Reported speech: On the other hand, if the reporting verb is in the past tense, then usually we change the tenses in the reported speech:

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1 Reported Speech Reported Statements When do we use reported speech? Sometimes someone says a sentence, for example "I'm going to the cinema tonight". Later, maybe we want to tell someone else what the first person said. Here's how it works: We use a reporting verb like 'say' or 'tell'. If this verb is in the present tense, it's easy. We just put 'she says' and then the sentence: I like ice cream. She says she likes ice cream. We don't need to change the tense, though probably we do need to change the person' from 'I' to 'she', for example. We also may need to change words like 'my' and 'your'. On the other hand, if the reporting verb is in the past tense, then usually we change the tenses in the reported speech: I like ice cream. She said she liked ice cream. Tense Direct Speech Reported Speech present simple I like ice cream She said (that) she liked ice cream. present I am living in She said she was living in London. continuous London past simple I bought a car She said she had bought a car OR She said she bought a car. 1

2 past continuous I was walking along the street She said she had been walking along the street. present I haven't seen Julie She said she hadn't seen Julie. perfect past perfect* I had taken English lessons before She said she had taken English lessons before. will I'll see you later She said she would see me later. would* I would help, but.. She said she would help but... can I can speak perfect She said she could speak perfect English. English could* I could swim when I She said she could swim when she was four. was four shall I shall come later She said she would come later. should* I should call my She said she should call her mother mother might* "I might be late" She said she might be late must "I must study at the weekend" She said she must study at the weekend OR She said she had to study at the weekend * doesn't change. Occasionally, we don't need to change the present tense into the past if the information in direct speech is still true (but this is only for things which are general facts, and even then usually we like to change the tense): The sky is blue. She said that the sky is/was blue. Reported Questions So now you have no problem with making reported speech from positive and negative sentences. But how about questions? Where do you live? 2

3 How can we make the reported speech here? In fact, it's not so different from reported statements. The tense changes are the same, and we keep the question word. The very important thing though is that, once we tell the question to someone else, it isn't a question any more. So we need to change the grammar to a normal positive sentence.: She asked me where I lived. Do you see how I made it? The direct question is in the present simple tense. We make a present simple question with 'do' or 'does' so I need to take that away. Then I need to change the verb to the past simple. Another example: Where is Julie? She asked me where Julie was. The direct question is the present simple of 'be'. We make the question form of the present simple of be by inverting (changing the position of)the subject and verb. So, we need to change them back before putting the verb into the past simple. Here are some more examples: Direct Question Where is the Post Office, please? What are you doing? Who was that fantastic man? Reported Question She asked me where the Post Office was. She asked me what I was doing. She asked me who that fantastic man had been. So much for 'wh' questions. But, what if you need to report a 'yes / no' question? We don't have any question words to help us. Instead, we use 'if': Do you like chocolate? She asked me if I liked chocolate. No problem? Here are a few more examples: 3

4 Direct Question Do you love me? Have you ever been to Mexico? Are you living here? Reported Question He asked me if I loved him. She asked me if I had ever been to Mexico. She asked me if I was living here. Reported Requests There's more! What if someone asks you to do something (in a polite way)? For example: Or: Or: Close the window, please. Could you close the window please? Would you mind closing the window please? All of these requests mean the same thing, so we don't need to report every word when we tell another person about it. We simply use 'ask me + to + infinitive': She asked me to close the window. Here are a few more examples: Direct Request Please help me. Please don't smoke. Could you bring my book tonight? Could you pass the milk, please? Would you mind coming early tomorrow? Reported Request She asked me to help her. She asked me not to smoke. She asked me to bring her book that night. She asked me to pass the milk. She asked me to come early the next day. To report a negative request, use 'not': Please don't be late. She asked us not to be late. 4

5 Reported Orders And finally, how about if someone doesn't ask so politely? We can call this an 'order' in English, when someone tells you very directly to do something. For example: Sit down! In fact, we make this into reported speech in the same way as a request. We just use 'tell' instead of 'ask': She told me to sit down. Direct Order Reported Order Go to bed! He told the child to go to bed. Don't worry! He told her not to worry. Be on time! He told me to be on time. Don't smoke! He told us not to smoke. Time Expressions with Reported Speech Sometimes when we change direct speech into reported speech we have to change time expressions too. We don't always have to do this, however. It depends on when we heard the direct speech and when we say the reported speech. For example: It's Monday. Julie says "I'm leaving today". If I tell someone on Monday, I say "Julie said she was leaving today". If I tell someone on Tuesday, I say "Julie said she was leaving yesterday". If I tell someone on Wednesday, I say "Julie said she was leaving on Monday". If I tell someone a month later, I say "Julie said she was leaving that day". So, there's no easy conversion. You really have to think about when the direct speech was said. 5

6 Here's a table of some possible conversions: now then / at that time today yesterday / that day / Tuesday / the 27th of June yesterday the day before yesterday / the day before / Wednesday / the 5th of December last night the night before, Thursday night last week the week before / the previous week tomorrow today / the next day / the following day / Friday 6