Physiology of Hearing Dr. Hesham Kozou Is hearing important? Communica i ti ttion Language Localization sound sources
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1 Physiology of Hearing Dr. Hesham Kozou Undergraduate Round Courses Is hearing important? Communication Hearing is essential to Language Localization Determining the location of unseen sound sources 1
2 How do we hear? Schematic representation of normal hearing mechanism Hearing is not so simple!! The ripples in a lake analogy You have to tell what s in the lake by just seeing the ripples in the two pieces of paper in two channels at the lake s edge 2
3 What needed for normal hearing? Adequate stimulus (SOUND) Conduction of stimulus to sensory organs of hearing Sensory transduction of stimulus at organs of hearing Neural transmission i of the signal Central auditory processing of the signal at the brain What is sound? Normal hearing Adequate stimulus SOUND: (perception of) pressure waves generated by vibrating air molecules Sound source Listener 3
4 Normal hearing Adequate stimulus Sound waves: Sound travels in waves through h media Alternating compression (dense molecules) & rarefaction (loose molecules) waves The simple sound is the sinusoidal wave or Pure tone What properties of sound does the ear detect? Physical Dimension Perceptual Dimension Normal hearing Adequate stimulus 1- Pressure level (db) 2- Frequency (cycle/sec = Hz) 3- Complexity INTENSITY Loudness FREQUENCY Pitch COMPLEXITY Timbre 4
5 Frequency of sound: Normal hearing Adequate stimulus Low frequency tones 300 Hz tone High frequency tones 3000 Hz tone Tones may be of different amplitudes and same frequency Intensity of sound: SOUND Normal hearing Adequate stimulus db SPL Rocket Launching pad 180 Jet plane 140 Gunshot blast 130 Car horn 120 Pneumatic drill 110 Power tools 100 Subway 90 Noisy restaurant 80 Busy traffic 75 Conversational speech 66 Average home 55 Library 40 Soft whisper 30 5
6 Complexity of sound: Normal hearing Adequate stimulus PURE TONE MUSIC TONE NOISE Simple periodical, regular sound of single frequency A fundamental frequency with many harmonics Non-periodical sound of no characteristic frequency i = intensity, p = period, t = time Normal hearing Adequate stimulus How sensitive the ear to sounds? The Human ear is sensitive to sounds over a wide range of: - Frequencies: 20 20, Hz - Amplitudes: dyne/cm 2 The human ear can detect the difference between two sounds occurring 10 µsec apart in time Note: The wide sensitivity range of human hearing necessitates the use of Logarithmic (Ratio) scales rather than Linear (Numerical) scales 6
7 Logarithmic scales: Normal hearing Adequate stimulus Decibel (db) scale for sound pressure levels: - 0 db = dyne/cm 2 (threshold) db = 200 dyne/cm 2 (limit) So, the range of hearing is reduced to only 120 units of measurement (instead of (10 10) 6 units) Octave scale for sound frequency in Hz: frequency range is measured in octave bands i.e. each frequency is double the previous one e.g. 250, 500, 1000, 2000, 4000 Hz, etc. Human auditory field: Normal hearing Adequate stimulus Note: The human ear is not equally sensitive across frequency range 7
8 Normal hearing Conduction mechanism Sound conduction in the ear: Structure of the human ear Normal hearing Conduction mechanism Sound conduction in the ear: Sound waves are collected by the pinna and focused into the EAC The vibration pass down the EAC and strike the TM 8
9 Normal hearing Conduction mechanism Sound conduction in the ear: TM vibrates in response to sound and moves the ossicles The ossicles vibrate the OW membrane Normal hearing Conduction mechanism Sound conduction in the ear: The OW membrane vibrations are transmitted to the inner ear fluids in scala vestibuli, scala tympani and scala media (cochlear duct) where the organ of Corti vibrates in turn 9
10 External ear functions: Collecting sound waves Amplification of frequencies Hz (resonant frequency of EAC) Normal hearing Conduction mechanism Providing cues about the vertical localization of a sound source (by the degree of sound waves reflection over the pinna) Normal hearing Conduction mechanism Middle ear functions: Air filled f 3 ossicles 2 muscles 3 nerves Eustachian tube 10
11 Middle ear functions: Normal hearing Conduction mechanism ME matches the relatively low impedance of airborne sounds to the higher impedance of inner ear fluids: AIR FLUID Focusing the force at the large diameter TM onto the much smaller diameter OW Mechanical advantage gained by the ossicular lever action Normal hearing Conduction mechanism Middle ear mechanics: 2-Ossicular Lever action 1-Area ratio Diameter of TM Diameter of OW Malleus and Incus behave as 1 st degree lever = Area ratio 21:1 11
12 Normal hearing Sensory transduction Sound processing in inner ear: Normal hearing Sensory transduction Sound processing in inner ear: (Sense organ of hearing) 12
13 Normal hearing Sensory transduction Sound processing in inner ear: The inner ear has 2 main functions: Mechanical frequency analysis: Decompressing complex acoustical waveforms into simpler elements Sensory transduction: Acoustically generated pressure waves are transformed into neural impulses Normal hearing Sensory transduction Frequency analysis in inner ear: 13
14 Normal hearing Sensory transduction Frequency analysis in inner ear: The BM vibrations create the traveling waves which peak on characteristic place on the basilar membrane according to the frequency of the stimulating sound BM traveling waves This is called PLACE THEORY of hearing Normal hearing Sensory transduction Frequency analysis in inner ear: 14
15 Normal hearing Sensory transduction Frequency analysis in inner ear: Thus, the inner ear acts as a: Complex Multichannel Mechanical FREQUENCY ANALYZER Normal hearing Sensory transduction Sensory transduction in inner ear: The tectorial membrane picks up the sound pressure waves in the inner ear fluids, and pushes down on the hairs (cilia) of the sensory Cells (mainly outer hair cells) 15
16 Normal hearing Sensory transduction Sensory transduction in inner ear: The cilia of sensory Cells move according to the incoming sound waves making some intracellular chemical changes causing a release of neurotransmitters at the synaptic junctions that generate nerve impulses in the auditory nerve fibers Normal hearing Neural transmission Neural transmission in auditory nerve: 16
17 So, what is the role of the ear? Again the ripples in a lake analogy You (or the ear) can only describe the ripples (TM vibrations) in a way your boss (the brain) wants and understands Normal hearing Central processing Central auditory processing: 17
18 Normal hearing Central processing Central auditory processing: Normal hearing Central processing Central auditory processing: 18
19 THANK YOU 19
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