TCP over Wireless Networks. CS 653, Fall 2010
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1 TCP over Wireless Networks CS 653, Fall 2010
2 Outline! TCP over Wireless: Problems! TCP over Wireless: Solutions! Link-layer based! Split TCP! TCP-aware link layer! Explicit notification! Network-assisted congestion control! Summary! Hop: a Reliable Hop-by-hop Block Transfer Protocol
3 TCP over Wireless: Problems! Disambiguating wireless bit-errors from congestion! Frequent window reduction due to errors! Frequent timeout due to burst losses! High variability! Contention + channel errors high loss! Contention + link-layer retransmission high RTT variance! Need end-to-end connection all the time! Wireless links have intermittent connectivity
4 Outline! TCP over Wireless: Problems! TCP over Wireless: Solutions! Link-layer based! Split TCP! TCP-aware link layer! Explicit notification! Network-assisted congestion control! Summary! Hop: a Reliable Hop-by-hop Block Transfer Protocol
5 Link-layer based Schemes: ARQ! Automatic Repeat request (ARQ)! Widely used in wireless link-layer protocols! Retransmissions and acks to cover wireless errors FH BS MH Internet Link-Layer ARQ Packet 1 Link-Ack 1 Packet 2 Link-Ack 2 Packet 3 Timeout Packet 3 Link-Ack 3
6 Link-layer based Schemes: ARQ! Pros! No modification to upper layers! Cons! Fast retransmission due to message lost and out-of-order delivery redundant retransmission and window reduction! Interacts with TCP retransmissions redundant retransmission! H. Balakrishnan, et al. A comparison of mechanisms for improving TCP performance over wireless links, Sigcomm96! Large RTT variance long timeout! Head-of-line blocking due to large #retransmission slow link blocks fast link
7 Outline! TCP over Wireless: Problems! TCP over Wireless: Solutions! Link-layer based! Split TCP! TCP-aware link layer! Explicit notification! Network-assisted congestion control! Summary! Hop: a Reliable Hop-by-hop Block Transfer Protocol
8 Split TCP: Indirect TCP! I-TCP splits end-to-end TCP connection into two connections! Fixed host to BS! BS to mobile host! Two TCP connections with independent flow/congestion control contexts! Packets buffered at BS TCP Buffer TCP FH BS MH Internet
9 Split TCP: Indirect TCP! Pros! Separates flow and congestion control of wireless and wired --higher throughput at sender! Cons! Breaks TCP end-to-end semantics! Ack at FH does not mean MH has received the packet! BS failure causes loss of data! Neither FH nor MH can recover the data! On path change, data has to be forwarded to new BS! Wireless part is the bottleneck
10 Split TCP: Selective Repeat Protocol! Similar to I-TCP but uses SRP/UDP over wireless link! Raj Yavatkar, Namrata Bhagawat, Improving End-to-End Performance of TCP over Mobile Internetworks, 1994! Pros! Better performance over wireless links! Cons! All cons of I-TCP except last one TCP Buffer SRP/UDP FH BS MH Internet
11 Split-TCP: Mobile TCP! Similar to I-TCP but tries to keep TCP end-to-end semantics! BS only acks the last packet after it is received by MH! Kevin Brown and Suresh Singh. A network architecture for mobile computing. In Proc. IEEE INFOCOM'96, March 1996! Pros! Data will be recovered eventually after BS failure! BS buffer does not overflow! Cons! Worse performance! Still not exactly the TCP semantics
12 Outline! TCP over Wireless: Problems! TCP over Wireless: Solutions! Link-layer based! Split TCP! TCP-aware link layer! Explicit notification! Network-assisted congestion control! Summary! Hop: a Reliable Hop-by-hop Block Transfer Protocol
13 TCP-aware Link Layers: Snoop! Link layer is aware of TCP traffic! BS caches data and monitors acks. Retransmits on duplicate acks and drops duplicate acks! H. Balakrishnan, et al. Improving TCP/IP Performance over Wireless Networks, 1995 FH BS MH Internet Packet 1 Packet 2 Packet 3 Packet 4 Ack 1 Ack 2 Packet 1 Packet 2 Packet 3 Ack 1 Ack 2 Blocks Dup-Ack Packet 4 Packet 3 Ack 2
14 TCP-aware Link Layers: Snoop! Pros! No modification to FH and MH! BS only keeps soft state BS failure does not break TCP! Cons! Does not work with encrypted packets! Does not work if data packets and acks traverse different paths! Increases RTT high timeout
15 TCP-aware Link Layers: WTCP! Similar to Snoop! WTCP corrects RTT by modifying the timestamp in return acks! K. Ratnam and I. Matta,WTCP: An Efficient Transmission Control Protocol for Networks with Wireless Links, 1998 FH BS MH Internet Packet 3 Packet 4 Log Arrival Time Delay Packet 3 Packet 4 Ack 2 Packet 3 Arrival Time+=Delay Ack 3 Ack 3
16 TCP-aware Link Layers: Delayed DupAcks Protocol! Similar to Snoop, BS does link-layer retrans but does not drop dup-acks! MH delays the third duplicate ack will not trigger fast retransmissions on FH! Miten N. Mehta, Nitin H. Vaidva, Delayed Duplicate-Acknowledgements: A proposal to Improve Performance of TCP on Wireless Links, 1997! Pros:! Works with encrypted TCP! Cons:! Unnecessary delay during congestion loss
17 Outline! TCP over Wireless: Problems! TCP over Wireless: Solutions! Link-layer based! Split TCP! TCP-aware link layer! Explicit notification! Backpressure-based approaches! Summary! Hop: a Reliable Hop-by-hop Block Transfer Protocol
18 Middle Layer: WCP! Observation: TCP Acks are expensive, so should be avoided as much as possible! Inserts a middle layer between TCP and ! Buffer TCP data frames! Suppress TCP Acks! Long Le, et. al, Improving TCP Goodput in Access Networks, 2007
19 Outline! TCP over Wireless: Problems! TCP over Wireless: Solutions! Link-layer based! Split TCP! TCP-aware link layer! Explicit notification! Network-assisted congestion control! Summary! Hop: a Reliable Hop-by-hop Block Transfer Protocol
20 Explicit Notification: Explicit Loss Notification! ELN works with MH is the sender! BS monitors TCP segments from MH and logs down holes! BS tags a dup-ack s ELN bit if corresponds to a logged hole! No congestion control on MH if an ELN-ack is received! Hari Balakrishnan and Randy H. Katz, Explicit Loss Notification and Wireless Web Performance, 1998 FH BS MH Internet Ack 1 Packet 1 Packet 3 Packet 4 Log Hole(Pkt 2) Packet 1 Packet 2 Packet 3 Packet 4 Ack 1 Ack 1 Ack 1 Ack 1(ELN) Ack 1(ELN)
21 Explicit Notification: ELN2! Similar to ELN but works when FH is the sender! BS monitors TCP segments from FH and logs down holes! BS tags a dup-ack s ELN bit if not corresponds to any hole! No congestion control on FH if an ELN-ack is received! S. Biaz and N. Vaidya, Discriminating Congestion Losses from Wireless Losses using Inter-Arrival Times at the Receiver, 1998 FH BS MH Internet
22 Outline! TCP over Wireless: Problems! TCP over Wireless: Solutions! Link-layer based! Split TCP! TCP-aware link layer! Explicit notification! Network-assisted congestion control! Summary! Hop: a Reliable Hop-by-hop Block Transfer Protocol
23 Backpressure Approaches: RAIN! RAIN Reliable Wireless Network Architecture! Small buffer and Adaptive FrEeze(SAFE) link layer! Congestion control: backpressure w/ small buffer size! Contention control: off-the-shelf CSMA/CA, link-layer ARQ! Simple transport layer! Pros:! Pushes congestion and contention control in-network prompt and accurate info! Cons:! Link-layer ARQ does not completely solve link-layer contention! Small buffer does not utilize the bursty-sending feature of wireless links! Chaegwon Lim, et.al, RAIN: A Reliable Wireless Network Architecture, 2006
24 Summary! Most above protocols focus on the last mile problem single wireless hop! Multi-hop wireless mesh networks are blooming, e.g., Roofnet, Wildnet,! None of above protocols works during network partitions
25 Review slides
26 TCP Review: Flow Control! Sliding Window! Keeps the sender from sending too fast! Receiver specifies window size! Sender only sends a window before waiting for acks
27 TCP Review: Flow Control! Cumulative Ack! Receiver acks back expecting sequence number! Sends duplicate acks when holes are detected Sender Receiver Packet 1 Window=4 Packet 2 Ack 1 Packet 3 Ack 2 Packet 4 Packet 5 Ack 3 Ack 4 Packet 6 Packet 7 Packet 8 Ack 4 Ack 4 Ack 4 Duplicate Acks Timeout Window=2 Packet 5 Packet 6
28 TCP Review: Flow Control! Selective Ack! Receiver can indicate missing segments! Handles holes efficiently! Co-exists with cumulative acks TCP SACK
29 TCP Review: Congestion Control! Slow Start! Actually grows exponentially! Starts from small window size(2kb)! Multiplicatively increases window until threshold reached or loss Congestion Window Slow Start Time
30 TCP Review: Congestion Control! Congestion Avoidance! Incrementally increases window after threshold reached Congestion Window Congestion Avoidance Slow Start Time
31 TCP Review: Congestion Control! Timeout! Decreases window size to 1! Halves threshold! Timeout value = f(mean_rtt, Dev_RTT) Congestion Window Congestion Avoidance Timeout Congestion Avoidance Slow Start Slow Start Time
32 TCP Review: Congestion Control! Fast Retransmits (TCP-Reno)! Don t timeout or reduce window to one on single loss! On three duplicate acks! Retransmits the lost segment right away! Reduces window size to 0.5xWindow+#dup-acks! Enters congestion avoidance phase! Cons: Can t handle bursty (3+) acks; Dup-acks are also sent if pkts out of order. Congestion Window Congestion Avoidance Three Dup-Acks Congestion Avoidance Slow Start Time
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