deliberate failure section Sharing the burden upstream vs downstream Dams vs River Improvement
147 Risk Management Issues Floods in Malaysia What is appropriate level of protection? Sharing the risk deliberate failure section Sharing the burden upstream vs downstream Flood Insurance - Industry not well developed, floods considered as Act of God
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149 Risk Management Issues Floods in Malaysia What is appropriate level of protection? Sharing the risk deliberate failure section Sharing the burden upstream vs downstream Flood Insurance - floods act of God Flood Risk mapping - advised against publishing
150 Other Issues Floods in Malaysia More environment friendly options - use of wetlands
151 Putrajaya Floods in Malaysia Use of Lake as Detention Basin and Wetlands for Water Quality Improvement
152 Other Issues Floods in Malaysia More environment friendly options - use of wetlands Need for better Governance, Transparency, Stakeholders participation
153 Other Issues Floods in Malaysia More environment friendly options - use of wetlands Need for better Governance, Transparency, Stakeholders participation Financing issues - Private Funding Initiatives, BOT, Cost sharing, Cost recovery
154 Other Issues Floods in Malaysia More environment friendly options - use of wetlands Need for better Governance, Transparency, Stakeholders participation Financing issues - Private Funding Initiatives, BOT, Cost sharing, Cost recovery Social issues - Resettlement, Compensation
155 CONCLUSION
156 CONCLUSION Floods in Malaysia Malaysia rich in water resources Most significant natural hazard is water related floods Rapid development and widespread urbanisation main cause of urban flooding Both curative and preventive measures needed Ultimate aim to manage floods to an acceptable level, and in a sustainable manner UNESCO-CHARM needed
157 Thank You Terima Kasih Domo Arigato
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