CHAPTER 1. Fundamental Mathematics

Transcription

1 Volume 9 Performance (JAR Ref 032) Table of Contents CHAPTER 1 Fundamental Mathematics Introduction Equations The Principle of an Equation Transposing Equations Adding and Subtracting Multiplying and Dividing Combining Multiplying, Dividing, Adding, and Subtracting Changing Variables on Different Sides of an Equation Changing Variables on the Same Side of an Equation Proportional and Inversely Proportional Proportional Inversely Proportional Square and Square Root Indices Greater Than and Less Than Percentages Squaring Small Percentages Changes Trigonometry Names of the Sides of A Right Angled Triangle The Equations of Trigonometry Trigonometry and Your Calculator Trigonometry in Performance CHAPTER 2 Fundamental Principles of Flight Introduction Pressure Static Pressure Dynamic Pressure Total Pressure Aeroplane Speeds Indicated Airspeed (IAS) Calibrated Airspeed (CAS) Equivalent Airspeed (EAS) True Airspeed (TAS) Mach Number (M) The Forces Acting On an Aeroplane Weigh Lift Drag Parasite Drag Induced Drag Total Drag The Effect of Aeroplane Weight on Drag The Effect of Flaps and Undercarriage on Drag The Back of the Drag Curve and Speed Stability The Relationship Between Forces in Different Phases of Flight Steady, Straight-and-Level Flight Steady Climbing Flight Forces Parallel to the Flight Path Forces Perpendicular to the Flight Path Steady Descending Flight The Glide Performance Jeppesen Sanderson, Inc., All Rights Reserved i

2 Table of Contents Volume 9 Performance (JAR Ref 032) CHAPTER 3 Thrust and Power Introduction Variation of Jet Thrust With Speed Intake Momentum Drag Ram Effect High and Low Bypass Ratio Engines Variation of Thrust with Altitude Variation of Thrust with Temperature Flat Rated Engines Power Power Available for a Jet Power Available for a Propeller Driven Aeroplane Power Required CHAPTER 4 Regulations and Aerodromes Introduction Determination of Aeroplane Performance Measured Performance Gross Performance Net Performance Comparing Gross and Net Performance Aeroplane Performance Classes Class A Aeroplanes Class B Aeroplanes Class C Aeroplanes Performance Legislation Aerodromes Take-Off Run Available (TORA) Clearway Take-Off Distance Available (TODA) Stopway Acceleration Stop Distance Available (ASDA) Balanced Field Pavement and Aircraft Classification Numbers ACN/PCN and Overload Operations CHAPTER 5 Take-Off Introduction The Take-Off Forces Acting on the Aeroplane during the Take-Off Run Acceleration During Take-Off The Effect of Acceleration on Take-Off Speed and Distance Factors Affecting Take-Off Distance Required Aeroplane Mass Aerodrome Pressure Altitude Temperature Wind Runway Slope Runway Surface Aeroplane Flap Setting Determining the Maximum Take-Off Mass and Corresponding Flap Setting ii Jeppesen Sanderson, Inc., All Rights Reserved Performance

3 Volume 9 Performance (JAR Ref 032) Table of Contents CHAPTER 6 Climbing Introduction Angle of Climb V X Best Angle of Climb V X for a Turbojet Aeroplane V X for a Propeller Aeroplane V X and Angle Of Attack Factors Affecting Angle of Climb and V X Aeroplane Weight Aeroplane Configuration Altitude Accelerating or Turning Rate of Climb V Y Best Rate of Climb V Y for a Turbojet Aeroplane V Y for a Propeller Aeroplane V Y and Angle of Attack Absolute Ceiling Service Ceiling Factors Affecting Rate of Climb and V Y Aeroplane Weight Aeroplane Configuration Altitude Accelerating or Turning Climbing Summary CHAPTER 7 Descending and Gliding Introduction Descent Forces in the Descent Speed for Maximum Rate of Descent Speed for Maximum Angle of Descent Speed for Minimum Rate of Descent Speed for Maximum Rate of Descent Gliding Forces in the Glide Factors Affecting the Glide Angle Aeroplane Weight Flaps and Undercarriage Wind Performance Jeppesen Sanderson, Inc., All Rights Reserved iii

4 Table of Contents Volume 9 Performance (JAR Ref 032) CHAPTER 8 The Cruise Introduction The Forces in Level Flight Effect of CG Position on Drag Maximum Straight-and-Level Flight Speed The Effect of Altitude on Maximum Straight-and-Level Speed Maximum Straight-and-Level Speed in Terms of Power Range Specific Range Fuel Flow Specific Fuel Consumption Specific Range for a Turbojet Aeroplane Speed for Maximum Range in a Turbojet Optimum Altitude for Maximum Range in a Turbojet Specific Range for a Propeller Driven Aeroplane Speed for Maximum Range in a Propeller Driven Aeroplane Factors Effecting Range Aeroplane Mass Reduced Mass and Optimum Altitude Wind Wind and Turbojet SGR Wind and Propeller Aeroplane SGR Long Range Cruise Range and the FMS Payload Range Diagram Endurance for a Turbojet Speed for Maximum Endurance in a Turbojet Optimum Altitude for Endurance Endurance for a Propeller Driven Aeroplane Speed for Maximum Endurance Optimum Altitude for Range and Endurance in a Propeller Driven Aeroplane Factors Affecting Endurance Aeroplane Mass Wind CHAPTER 9 Landing Introduction Speed and Landing Distance Required Forces during the Ground Run Brake Drag Reverse Thrust Aerodynamic Drag Factors Affecting the Landing Distance Aeroplane Mass Air Density Wind Runway Surface Slope Safety Factors for Public Transport iv Jeppesen Sanderson, Inc., All Rights Reserved Performance

5 Volume 9 Performance (JAR Ref 032) Table of Contents CHAPTER 10 Class A Take-Off Introduction Class A Take-Off ASDA AND V Stop TODA AND V Go Decision Speed V The Go or Stop Decision The Field Length Limited Take-Off Mass Range of V Restriction of V V1 AND VR V1 AND VMBE V1 AND VMCG Safe Preference for V V Speeds during Take-Off VR Restrictions (JAR ) Minimum Control Speed VMC Minimum Unstick Speed VMU VR and Air Density V2 Restrictions (JAR ) V2Min V2Min and Air Density Effect of Flap and Aeroplane Weight on VR and V2Min Aerodrome Distances Take-Off Distance (JAR ) Take-Off Run (JAR ) Accelerate-Stop Distance (JAR ) Field Length Limited Take off Mass (FLTOM) Balanced Field Determining the Field Length Limiting Take-off Mass Rules for Using Graphs Climb Limiting Take-Off Mass Tyre Speed Limited Mass Determining the Performance Limited Take-Off Mass (PLTOM) Determining the Actual Take-Off Mass Determining the Take-Off V Speeds for the MRJT Adjustment of V 1 Due to Runway Slope and/or Wind Checking V 1 for V MCG Minimum V 1 (MCG) V MBE and Take-Off Mass Finding Take-Off %N CHAPTER 11 Additional Take-Off Techniques Introduction Increased V 2 Procedure Increased V 2 Procedure Example Reduced Thrust Take-Off Method to Determine the Assumed Temperature Contaminated Runways Hydroplaning Dynamic Hydroplaning Viscous Hydroplaning Reverted Rubber Hydroplaning Anti Skid Inoperative Performance Jeppesen Sanderson, Inc., All Rights Reserved v

6 Table of Contents Volume 9 Performance (JAR Ref 032) CHAPTER 12 The Initial Take-Off Climb Introduction Noise Abatement Noise Abatement Departure Procedure 1 (NADP 1) Noise Abatement Departure Procedure 2 (NADP 2) The Net Take-Off Flight Path Gradient Requirements Obstacle Clearance and the Domain Domain Dimensions Turns in the NTOFP Maximum Domain Width Determining the Obstacle Limiting Mass CHAPTER 13 Enroute Climb Schedules Cruise Cruise Altitude The Buffet Onset Boundary Chart ( BOB CHART) Cruise Speed Engine Failure in the Cruise Enroute Gradient Margin Enroute (One Engine Inoperative) JAR-OPS Enroute (Aeroplanes with Three Or More Engines, Two Engines Inoperative) JAR-OPS Extended Range Twin Operations (ETOPS) CAP 698 and Enroute Engine Failure Determining Optimum Driftdown Speed Determining the Aeoplane Mass for Required Net Level-Off Altitude Determining the Net Flight Path Drift-Down Profile CHAPTER 14 Landing Landing Requirements at Destination and Alternate Aerodromes The Climb Limited Mass Landing Climb Discontinued Approach Climb (Baulked Climb) Discontinued Instrument Approach Climb Determining the Climb Limited Mass Landing Distance Requirements (JAR-OPS 1.515) Runway Selection Non Compliance Wet Runway Determining the Field Length Limited Landing Mass vi Jeppesen Sanderson, Inc., All Rights Reserved Performance

7 Volume 9 Performance (JAR Ref 032) Table of Contents CHAPTER 15 JAR Performance Class B Aeroplanes Performance Class B General (JAR OPS 1.525) Take Off Climb All Engines Operating One Engine Inoperative Landing Climb All Engines Operating One Engine Inoperative Take-Off (JAR OPS 1.530) Gross To Net Safety Factors Aerodrome Air Density Runway Surface Runway Slope Wind Contaminated Runways Take-Off Clearance Take-Off Obstacle Clearance Multi-Engine Aeroplanes (JAR OPS 1.535) Take-Off Flight Path Visual Course Guidance Navigation Safe Operation in Conditions of Limited Visibility Obstacle Area or Domain Enroute Multi-Engine Aeroplanes (JAR-OPS 1.540) Single-Engine Aeroplanes (JAR-OPS 1.542) Landing Destination and Alternative Aerodromes (JAR-OPS 1.545) Gross To Net Safety Factor (JAR-OPS 1.550) Runway Slope Surface Wet and Contaminated Runways CHAPTER 16 Single Engine Piston (SEP1) Introduction Take-Off Distance Required Field Length Take-Off Mass Climb Limited Mass Calculating Obstacle Clearance Landing Field Length Required CHAPTER 17 Multi-Engine Piston (MEP1) Introduction Take-Off Distance Required Determining the TODR and ASDR Climb Limited Mass The Net Take-Off Flight Path and Obstacle Clearance Landing Field Length Required Performance Jeppesen Sanderson, Inc., All Rights Reserved vii

8 Table of Contents Volume 9 Performance (JAR Ref 032) CHAPTER 18 JAR Performance Class C Regulations Introduction General (JAR OPS 1.560) Take-Off (JAR-OPS 1.565) Take-Off Obstacle Clearance (JAR OPS 1.570) Enroute One Engine Inoperative (JAR-OPS 1.580) Two Engines Inoperative (JAR-OPS 1.585) Landing (JAR-OPS 1.590) Destination and Alternative Aerodromes Landing Distances Landing Distance Correction Factors Landing Runway Wet and Contaminated Runways (JAR-OPS 1.600) viii Jeppesen Sanderson, Inc., All Rights Reserved Performance