CMSC 106 Introduction to C Programming
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1 CMSC 106 Introduction to C Programming Math Library, Escape Sequences, Conditionals CMSC Slides developed by Jan Plane with some modifications by Nelson Padua-Perez
2 Additional Operators Increment and Decrement ++ and -- Unary operators Prefix & postfix Example: increment_decrement.c 2
3 Math Library Functions #include <math.h> -lm option when compiling on some systems gcc mycode.c -lm Must be careful to watch the types efs/math.h.html Example: math_library.c 3
4 More Formatted Output What we ve done so far %d integer in as much space as needed %.2f float in as much space as needed with two decimal places also shown Other Variations %nd where n is any integer leaves extra space before the number if there is any %-nd where n is any integer leaves extra space on the right %n.xf where n and x are any integers n indicates total width and x indicates decimal places Example: formatted_output.c 4
5 More escape sequences \n new line \t advances cursor to next tab stop \r carriage return \b backspace \a beep \" " \\ \ %% % Examples: printf( Jan\n\tPlane\n ); printf("\"\\n\""); output: Jan "\n Plane 5
6 boolean statements Does not exist as a type in C Many people use symbolic constants to define them so they look like they exist In C 0 is false any other value is true
7 Submit Server What is release testing? How can we release test a project? How many chances you have to release test your project?
8 Input/Output Redirection What is input/output redirection? Example: input_output_redirection.c
9 Miscellaneous Using Unix script to keep track of session Start session script todayslecture End session exit Let s go over an example Make sure you alias gcc to the appropriate options See gcc_aliases_info.txt (in public Info folder) Keep your environment organized You can create directories and use mv to organize your files To remove files/folders use rm
10 Important Operators Relational Operators Equality:x == y Inequality: x!= y Less than: x < y Greater than: x > y Less than or equal to: x <= y Greater than or equal: x >= y Logical Operators And: a && b Or: a b Not:!a
11 Operator Precedence Operator Associativity!, unary -, ++, -- right to left *, /, % left to right +, - left to right <, <=, >, >= left to right ==,!= left to right && left to right left to right =, +=, -=, *=, /= right to left * note the unary increment and decrement operators have high precedence even when used as postfix but the time of operation doesn t get used until after
12 Conditions and Expressions 0 is considered false and any other value is considered true equality or relational operators (<, <=, >, >=, ==,!=) produces result 0 or 1
13 The Logical Operators && (and) (binary operator) (or) (binary operator)! (not) (unary, prefix) Produce values of 0 and 1 Truth Tables are a good way to show what they mean
14 The "if" Statement Conditional execution of the statement if (condition) statement; One statement Notice: no semicolon after (condition) Indentation not needed for compiler Needed for people Process: Condition is tested Execution continues based on the truth value of the condition If true subsidiary statement is executed If false subsidiary statement is skipped In both cases execution continues with next statement (after entire if statement)
15 The "if" Statement #include <stdio.h> /* reads two ints praises for following directions */ int main() { int x, y; } printf( Type the same positive value twice: ); scanf("%d %d", &x, &y); if (x == y && x > 0) printf( Good Job\n ); printf( We are done here\n ); return 0; Example: cond1.c Either praises you for following directions or just goes on (no criticism).
16 Beware of the assignment operator used in an expression #include <stdio.h> /* reads two ints praises for following directions */ int main() { int x, y; } printf( Type the same positive value twice: ); scanf("%d %d", &x, &y); if (x = y && x > 0) printf( Good Job\n ); printf( We are done here\n ); return 0; Example: cond2.c Read carefully does it really do what it says?
17 The if/else Statement The if/else contains two subsidiary statements; one is always executed if (condition) statement1; else statement2; Still considered one statement but it has 2 subsidiary statements Process: Condition is tested Execution continues based on the truth value of the condition If true subsidiary statement 1 is executed If false subsidiary statement 2 is executed In both cases execution continues with next statement (after entire if statement) Example: cond3.c
18 Blocks/Compound Statements Any number of statements can be grouped inside braces { } if (num1 >= num2) { printf("%d\n", num1); num3= num1 * num1; } Semicolon not needed after a compound statement
19 Nested if statements int month, day; scanf("%d", &day); if (day > 31) if (day <= 60) printf("february\n"); int month, day; scanf("%d", &day); if (day <= 31) month= 1; else if (day <= 60) month= 2;
20 Can be inside of a Block or not int month, day; scanf("%d", &day); if (day <= 90) { printf( first third of year\n ); if (day <= 60) { if (day <= 31) { month= 1; printf( it s January\n ); } else { month=2; printf( Feb\n ); } } else month = 3; }
21 Dangling Else s To which if does this one else belong? if (x < 10) if (y > 10) printf("a\n"); else printf("b\n"); Example: dangling_else.c
22 The Conditional Expression C's only ternary operator condition? expression1 : expression2 If condition is true expression1's value is calculated and Becomes the whole conditional expression's value Otherwise its value is expression2's value Example: ternary_op.c
23 Short-circuit Evaluation of Logical Operators Once the value of an expression can be determined (C stops the evaluation of that expression) With && - if the left operand is false, the whole statement must be false With - if the left operand is true, the whole statement must be true Example: short_circuiting*.c
24 Common Mistakes Forgetting that relational operators are only binary operators Assuming the && or can do more than it can Assuming the! has lower precedence than it does
25 Cascaded if Statement If you have cases to handle, use a cascaded if statement It is not a a new statement; just a different way to write a nested loop Example: cascaded_if.c
26 sizeof and Limits on Types ANSI only specifies minimum amount of space for a specified type not an exact sizeof() operator returns the number of bytes when passed a type or a variable as the operand (in parentheses) grace.umd.edu: it returns an unsigned int on one system and a long int on the other casting of types needed because of inconsistency printf( %d,(int)sizeof(float)); Cast does not modify the type of the operand it just returns a value of the type indicated Example: types_sizes.c 26
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